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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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With relations to to the world of immunology what does "WHO" stand for? |
World Health Organization |
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What is considered to be "notifiable diseases"? |
Confirmed cases to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) |
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Between the years 1987 - 2000, which infection had the most change in death rates? |
HIV infection |
Remember the red hump was which disease? |
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Of the following, which had a steady incline of the years since the 1980s?
A) AIDS cases B) AIDS deaths C) Persons living with AIDS |
C) Persons living with AIDS |
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True or False) Milaria is a non communicable infection. Explain if false. |
False, Milaria is a communicable infection. This means it can only be transmitted from individual to another individual. |
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True or False) Patient Zero is the first identified case in a group of related cases. Explain if False. |
This is describing an "Index Case" |
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Define epidemic. |
Happens when an increase in the usual number of cases. |
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Contaminated food or an infected food handler, and exposures tend to occur in a relatively brief period is what kind of source? |
Common Source |
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When someone contracts an STD, the infection is contracted from one kind of source? Explain. |
Propagated, because its passed directly from person to person. |
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Define pandemic. |
A world wide epidemic. |
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Define endemic. |
This is used to describe when occurence of cases are have a constant frequency within the population. |
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Describe a sporadic occurrence. |
Occurring occasionally in low numbers. (often not communication) |
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Describe morbidity rate. |
A.k.a. incidence rates - Frequency of occurence of new cases of a disease over a defined period of time in a defined population. |
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What is the formula for Incidence? |
INCIDENCE = # new cases per (year/month/wk) _____________________________________ Population (adults / males / hispanics) |
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What is prevalence rate and the formula? |
Number of cases of a disease present in a defined population at a specific time. Cases are included in total until their cured or death. # total cases (old & new) on given date________________________________________Population (adults / males / hispanics) |
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_____________ factors , within Pathogens, are gene products that allow them to: |
Virulence factors. Allows : (1.) Avoid host defenses (2.) Cause damage - disease as opposed to normal microbiota |
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What do opportunistic Pathogens lack? |
They lack "virulence factors" - this only causes disease in compromise host |
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What are Reservoirs? |
Place in nature where microbes actively multiply and from which the may continue to infect. |
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True or false) Tetanus and cholera are result of nonliving reservoirs. Explain your answer. |
True, these diseases come from soil or water |
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Define infectious dose. |
# of organisms required to establish infection |
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Give examples of mechanisms of transmission. |
-Contact -Vehicle -Vector
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Direct contact means: |
Directly physical contact (skin/mucous membranes) with living host. |
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Droplets are: |
A form of transmission/contact over short distances |
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True or False) Mother to fetus is an example of "horizontal transmission" |
False, that's verticale. |
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True or false) Droplets are a form of indirect contact. |
False, droplet transmission is direct-contact |
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Indirect contact involves ____________. |
an intermediate. |
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What is fomite? |
Fomite is an intermediate that is contaminating and nonliving. |
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Describe vehicle transmission. |
-Indirect transmission -Inanimate Reservoirs Ex: food, water or blood |
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__________ are living intermediate such as arthropods - ticks, fleas, mosquitoes. |
Vectors |
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What are the 2 types of Vetors? Explain them both. |
(1.) Biological - organisms multiply in vector (2.) Mechanical- organisms attach by physical means |
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