Minerals

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Macrominerals

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Required in: grams

Expressed as: %

Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Cl, S

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Microminerals

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Required in: milligrams

Expressed as: PPM (mg/kg)

Co, Cu, I, Mn, Se, Zn, Cr, Fe, Mo

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Minerals are...

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Inorganic

Measured as Ash

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Organic Minerals?

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The mineral is inorganic but, the organic substance (amino acid, CHO, or Protein) is kelated to the mineral

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Mineral Requirment

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Maintenance

Production (ex. milk yield, weight gain...)

Work/activity

Reproduction

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2.205 lbs per 1 kg

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Conversion rate of lbs to kg

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Structural Minerals

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Structural components of body organs and tissues,

-Ca, P, Mg in bones and teeth

-P and S in muscle

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Physiological Minerals

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Occur in body fluids and tissues as electrolytes, concerned with the maintenance of osmotic pressure, acid-base balance, membrane permeability and tissue irritability

-Na, K, Cl, Ca, and Mg in blood cerebrospinal fluid and gastric juice

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Catalytic Minerals

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act as catalysts in enzyme and hormone systems, as intergral and specific components of the structure of metalloenzymes;

Ex: Fe, Zn, Mn

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Succinate Dehydrogenase

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Fe

areobic oxidation of carbohydrates

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Caroxypeptidase A

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Zn

protein digestion

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Pyruvate Carboxylase

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pyruvate metabolism

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Regulatory Minerals

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regulate cell replication and differentiation

-Ca: influences signal transduction

-Zn: influence transcription

-I: constituent of the hormone thyroxidine

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Calcium

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Most abundant mineral in the animal body

-1/2 of total body mineral

Distribution:

99% bones and teeth

1% muscle, fat, blood

Absorbed from duodenum and jejunum(is effected by adequate Vitamin D, phytic and oxalic acid levels, Age, and Ca:P ratio)Extrected in Feces

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Ratio of Ca:P

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In bone: 2:1

In Diet: 1:1 or 2:1

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Calcium Functions

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1) Ossification (P must also be present)

2) Nerve transmission & Muscle Contraction (controls excitability of nerves)

3) Blood clotting (calcium acts as enzyme cofactor in first step)

4)Egg shell and Milk Production

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Which species needs Ca the most?

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Chickens

(They use CaPO4 from their bones to form egg shells, and become fatigued from the Ca loss)

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Calcium Deficiency

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1) Rickets/Osteomalacia

2) Hypocalcemia

3) Reuced egg production/thin shells

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Calcium Sources

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Legumes have a higher Ca concentraiton

(bonemeal, CaCO3, CaCl, CaO; alfalfa, grasses, corn silage)

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Ca and P

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What are the most important Minerals?

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Phosphorus

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1.1% total body mineral

Age increases %P

80% in bones

20% in ATP, nucleotides and cell membranes

Abosrbed in small intestine

(nonruminates are limited by Phytic acid)

Excreted in feces

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Phosphorus Functions

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1) ossification of bone

2) Component of ATP

3) Nucleotides (DNA, RNA)

4) Phospholipids (important in lipid transport, metabolism and cell memebranes)

5) Acid-base balance (PO4)

6)Enzymes systems (flavoprotein & Cocarboxylase)

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Availability of Phosphorus

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Phytic acid (organic acid complex) reduces available P by 20-60% in some grains

Must be adjusted for non-ruminates

• Ruminate microbes produce phytase enzyme and can release some trapped P
  

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Phosphorus Deficiency

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1) Rickets and Osteomalacia

b) Abnormal eating behavior (chew wood, rocks, eating dirt and eating bone (osteophagia)

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Magnesium

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50% in Bones

50% in soft tissue (concentrated within cells)

.5-.7% of bone ash

Absorbed in SI (mono) or Rumen (ruminates)

Excreted in Feces

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Magnesium Functions

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1)Constituent of bone (ossification and required for normal bone development)

2) Neuro-muscular role (muscle contraction and nerve excitation)

3) Enyzme cofactor (activation or structure)

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Magnesium Deficiency

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1. Hyperirritability with convulsions
   
2. Grass tetany (K decreases absorption)
   

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Na, Cl, and K are...

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The Electrolytes: maintain osmotic pressure and acid-base balance

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Sodium

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Major Extracellular Cation

95% outside the cells (blood and inerstitial fluids)

5% inside cells

Absorbed in Small and Large intestine

Excreted in urine

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Salt

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Na and Cl are both met easily by 2:1 ratio

They will seek this out when they need it

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Potassium

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Most abundant intracellular cation

Absorbed in SI

Excretion through urine

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Potassium Functions

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1) Maintain osmotic pressure

2) Maintain acid-base balance (K+ blalances Cl-)

3) Nerve impulse conduction and muscle contraction (rapid cycling of K+ produces nerve impulses)

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Potassium Deficiency

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Depressed appetite (lowered growth and milk production)

muscle weakness

Very rare due to high quantities in legumes

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Sulfur

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Mostly in soft tissues as organic compounds

Widely distributed throughout body and makes up .15% of body weight

Absorbed in SI (some in rumen)

Monogastrics cannot use inorganic forms (use dietary protein)

Excreted in Feces

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Sulfur Functions

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1) Synthesizing cartilage

2) Biosynthesis of organic constituent in animal body

3) In birds it is incorporated into feathers, gizzard lining and muscle

4) Acid-base balance as constituent of intracellular fluid

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Functions of Sulfate

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1) Amino acids containg sulfur

2) Biotin (lipid metabolism)

3) Thiamin (carbohydrate metabolism)

4) Acetyl CoA (energy metabolism)

5) Mucopolysaccharides (collagen and connective tissue metabolism)

6) Heparin (blood clotting)

7) Hormones (containing S)

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Sulfur Deficiency

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1) Reduced growth due to amino acid requirement

2) Decreased milk production

3) decreased wool yields

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Trace Minerals

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supplemented via mineralized salt or specialized mixes and premixes

Analysis is not commonly done b/c of

• high cost to test
• supplementation is cheap
• animals have a wide tolerance level between required and toxic levels
  

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Iron

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Component of heme (hemoglobin and myoblobin)

Deficiency: Anemia

No shortage in midwest feeds and most waters

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Manganese

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1) Cartilage formation (healthy feet and legs)

2) Immune system

3) Reproduction [(formation of testosterone, proesterone and estrogen) Corpus luteum is high in manganese]

Deficiency: impaired growth, skeletal abnormalities, poor reproduction

Low bio availability in most feeds

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Iodine

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Requried by thyroid hormones (regulate energy metabolism)

Deficiency: Goider (enlarged thyroid)

In Midwest all feeds are low or devoid; (crops near ocean may be adequate)

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Cobalt

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Component of B12

only ruminates and horse have dietary requirement (monogastrics do not)

---Needed by rumen and horses LI microbes to synthesize B12

Deficiency: B12 symptoms

[Anemia, poor coat growth, reduced appetite]

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Copper

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Required by enzymes [constituent and activator, iron metabolism, connective tissue formation, immune system, hair pigmentation]

Deficiency: rough hair coat with changes in color

Low in most feeds

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Zinc

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Required for at least 200 enzymes!

Alcohol detox

protein synthesis

Vit A&E absorption and metabolism

Keratin formation

Deficiency: Parakeratosis of skin and rume papillae (enlarged and hardened in sever cases), excessive salivation (early symptoms), rough hair coat

Best found in oilseeds

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Selenium

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Component of enzyme glutathione peroixdes (antioxidant system) and required for thyroid hormone

Has a narrow safety tolerance range (mas is 5 ppm)

Deficiency: White muscle disease (common in calve and lambs)