Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
219 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Diplococci |
cocci that remain attached in pairs |
|
|
Streptococci |
long chains of cocci |
|
|
Staphylococci |
clusters of cocci |
|
|
Streptobacilli |
long chains of bacilli |
|
|
Budding |
A few bacteria and some eukaryotes (including yeasts), forming a bubble-like growth that enlarges and separates from theparent cell |
|
|
BinaryFission |
identical 2 cells unlessthere is a mutation, cell replicates its DNA, the cytoplasmic membraneelongates separating DNA molecules, and cross-wall form |
|
|
Snapping Division |
not a equal division, nucleoid replicates, and new nucleoid moves into bud |
|
|
Endospore |
extremely resistant constitute a defensive strategy against hostile or unfavorable conditions stable resting stages can remain viable for tens to thousands of years serious concern to food processors, health care professionals, and governments each vegetative cell transforms into one each germinates to form one vegetative cell |
|
|
Methanogen |
Convertcarbon dioxide, hydrogen gas, and organic acids to methane gas greenhouse gas largest group of Achaea convert organic wastes in pond, lake, and oceansediments to methane some live in colons of animals are one of primarysources of environmental methane have produced ~10 trillion tons of methanethat is buried in mud on ocean floor 15-20% water 3% salinity |
|
|
Extremophiles |
Require extreme conditions of temperature, pH and/or salinity to survive |
|
|
Thermophiles |
DNA, RNA, cytoplasmic membranes, and proteinsdo not function properly below 45ºC |
|
|
Halophiles |
Inhabit extremely saline habitats, depend on greater than 9% NaCl to maintain integrity of cell walls, contain red or orange pigments; protection from visible and UV light |
|
|
Gall |
resulting from infection by the -proteobacterium Agrobacterium Formed by the proliferation of undifferentiated plant cells caused by the expression of a plant growth hormone gene inserted into a plant chromosome by a plasmid carried by the infecting Agrobacterium cells. Synthesizes nutrients for the bacteria |
|
|
Deeply branching Bacteria |
are very ancestral forms closest living relatives of the earliest living things on Earth. They are autotrophic, anaerobic to microaerophilic and thermophilic |
|
|
PhototrophicBacteria |
are alphaproteobacteria and gammaproteobacteria that are obligate aerobes that capture energy from light by anoxygenic photosynthesis. |
|
|
NitrogenFixation |
someprokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) |
|
|
NitrogenFixers |
important to all living things fix nitrogen, take nitrogen from atmosphere→ammonium is taken from nitrifying bacteria to produce nitrate→most useful type of nitrogen for plants, adding ammonifying bacteria to thesoil can cause the same process |
|
|
Bacillus |
Endospore-forming aerobes, and facultative anaerobes |
|
|
Bacillusanthracis |
causes anthrax, found in the soil, endospores inhaled or enter body through breaksin the skin |
|
|
Bacilluscereus |
Spores found in rice cooking rice usually kills it |
|
|
Bacillusthuringiensis |
Produces crystalline protein that is toxic to caterpillars→used as a pesticide or promotes the growth and natural control caterpillars |
|
|
Listeria |
Can contaminate milk and meat→ can’t drink raw milk no spores continues to reproduce in the refrigerator, pasteurization lowers the numbers, problem when crosses placenta from infected mother (causes meningitis) more common before they started pasteurizing milk |
|
|
Bdellovibrio |
Pathogenic→not to us but to other bacteria specifically to gram negative bacteria |
|
|
Anthrax |
Found in the soil and Endospores inhaled or enter body through breaks in the skin biological warfare |
|
|
RootNodules |
small swelling or aggregation of cells in the body, especially an abnormal one a swelling on a root of a leguminous plant, containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria. |
|
|
Endosymbioticrelationship |
a type of symbiosis in which one organism lives inside the other, the two typically behaving as a single organism |
|
|
Haploid |
Single copy most fungi, many algae, and someprotozoa |
|
|
Diploid |
Two copies, remaining fungi, algae, humans, andprotozoa |
|
|
Meiosis |
formation of cells that are haploid and sex cells Nuclear division involving partitioning of chromatidsinto four nuclei. Diploid nuclei use meiosis to produce haploid daughter nucleifor sexual reproduction |
|
|
Mitosis |
formation of cells that are diploid and body cells Begins after cell has duplicated its DNA; cellpartitions replicated DNA equally between two nuclei. Maintains ploidy ofparent nucleus |
|
|
Prophase |
nuclear envelope breaks apart and chromosomes become shorter |
|
|
Metaphase |
all chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell |
|
|
Anaphase |
the 2 copies are being separated from each other… pulled apart |
|
|
Telophase |
cytokinesis…nuclear envelope forming… creating two new diploid cells |
|
|
Coenocytes |
multinucleatedcells |
|
|
Macronucleus |
contains many copies of genome – controls metabolism, growth, and sexual reproduction |
|
|
Micronucleus |
involved in genetic recombination, sexual reproduction, and regeneration of macronuclei |
|
|
Mixotrophic |
eatother things, combining autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition modes |
|
|
Cyst |
is a dormant cell with a resistant outer covering; the cyst allows a free-living species to over winter and helps certain parasitic species survive the host’s digestive juices |
|
|
Cystsof Protozoans |
are thick-walled structures that, like spores, protectbacteria from harm somewhat less durable than endospores and exospore. can be airborne. Contain one or more infective forms. Multiplication occurs in the cysts of some species so that excystation releases more than one organism. Cysts passed in stools have a protective wall, enabling the parasite to survive in the outside environment for a period ranging from days to a year, depending on the species and environmental conditions |
|
|
BacterialEndospores |
isa dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by a small number ofbacteria from the Firmicute phylum. The primary function is to ensure the survival of a bacterium through periods of environmental stress. They are therefore resistant to ultraviolet and gamma radiation, desiccation,lysozyme, temperature, starvation, and chemical disinfectants. commonly found in soil and water, where they may survive for long periods of time |
|
|
Spores |
is are productive cell that can grow directly into a new organism, readily dispersed by wind |
|
|
Ciliates |
a large varied group of protists They discharge long, barbed trichocysts for defense and for capturing prey; toxicysts release a poison |
|
|
Paramecium |
Live in fresh water move by the means of cilia |
|
|
Dinoflagellates |
Are adiverse group of aquatic photoautotrophs and heterotrophs, Use two flagella to whirl Are abundant components of both marine [salt water] and freshwater phytoplankton cause red or green tide- release poison that kills fish and hurt ducks which is why were told not to swim then |
|
|
Amoeba |
move by the means of pseudopodia |
|
|
Trichocysts |
for defense and capturing prey |
|
|
Toxicysts |
release a poison |
|
|
Heterotrophic |
An organism that cannot manufacture its own food and instead obtains its food and energy by taking in organic substances, usually plant or animal matter |
|
|
Plasmodium |
Parasites of animals, causes malaria |
|
|
Amomoebas |
And actively seek and consume bacteria and other protists |
|
|
Euglenozoa |
are a large group of flagellate protozoa. They include a variety of common free-living species, as well as a few important parasites, some of which infect humans |
|
|
Fungi |
Can spoil fruit, pickles, jams, and jellies |
|
|
Fungal mycelium |
provide increased surface area. The fungus provides minerals from soil for theplants, and the plants provides organic nutrients |
|
|
Predatoryheterotrophs |
An organism that is unable to manufacture its own food from simple chemical compounds and therefore consumes other organisms, living or dead, as its main source of carbon. |
|
|
Photosyntheticautrophs |
Organisms that use light for the energy to synthesize organic compounds |
|
|
Pathogenicparasites |
parasite that cause a disease |
|
|
Euglena |
mixotroph |
|
|
Trichomonasvaginalis |
Acommon inhabitant of the vagina in human females |
|
|
Trypanosoma |
Protozoa causes sleeping sickness transferred by African tsetse fly |
|
|
Euglena |
Found only in fresh water autotrophic if no sunlight, becomes heterotrophic two flagella, Light detector- one cell that takes direction of light, Eyespot-reflecting the light |
|
|
GiardiaLamblia |
Modified mitochondria multiple flagella two separate nuclei simple cytoskeleton, noplastid, protozoa a parasite that infects the human intestine, causing abdominal cramps and severe diarrhea |
|
|
Giardia |
causes diarrhea Reason why you need to boil water first in mountains before you drinkit |
|
|
Algae |
Simple, eukaryotic, phototrophic organisms that carry out oxygenic photosynthesis using chlorophyll a. Have sexual reproductive structures; every cell becomes a gamete. Differ widely in distribution, morphology, reproduction, and biochemical traits |
|
|
BrownAlgae |
Marine Dominant pigment is brown provide food and habitat for marine organisms, and they are also important to humans and all are multicellular. |
|
|
RedAlgae |
Are usually multicellular the largest are seaweeds Are the most abundant largealgae in coastal waters of the tropics chiefly marine multicellular algae thatlive in warmer seawater possess a red and a blue pigment in addition tochlorophyll. They are generally much smaller and more delicate than brownalgae. Some are filamentous, but most are branched, having a feathery, flat, or ribbonlike appearance |
|
|
GreenAlgae |
Contain predominant green pigment Mostly freshwater; some are marine; even found indamp soil and ice Unicellular Multicellular; some are colonial, Balls of cells that are photosynthetic |
|
|
Volvox |
a colonial Green Algae is a hollow sphere with thousands of cells arranged in a single layer cooperate when flagella beat in a coordinated fashion |
|
|
Colony |
is a loose association of independent cells |
|
|
Mycologists |
is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties |
|
|
Saprotrophic |
feed on decaying plant material |
|
|
Chytrids |
play arole in the decay and digestion of dead aquatic organisms some are parasiticon plants, animals, and protists. |
|
|
Mycelium |
tube like structure in fungi |
|
|
Hyphae |
vegetative bodies of most fungi are constructed of tiny filaments that form a tiny interwoven map |
|
|
Chitin |
is a polymer of glucose molecules organized into microfibrils and each glucose molecule has attached nitrogen-containing amino group |
|
|
Nonseptateor aseptate |
their hyphae are not partitioned by septa |
|
|
Septate |
have dividers between the cells called septa(singular septum). The septa have openings called pores between the cells, to allow the flow of cytoplasm and nutrients throughout the mycelium septa dividethe hyphae into compartments but not into cells |
|
|
Exoenzymes |
an enzyme that acts outside the cell that produces it |
|
|
Rhizopus |
a genus of common saprophytic fungi on plants and specialized parasites on animals. They are found on a wide variety of organic substrates, including "mature fruits and vegetables", jellies, syrups, leather, bread, peanuts, and tobacco. |
|
|
Ascomycetes |
a fungus whose spores develop within asci. The ascomycetes include most molds, mildews, and yeasts, the fungal component of most lichens, and a few large forms such as morels and truffles. |
|
|
Parasiticfungi |
fungi that cause disease in humans or other organisms |
|
|
Mycorrhizae |
are mutualistic relationships between soil fungi and roots of most plants, it helps the roots absorb more minerals; in turn, the plant passes on carbohydrates to the fungus |
|
|
Lichen |
Is a symbiotic association between a fungus and a cyanobacterium or a green algae Special fungal hyphae penetrate or envelope the photosynthetic cells and transfer nutrients directly to the rest of the fungus. |
|
|
Compactcrustose lichens |
are often seen on bare rocks or tree bark |
|
|
Folioselichens |
are leaflike |
|
|
Fruticoselichens |
are shrublike |
|
|
Dikaryon |
is a nuclear feature which is unique to some fungi |
|
|
Zygosporangium |
a sporangium in which zygospores are produced |
|
|
Zygospore |
a thick wall develops around the cell undergoes a period of dormancy before meiosis and germination takes place |
|
|
Sporangium |
is a capsule that produces spores |
|
|
Virus |
found either inside a cell (intracellular) or outside of a cell (extracellular) |
|
|
Viroid |
These are very small, circular RNA (may appear linear), and infectious in plants. They do not contain a capsid |
|
|
Prion |
Prions are proteinaceous infective particles. Prions do not contain nucleic acid. Prions contain a single protein called PrP. |
|
|
Obligate intracellular parasites |
cannot reproduce outside their host cell, meaning that the parasite's reproduction is entirely reliant on intracellular resources |
|
|
Virion |
the complete, infective form of a virus outside a host cell, with a core of RNA or DNA and a capsid |
|
|
Generalists |
infect many kinds of cells in many different hosts |
|
|
Capsids |
a protein coating, which surrounds the core of the virus containing the nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) |
|
|
Capsomere |
is a bunch of proteins |
|
|
ViralEnvelope |
Protection, host recognition, and providing shape to the virus Virus gains the envelope from their host Membranes surrounding its capsid are made up of proteins, phospholipid bilayer, and some glycoproteins protruding out (looking like spikes) at the surface of the virus. |
|
|
ViralCapsid |
protein coats that provide protection for viral nucleic acid and means of attachment to host’s cells capsules come from are cells, host cells but put their onproteins on it to modify it composed of proteinaceous subunits some capsids composed of single type of capsomere other composed of multiple types |
|
|
Neoplasia |
uncontrolledcell division in multicellular animal; mass of neoplastic cells is tumor |
|
|
Benigntumors |
is a massof cells (tumor) that lacks the ability to invade neighboring tissue ormetastasize, non-cancerous, do not spread |
|
|
Malignanttumor |
are cancerous and are made up of cells that grow out of control. Cells in these tumors can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. |
|
|
Metastasis |
the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer |
|
|
Carcinogens |
a substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue |
|
|
Burkitt’sLymphoma |
is cancer of the lymphatic system |
|
|
Hodgkin’sDisease |
is a type of lymphoma, in which cancer originates from white blood cells called lymphocytes. |
|
|
Kaposi’ssarcoma |
is a cancer that develops from the cells that line lymph or blood vessels |
|
|
CervicalCancer |
is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix— the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. |
|
|
Proto-oncogenes |
A normal gene which, when altered by mutation,becomes an oncogene that can contribute to cancer |
|
|
Lytic Cycle |
is a bacteriophage’s “life” cycle, 5 stages- attachment, penetration, Biosynthesis,maturation, release |
|
|
Attachment[lytic/Lysogenic cycle] |
portions of the capsid bind with receptors on the bacterial cell wall |
|
|
Penetration[lytic/Lysogenic cycle] |
a viral enzyme digests part of cell wall; the viral DNA is injected into a bacterial cell. |
|
|
Biosynthesis[lytic cycle] |
involves synthesis of viral components and begins after the virus brings about inactivation of host genes not necessary to viral replication |
|
|
Maturation[lytic cycle] |
viral DNA and capsids are assembled to produce several hundred viral particles and lysozyme, coded by the virus, is produced |
|
|
Release[lytic cycle] |
When lysozyme disrupts the cell wall, release of the viral particles occurs and the bacterial cell dies. |
|
|
LysogenicCycle |
the virus incorporates its DNA into the bacterium but only later is phage produced.Attachment, penetration, Integration, Latent, Prophage, Induced |
|
|
Integration[Lysogenic Cycle] |
Following attachment and penetration, viral DNA becomes integrated into bacterial DNA with no destruction of the host DNA |
|
|
Latent[Lysogenic Cycle] |
At this point, the phage is latent and the viral DNA is called a prophage |
|
|
Prophage[Lysogenic Cycle] |
The prophage is replicated along with host DNA; all subsequent cells (lysogenic cells) carry a copy. |
|
|
Induced[Lysogenic Cycle] |
Certain environmental factors (e.g., ultraviolet radiation) induce prophage to enter the biosynthesis stage of the lytic cycle, followed by maturation and release. |
|
|
Lyticcycle advantages |
The host cell's DNA is destroyed and the virus takes over the cell's metabolic activities. The virus begins using the cell energy for its own propagation. The virus hijacks the infected cell and then destroys it. There is a predominance of lytic among temperate phages, as induction can cause lysogenic to convert to lytic. Replication of the new viruses is fast. |
|
|
Lyticcycle disadvantages |
the host is also immediately killed preventing the viral genome from passing onto the next generation of host cells |
|
|
LysogenicCycle advantages |
the viral DNA or RNA remains in the cell and it may remain there permanently, create multiple |
|
|
LysogenicCycle disadvantages |
There are no viral symptoms in the lysogenic cycle; it occurs after the viral infection is over. |
|
|
Lysing |
During the lytic cycle, the cell starts getting overcrowded; the original virus releases enzymes to break the cell wall. The cell wall bursts and new virusesare released |
|
|
Firstmechanisms of entry used by animal viruses to enter the host |
the virion attaches to the host cell receptors by specific proteins on its surface called spikes. The envelope of the virus fuses w/ the plasma membrane of the host and the nucleocapsid is released directly into the cytoplasm. The nucleic acid then separates from the protein coat. |
|
|
Secondmechanisms of entry used by animal viruses toenter the host |
the enveloped virus absorbs to the host cell by specific proteins on its surface and the virion is taken in by endocytosis. In this process the host cell plasma membrane surrounds the whole virion and forms a vesicle. The envelope of the virion then fuses w/ the plasma membrane of the vesicle and the nucleocapsid is release into the host’s cytoplasm. The capsid protein is then removed, releasing the nucleic acid in of the virus. |
|
|
CellularPrP |
stable tertiary structures normal functional structure with α-helices |
|
|
PrionPrP |
stable tertiary structures disease-causingform with β-sheets |
|
|
Symbiosis |
to live together |
|
|
Symbioticrelationship |
the relationship between microorganisms and their host |
|
|
Mutualism |
organisms living together and benefitting each other→bacteria in human colon→bacteria makes vitamins that we use and help w/ digestion and they live in a nice warm environment with allot of food, [termites live in bacteria and they break down wood] |
|
|
Commenalism |
live together but neither benefit nor harm Tapeworm in human intestine |
|
|
Parasitism |
live together but one loses on gains |
|
|
Pathogen |
a bacterium, virus, or other microorganisms that can cause a disease |
|
|
NormalMicrobiota |
organisms that colonize the body’s surfaces without normally causing disease |
|
|
ResidentMicrobiota |
all the microorganism that live in a animal or a human compete w/ other organism→reduce the possibility of bad microorganisms that are pathogenic |
|
|
TransientMicrobiota |
Remain inthe body for only hours to months before disappearing |
|
|
Axenic |
development in womb |
|
|
OpportunisticPathogens |
Normal microbiota that can cause disease under certain circumstances |
|
|
Immunesuppression |
the inhibition of the normal immune response because of disease |
|
|
Contamination |
The mere presence of microbes in or on the body |
|
|
Infection |
Results when the organism has evaded the body’s external defenses, multiplied, and become established in the body |
|
|
Portalsof Entry |
Sites through which pathogens enter the body |
|
|
PoE-Skin |
acts as a barrier to pathogens some pathogens can enter through openings or cuts, and others enter by burrowing into or digesting the outer layers of skin |
|
|
PoE-MucousMembranes |
Line the body cavities that are open to the environment, provide a moist, warm environment that is hospitable to pathogens |
|
|
PoE-Placenta |
is to promote selective transport of nutrients and waste products between mother and fetus |
|
|
PoE-Parenteralroute |
Pathogens deposited directly into tissues beneath the skin or mucous membranes |
|
|
Adhesion |
Process by which microorganisms attach themselves to cells |
|
|
AttachmentProteins |
Found on viruses(attachment proteins) and many bacteria (adhesins) → HAVE TO ATTACH |
|
|
Ligands |
lipoproteinsor glycoproteins that binds host cell receptors |
|
|
Symptoms |
subjective characteristics of disease felt onlyby the patient |
|
|
Signs |
objective manifestations of disease that can be observed or measured by others |
|
|
Syndrome |
group of symptoms and signs that characterize a disease or abnormal condition |
|
|
Asymptomatic, or subclinical |
infections lack symptoms but may still have signs of infection |
|
|
Germtheory of Disease |
disease caused by infections of pathogenic microorganisms |
|
|
Pathogenicity |
ability of a microorganism to cause disease |
|
|
Virulence |
degree of pathogenicity |
|
|
ExtracellularEnzymes |
enzymes secreted by the pathogen [Hyaluronidase and collagenase] that block enzymes dissolve structural chemicals in the body help pathogen maintain infection invade further avoid body defenses [coagulase and kinase] |
|
|
Hyaluronidase |
a family of enzymes that degrade hyaluronic acid |
|
|
Collagenase |
are enzymes thatbreak the peptide bonds in collagen. They assist in destroying extracellular structures in the pathogenesis of bacteria such as Clostridium |
|
|
Coagulase |
a bacterial enzyme that brings about the coagulation of blood or plasma and is produced by disease-causing forms of staphylococcus |
|
|
Kinase |
an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule. |
|
|
Toxins |
Chemicals produced by the pathogen, harm tissues or trigger host immune responses that causes damage |
|
|
Toxemia |
toxins in the bloodstream that are carried beyond the site of infections |
|
|
Exotoxins |
a toxin released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings |
|
|
Cytotoxins |
are the chemical weapons that Killer T-cells use to destroy infected cells |
|
|
Endotoxins |
a toxin that is present inside a bacterial cell and is released when the cell disintegrates. |
|
|
LipidA |
is a lipid component of an endotoxin held responsible for the toxicity of gram-negative bacteria |
|
|
Antiphagocyticfactors |
factors prevent phagocytosis by the host’s phagocytic cells |
|
|
Bacterialcapsule |
Often composed of chemicals found in the body and not recognized as foreign can be slippery making it difficult for phagocytes to engulf the bacteria |
|
|
Leukocidins |
directly destroy phagocytic white blood cells |
|
|
Stages of infectious disease |
sequence of events following infection |
|
|
Incubation period |
no signs and symptoms detected while the virus is incubating. It is the time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism, a chemical or radiation, and when symptoms and signs are first apparent. |
|
|
Prodromal Period |
neither a stage where there are vague and general symptoms, not more nor less. |
|
|
Illness |
It is a stage which has the most severe signs and symptoms. The illness stage is an interval when patient manifests signs and symptoms specific to type of infection. |
|
|
Decline |
is a time when there is declining signs and symptoms |
|
|
Convalescence |
is a period when there are NO signs and symptoms at all It is the gradual recovery of health and strength after an illness. |
|
|
Reservoirs of Infections |
most pathogens cannot survive long outside of their host,sites where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection |
|
|
Zoonoses |
diseases that are naturally spread from their usual animal hosts to humans |
|
|
Human carriers |
infected individuals are asymptomatic but infective to others some individuals will eventually develop illness while others never get sick |
|
|
Nonliving reservoir |
soil, water, and food, presence of microorganisms is often due to contamination by feces or urine |
|
|
Modes of infectious Disease Transmission |
transmission from either a reservoir or portal of exit |
|
|
Portal of exits |
Secretions - eyes, ears, nose, mouth Skin - flakes or blood Blood - needles, bites, wounds Vaginal secretions/semen Excreted body wastes Urine, feces, sweat |
|
|
Contact transmission |
person-to-person spread |
|
|
Direct contact transmission |
person-to-person, placental, fecal-oral |
|
|
Indirect Contact transmission |
inanimate object carries pathogen agent of disease is transmitted from its reservoir to a susceptible host by means of nonliving object |
|
|
Vehicle Transmission |
are animals that transmit diseases from one host to another the vehicle contacts the person's body. |
|
|
Air-borne Transmission |
spread of agents in aerosol droplets that travel more than 1 meter from reservoir to host |
|
|
Droplet Transmission |
microbes spread in aerosol droplets (mucusdroplets) discharged in air by sneezing, coughing, laughing, talking. Travel short distances a meter or less away arms length distance over a meter |
|
|
Vector Transmission |
Vectors are animals that carry pathogens from one host toanother |
|
|
Mechanical Vector Transmission |
passive transport of pathogens on insects’ feet or otherbody part not required as host by pathogen |
|
|
Biological Vector Transmission |
insect carries pathogen in body, host is oftenpart of pathogens life cycle, transmits pathogen to host when it bites host. |
|
|
Anthropods |
an invertebrate animal of the large phylum Arthropoda, such as an insect, spider, or crustacean. |
|
|
Epidemiology |
study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted w/in population |
|
|
Incidence |
number of new cases of a disease in a given are during agiven period of time |
|
|
Prevalence |
number of total cases of a disease in a given are during agiven period of time |
|
|
Endemic |
(of a disease or condition) regularly found among particular people or in a certain area. |
|
|
Sporadic |
occurring at irregular intervals or only in a few places; scattered or isolated. |
|
|
Epidemic |
a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time |
|
|
Pandemic |
(of a disease) prevalent over a whole country or the world |
|
|
Descriptive Epidemiology |
careful tabulation of data concerning a disease,record information about the location and time of the cases of disease, collect patient information try to identify the index case (or first case) of the disease |
|
|
Analytical Epidemiology |
to determine the probable cause, mode of transmission, and methods of prevention useful in situations in which Koch’s postulates can’t beapplied, often retrospective- investigation occurs after on outbreak has occurred |
|
|
Experimental Epidemiology |
involves testing a hypothesis concerning thecause of a disease, application of Koch’s postulates is experimental epidemiology |
|
|
Nosocomial infections |
infections acquired while in a health care facility |
|
|
Exogenous |
pathogen acquired from the health care environment |
|
|
Endogenous |
pathogens arise from normal microbiota due to factors within the health care setting |
|
|
Iatrogenic |
results from modern medical procedures |
|
|
Etiology |
the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition |
|
|
Koch’s Postulates |
were formulated in the late nineteenth century as guidelines for establishing that microbes cause specific diseases. |
|
|
reservoir of infection |
Sites where pathogens exist and are maintained as a source of infection, once they leave the host (place or location where the pathogen goes) |
|
|
compromised host |
Host competence risk factors for infection are immunocompromised, lifestyle, occupation, trauma, travel, age. A person or something having something wrong with them |
|
|
Morbidity |
number of individuals within a disease during a set period of time divided by the total population |
|
|
mortality |
number of deaths due to a specific disease during a specific period of time divided by the total population |
|
|
common source outbreak |
group of people all exposed to a pathogen. arises from contact with contaminated substances (food, water) |
|
|
propagated epidemic |
amplification of infection as a result of person-to-person contact (cold/flu person to person contact) |
|
|
nationally notifiable disease |
A disease that is well-known. Health departments (local and state), Nationally (CDC) Worldwide (WHO) |
|
|
FOMITES |
Bed sheets, towels, needles, razors, toothbrushes, money, drinking glasses, and medical equipment |
