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75 Cards in this Set
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Lines of defense
Non-specific |
1st line
2nd line |
1st Line = skin, mucous membranes, chemicals
2nd Line = Phagocytosis, compliment, interferon, inflammation, fever |
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Lines of defense
specific |
3rd Line
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3rd Line = Lymphocytes, antibodies
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An overview of the events of inflammation
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1. cut penetrates the epidermis barrier, and bacteria invade
2. Damaged cells release prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and histamine. 3. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes make vessels more permeable. Histamine causes vasodilation, increasing blood flow flow to the site. 4. Macrophages and neutrophils squeeze through walls of blood vessels (diapedesis). 5. Increased permeability allows antimicrobial chemicals and clotting proteins to seep into damaged tissue but also results in swelling, pressure on nerve endings, and pain. 6. Blood clot forms. 7. more phagocytes migrate to the site and devour bacteria. 8. Accumulation of damaged tissue and leukocytes forms pus. 9. Undifferentiated stem cells repair the damaged tissue. Blood clot is absorbed or falls off as a scab. |
Figure 15.14
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epidermis
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outer layer of skin
composed of multi layers of tightly packed cells |
barrier to most
bacteria fungi viruses |
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denditic cells
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phagocytic cells in epidermis
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slender processes form a network to intercept invaders
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dermis
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beneath epidermis
gives skin strength and flexibility |
contains:
hair folicles glands nerve endings blood vessels |
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antimicrobial peptides
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found in sweat glands of the dermis
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(sweat glands of dermis secrete perspiration that contains saltalso con
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sweat glands of the dermis
secrete... |
(secrete... perspiration that contains...
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salt, antimicrobial peptides and lysozmes)
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lysozyme
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found in dermis
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an enzyme that destroys the cell wall of bacteria
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sebaceous glands
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found in dermis
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secrete sebum
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sebum is...
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an oily substance that keeps skin pliable and lowers pH of skin's surface
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dermis
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mucous membranes line...
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line lumens of
respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts |
epithelial cells of outermost layer are tightly packed but form ONLY a thin layer
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these play key roles in diffusion of nutrients and oxygen and in the elimination of wastes __________.
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mucous membranes
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like epidermal cells, epithelial cells are continually shed and replaced via the cytokinesis of stem cells
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stem cells
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generative cells capable of dividing to form daughter cells
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a variety of types
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goblet cells are found in ______
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the mucous membrane of the trachea.
they secrete______ |
they secrete a sticky mucus that traps ________
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goblet cells secrete a sticky mucus that____ and _____ sweep it upward
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that traps bacteria and cilia sweep it upward.
bacteria from goblet cells is expelled from____ |
from lungs via coughing
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lacrimal apparatus of the eye washes_________
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washes away pathogens in tears containing______
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lysozome
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lysozome in lacrimal apparatus of the eye washes away______
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pathogens and destroys_____
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bacteria
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microbial antagonism is when ______
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skin and mucous membranes protect the body by______
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competing with potential pathogens
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antimicrobial peptides are also called _______
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defensins.
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found on skin and in mucous membranes
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Antimicrobial peptides act against_____
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microorganisms.
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stomach acid prevents growth of pathogens and saliva washes microbes from teeth and also contains lysozyme.
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blood is composed of _____ _____
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formed elements
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formed elements of cells and parts of cells
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fluid called ______ is found in formed elements of ______.
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plasma
blood |
plasma is mostly water
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plasma is mostly ______
containing _______ __________ ________ and ________ |
water
electrolytes, dissolved gases, nutrients, and protective proteins |
such as clotting factors, complement proteins, and antibodies
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clotting factors, complement proteins, and antibodies are found in __________
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plasma
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plasma also contains compounds that transport and store iron
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erythrocytes are _____ blood cells
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red
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in formed elements
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leukocytes are ______ blood cells
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white
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formed elements
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platelets are____ _____ involved in _______ ___________
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cell fragments
blood clotting |
formed elements
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Leukocytes are divided into two groups ________ and __________
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granulocytes
and Agranulocytes |
this is according to their appearance in stained blood smears
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Granulocytes have ________ ________
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large granules
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these stain different colors
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Basophils stain _________ with ______ dye
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blue
basic |
granulocytes
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eosinophils stain _______ to _________ with an acidic dye
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red to orange
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granulocytes
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Neutrophils stain ________ with a mixture of_________ and ________ dyes
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lilac
basic and acidic dyes |
granulocytes
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basophils function to release ________ during _________
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histamine
inflammation |
granulocytes
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____________ and __________ phagocytize pathogens
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eosinophils
and neutrophils |
exit capillaries by squeezing between the cells in a process called diapedesis or emigration
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Agranulocytes do not have grules when viewed via light microscopy
True or False |
True
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xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
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granules of agranulocytes become visible with ____________
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electron microscopy
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xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
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Two types of lymphocytes are the smallest ______________ and have _______ that nearly fill the cell
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leukocytes
nuclei |
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
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__________________ are large with slightly lobed nuclei
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monocytes
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xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
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___________ leave the blood and mature into ___________
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monocytes
macrophages |
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
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Macrophages are the __________ cells of the _____________ line of defense
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phagocytotic
2nd |
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
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microglia are found in the ____________
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central nervous system
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xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
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____________ is movement of a cell either toward or away from a chemical stimulus
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chemotaxis
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xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
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chemotactic factors include chemicals called ________________
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chemokines
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xxxxxxxxxxx
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phagocytes attach to pathogens via a process called_____________
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adherence
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xxxxxxx
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__________________ is a coating process that happens during _____________
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opsonization
adherence |
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
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proteins during opsonization are called ______________
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opsonins
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xxxxxxxxxxxxx
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a food forming vesicle is called _____________
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phagosome
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xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
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Phagocytes eliminate remains of microorganisms via _____________
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exocytosis
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xxxxxxxxxxx
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two types of nonphaocytic killing cells are ____________ and ___________
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eosinophils and neutrophils
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extracellular
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Toll-like recptors (TLRs) are _________ proteins
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membrane
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xxxxxxxxxxxx
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pathogen-associated microbial patterns (PAMPs) include __________, __________, _________, and ____________
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peptidoglycan
lipopolysacaccharide unmthlyated C-G pairs and double stranded RNA |
xxxxxxxxx
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When ______ binds _______, a number of defensive reponses can occur, including secretion of inflammatory chicals and interferons
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TLR
PAMP |
xxxxxx
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_____________ are protein molecues released by host cells
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Interferons
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xxxxxxxxxx
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virally infected lymphocytes secrete ______________interferon
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alpha
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xxxxxx
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fibroblasts secrete ______________ interferon
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beta
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xxxxxx
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the __________ system is a set of proteins that act as chemotacti attractants
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complement
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xxxxx
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the complement system destroys cells via formation of ______________
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MAC (membrane attack compleses)
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xxxxxx
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________________ inflammation develps quickly and is short lived
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Acute
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xxxxx
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__________ inflammation develops slowly and can cause bidily damage thaqt can lead to disease
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Chronic
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xxxxxxx
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_______ is a process of blood clotting and a potent mediator of inflammation
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Bradykinin
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xxxxx
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damaged cells release various chemical including ______ and ______
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prostaglandins and leukotrines
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xxxxx
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________ are chemicals such as interleukin
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pyrogens
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xxxxxx
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MHC is a _________ of ___________ located ______
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cluster
genes on each copy of chromosome 6 |
xxxxxx
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Class II MHC are found
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only in B lymphocytes and APCs (antgen-presenting cells)
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xxxx
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Class I MHC are found on _______
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cytoplasmic membranes
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xxxxxxx
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T cell clone functions
1 2 3 4 |
1. antigen presentation
2. helper t differentiation 3. clonal expansion 4. self stimulation |
xxxxx
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cytotxic t cells destroy targeted cells by secreting _______ and ________
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perforins and granzymes
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xxxxxxxxxxxxx
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in the CD95 cytotoxic pathway ___________ contact ________ ________ and the CD95 ___________ binds
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cytotoxic t cells
target cells protein |
xxxxx
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memory t cells persist for
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months and years
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xxxxx
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t independent antigens
1. 2. 3. 4. |
1. antigent presnentation for Th activation and cloning
2. differentiation of helper t cells into th2 cells 3. clonal selection b cell with BCRS 4. activation of B cell by th 2 |
xxxxxx
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naturally acquired active immunity occurs when
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the body responds to exposure to antigens by specific immune reponses
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xxxxx
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naturally acquired passive immunity occurs when
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a fetus, newborn, or child receives antibodies across tghe placenta or through breast milk
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xxx
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artifically acquired active immunity occurs when
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the body receives antigens by injection
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artifically acquired passive immunotherapy occurs when
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the body receives via injection, preformed antibodies in antitoxins or antisera
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xxxxxx
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