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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chromosome |
Tightly coiled molecule of DNA, partly covered in protein |
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Allele |
Alternative form of a gene that produces different characteristics |
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Polygenetic Transmission |
Gene pairs combine influences to create a single phenotypic trait |
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Polygyny |
Many females, one male |
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Polyandry |
One female, many males |
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Polygynandry |
All group members mate with all other group members |
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Chromosomes |
All human cells have 46 chromosomes except for sex cells which have 23 chromosomes |
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Five Factor Model |
Personality trait theory - extraversion-introversion - agreeableness - conscientiousness - neuroticism - openness to experience |
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Mate Preference (Men and Women) |
- mutual attraction - dependability - emotional stability |
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Mate Preference (Women) |
- earning potential
- status - ambitiousness |
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Mate Preference (Men) |
- physical attractiveness - health |
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Genetic Determinism |
Idea that genes have invariant and unavoidable effects that cannot be altered (genes are destiny) |
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Social Darwinism |
Idea that people at the top of the social ladder are somehow the "best" people |
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Single-gene |
Dominant/recessive alleles (genes) |
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Polygenic |
Many genes determine the expression of phenotypic behaviour |
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Behavioural-Genetic (BG) Study Designs |
- Family studies: extent genes correlate w behaviour - Twin studies: extent identical twins (MZ) or fraternal twins (DZ) are similar - Adoption studies: extent adopted children are similar to adopted/biologic parents |
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Proximate |
Helping motivation: immediate motives - reinforced behaviour - modelled behaviour - activating feelings, thoughts, and physio. - self-representations of goodness |
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Ultimate |
Helping motivation - kin selection/nepotism (gene level) - reciprocity (individual level) - group vs. non-group members (group level) |
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Colour Perception Theories |
- Trichromatic theory - Opponent-process theory - Dual process theory |
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Trichromatic Theory |
3 types of cones: red, green, and blue |
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Opponent-Process Theory |
- Ganglion cell processing: red/green; blue/yellow; black/white - additional processing in thalamus and visual cortex |
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Dual Process Theory |
- Trichromatic: colour processing in retina - Opponent-processing: colour processing beyond retinal receptors |
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Bottom-up Processing |
Individual elements combine into a whole (stimulus driven) |
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Top-down Processing |
Sensory info interpreted based on pre-existing expectations |
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Gestalt Principles of Processing |
- proximity - similarity - closure - continuity |
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Figure-Ground |
- Figure: item stands out by function of intensity, size, NoVeLtY, or movement - Ground: background |
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Sleep Theories |
- restorative - learning and memory - evolutionary |
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Sleep Disorders |
- insomnia - nightmares - REM-sleep behaviour disorder: loss of muscle tone and paralysis absent during REM - night terrors - narcolepsy - cataplexy: sudden loss of muscle tone and paralysis when awake |
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Dream Theories |
- Psychoanalytic: manifest and latent content; conscious and unconscious - Activation-synthesis: random brain activity - Problem-focused - Cognitive: waking thoughts may be present - Combo: cognitive and activation-synthesis |
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Stimulants |
Speeds up CNS activity - amphetamines - cocaine - ectasy |
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Depressants |
Slows down CNS activity - alcohol - barbiturates/tranquilizers |
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Opiates |
Activate endorphins - opium - morphine - heroin - oxycodone |
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Hallucinogens |
Altered/distorted sensory experiences - LSD - mescaline - psilocybin |
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Hypnosis Theories |
- Dissociation: split-mind/consciousness - Ken Bowers: normal awareness is suppressed - Sociocognitive: follow role expectations |
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Transduction |
Characteristics of a stimulus are converted into nerve impulses |
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Circadian Rhythms |
-Daily biological cycles regulated by superchiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in hypothalamus - SCN neurons link to pineal glands that secrete melatonin (calming effect) |
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Sleep Stage 1 |
- theta waves (slow and irregular) mark beginning - light and easily awakened - may experience sudden body jerks and images |
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Sleep Stage 2 |
- marked by sleep spindles (1-2 sec bursts of rapid brain activity) - breathing and heart rate slow - more relaxed and harder to awaken |
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Sleep Stage 4 |
- marked by delta waves (very slow and large) - sleep deepens - called "slow-wave sleep" - go back through stages 2 and 3 afterwards |
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REM Sleep |
- dreams almost always reported - loss of muscle tone and body paralysis - deepest level of sleep |
