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303 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are photosynthetic bacteria?
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use photosynthesis, can synthesize required nutrients from inorganic compounds
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what are cyanobacteria?
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type of photosynthetic bacteria that is very good at making their own food. they have gram - cell walls and extensive thylakoids with photosynthetic chlorophyll pigments and gas inclusions.
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what type of cell wall do cyanobacteria have?
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gram - cell wall
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what type of bacteria are cyanobacteria?
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photosynthetic
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what are green & purple sulfur bacteria?
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type of photosynthetic bacteria that is very good at making their own food. contain photosynthetic pigment bacteriochlorophyll. do not give off oxygen as a product of photoxynthesis
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what photosynthetic pigment does green & purple sulfur bacteria contain?
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bacteriochlorophyll
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what type of bacteria are green & purple sulfur bacteria?
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photosynthetic
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what is photosynthesis?
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turning light energy into food
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what type of bacteria were probably the first to do photosynthesis and probably helped form the oxygen atmosphere we have today?
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cyanobacteria
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what is rickettsias?
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an obligate intracellular parasite
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what type of bacteria are rickettsias?
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very tiny, gram negative bacteria
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how is rickettsias transmitted?
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by a vector
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what is Rickettsia rickettissii?
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Rocky Mountain spotted fever
-most severe in Rickettsias group. Can infect humans |
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What is rickettsia typhi?
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endemic typhus also called R. puraweskii
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what is typhoid mary?
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woman in NY who was a carrier of typhoid who infected lots of people
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how do rickettsias work?
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have leak membranes and are susceptible for osmotic pressure. these go inside host cells to reproduce (obligate intracellular pathogen)
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What is a typhical typhus fever agent?
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R. puraweskii (also referred to as endemic typhus)
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what is chlamydias?
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very tiny obligate intracellular parasite
NOT TRANSMITTED BY ARTHROPODS |
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what is Chalmydia trachomatis?
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severe eye infection and one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases
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What is Chlamydia pneuomoniae?
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A secondary lung infection
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Where does chalmydias life cycle occurr?
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All of their life cycle happens in a human cell which is why they must be so small
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What is Chlamydia trachomatis also called?
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Also called a silent infection because a large % of people infected don't show signs or symptoms but can transmit it. can lead to being sterile/infertile.
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Is Domain Archaea or Domain Bacteria more closely related to Domain Eukarya?
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Domain Archaea
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What does archaea contain in their rRNA?
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unique genetic sequences
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where do archaea live?
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like to live in the most extreme habitats
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Are archaea prokaryotes?
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yes, but are not apart of Domain Bacteria, they are Domain Archaea
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How do bacteria and archaea differ?
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They look very similar on the outside but have different rRNA molecules and cell components
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What can we NOT prove that archaea cause?
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human diseases. They MIGHT cause cavities.
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Characteristics of Staphylococci
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-common inhabitant of the skin and mucous membranes
-spherical cells arranged in irregular clusters -gram positive -lack spores and flagella -may have capsules |
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Where do Staph species live?
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common inhabitant of the skin and mucous membranes
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What do Staph cells look like?
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spherical cells arranged in irregular clusters
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Are Staph species gram positive or negative?
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Gram positive
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What do Staph species lack? What MIGHT they have?
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Lack spores and flagella but this doesn't inhibit them from being resistant
May have capsules |
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What Staph species is an example of a true pathogen?
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S.aureus (can be carried as part of our normal flora)
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How does S. aureus grow?
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Grows in large, round, opaque colonies
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What is the optimum temperature for S.aureus?
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37 degrees C
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What type of oxygen environment do S.aureus like?
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They are facultative anaerobes so they prefer oxygen but can grow without it
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What can S.aureus withstand?
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High salt, extremes in pH, and high temperatures
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What does S.aureus produce?
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Many virulence factors
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What type of agar do we use to easily identify S.aureus colonies?
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Blood agar
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What can S.aureus NOT form?
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Can't form endospores but are still very resistant to all sorts of antimicrobial agents. usually high salt conditions will kill microbes, but S.aureus can still grow.
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What is there around an S.aureus colony?
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Around a S.aureus colony there is an empty space caused by toxins secreted from aureus. The toxins cause hemolysis (the toxins burst red blood cells). Hemolysins are toxins.
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Enzyme virulence factors of S.aureus:
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coagulase, hyaluronidase, staphylokinase, DNase, lipases
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What is coagulase?
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an enzyme that coagulates plasma and blood (makes clumps/clots in human blood)
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What is hyaluronidase?
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an enzyme that digests connective tissue
-digests the extracellular matrix of connective tissue. Does this to make tunnels in tissue to spread. Also called a spreading factor |
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What is Staphylokinase?
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an enzyme that digests blood clots
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What is DNase?
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an enzyme that digests human DNA
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What is lipase?
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an enzyme that digests oils; enhances colonization on skin (human lipids)
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Toxin virulence factors of S.aureus:
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hemolysins, leukocidins, entertoxins, exfoliative toxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin
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What is Hemolysin?
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a toxin that lyses red blood cells (burst red blood cells)
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What is leukocidin?
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a toxin that lyses (bursts) neutrophils and macrophages (both are phagocytes). kills phagocytes. when phagocyte sees aureus, aureus spits out toxin and kills phagocytes
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What is an enterotoxin?
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A toxin that induces gastrointestinal distress. (Produced by food poison which inflames the intestines)
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What is an exfoliative toxin?
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a toxin that seperates the epidermis from the dermis
(makes human skin peel off like sunburn. this is done by chemicals and can go very deep) |
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What is toxic shock syndrome toxin?
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a toxin that induces fever, vomiting, shock, systematic organ damage. is a superantigen (immune system goes crazy and spits out chemicals which cause disease)
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What was the first super antigen ever discovered?
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Toxic shock syndrom toxin (TSST)
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Where can you get staph?
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-present in most environments frequented by humans
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what is the carriage rate of staph for healthy adults?
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20-60%
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where do we mostly carry staph species?
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anterior nares, skin, nasopharynx, intestines
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Where does S.aureus prefer to live?
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in the mucous membranes in our nose
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what is a predisposition?
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means immune system is already low
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predisposition to staph infection includes:
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poor hygiene and nutrition, tissue injury, preexisting primary infection, diabetes, immunodeficiency
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what has MRSA outnumbered?
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HIV/AIDS
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What is MRSA?
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S.aureus strain that is methicillin resistant
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What is methicillin?
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a great antibiotic
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what are localized cutaneous infections?
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invade skin through wounds, follicles or glands
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What is folliculitis?
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superficial inflammation of a hair follicle; usually resolved with no complication but can progress
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What is a furuncle?
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A boil; inflammation of a hair follicle or sebaceous gland progresses into abscess or pustule
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What is a carbuncle?
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larger and deeper lesion created by aggregation and interconnection of a cluster of furuncles
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What is impetigo?
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bubble like swellings that can break and peel away ; most common in new borns
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What are two examples of systemic infections?
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Osteomyelitis and Bacteremia
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What is osteomyelitis?
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systemic infection that is established in the metaphysis; abscess forms. it is in the bone (bone infection) . very severe and needs treatment
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What is bacteremia?
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systemic infection. primary origin is bacteria from another infected site or medical devices; endocarditis possible. Bacteremia is a sepsis(spreads all over) caused by bacteria.
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What are toxigenic staphylococcal diseases?
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Food intoxication, Staphylocccal scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome
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What is food intoxication?
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A Staphylcoccal toxigenic disease caused by ingestion of heat stable enterotoxins; gastrointestinal distress
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What is Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome?
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A staph toxigenic disease where toxin induces bright red flush, blisters, then desquamation (shredding of outer layers of skin) of the epidermis. An exofoliative toxin
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What is toxic shock syndrome?
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A staph toxigenic disease which leads to shock and organ failure (tampons increased TSST. S.aureus caused increase in TSST)
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How is Staphylococcus identified from samples?
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-frequently isolated from pus, tissue exudates, sputum, urine and blood
-cultivation, catalase, biochemical testing, coagulase |
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What is a catalase test?
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Often used to identify staph by separating staph from strep
used to determine if staph is harmful |
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What do systemic infections require?
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Intensive lengthy therapy (chemotherapy)
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When did eukaryotes first appear?
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2 billion years ago
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What does evidence suggest about eukaryotes?
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Evidence suggests evolution from prokarytoic organisms by symbiosis (organelles originated from procaryotic cells trapped inside them)
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How do eukaryotes compare to prokaryotes?
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Eukaryotes are bigger and more complex
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What type of cellular structure do most eukaryotic cells we will discuss have?
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Single celled.
Helminthes are multicellular |
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Chloroplasts are ONLY found in cells that...
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can do photosynthesis
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how do cilia compare to flagella?
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cilia are shorter than flagella but are made of the same protein and are used to move cell
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what is a eukaryotic nucleus made of?
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Nucleus made of double membrane. inside nucleus we find the chromosomes
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What do we find inside eukaryotic nucleus?
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chromosomes
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Why do eukaryotic cells have pores on the nucleus?
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Pores on nucleus sit on edge and only allow some molecules to pass
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What does the Golgi app. look like?
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Stack of pancakes
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What do mitochondria in eukaryotic cells produce?
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produce large amounts of ATP (energy)
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What type of external structures do eukaryotic cells have?
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flagella, cilia and glycocalyx
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Flagella in eukaryotic cells
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A locomotor appendage. Long, sheathed cylinder containing microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement. Covered by an extension of the cell membrane. Function in motility
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Cilia in eukaryotic cells
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A locomotor appendage. Similar in overall structure to flagella, but shorter and more numerous. Found only on a single group of protozoa and certain animal cells. Function in motility, feeding and filtering.
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What are flagella and cilia made up of?
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Fiber proteins called microtubules
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What is a glycocalyx?
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an outermost boundary that comes into direct contact with environment. usually composed of polysaccharides. appears as a network of fibers, a slime layer or a capsule. functions in adherence, protection and signal reception.
additional "cover" of cell that provides protection for the cell. there are signal receptors on glycocalyx stimulated by environment. |
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What is the glycocalyx composed of?
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polysaccharides
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What does the glycocalyx usually appear as?
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A network of fibers, either a slime layer or a capsule
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What are the functions of the glycocalyx?
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adherence, protection and signal reception
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stopped taking notes after
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glycocalyx
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what type of cell wall do fungi have?
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fungi have thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin or cellulose and a thin layer of mixed glycans
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what substances are commonly found in algae?
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cellulose, pectin, mannans, silicon dioxide, and calcium carbonate
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describe a cell wall of a eukaryote
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rigid, provides structural support and shape
helps with osmosis. doesnt contain peptidoglycan. |
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what do protozoa lack?
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a cell wall.
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what do diatoms look like?
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they are colorful based on minerals in their cell wall
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what makes up the cytoplasmic cell membrane of a eukaryotic cell?
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typical bilayer of phospholipids and proteins
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what is the purpose of the cytoplasmic cell membrane of a eukaryotic cell?
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-sterols confer stability
-serves as selectively permeable barrier in transport -steroids are found in the cell membrane (embedded) |
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what is the most prominent organelle of a eucaryotic cell?
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the nucleus
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what does the nucleus contain?
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chromosomes
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what is the nuclear enveloped composed of?
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two parallel membranes seperated by a narrow space and is perforated with pores
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what is the purpose of the nucleolus?
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rRNA synthesis and ribosome subunit assembly
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what makes up the nucleus?
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a double membrane (2 phospholipid bilayers)
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where is the nucleolus located?
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within the nucleus
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what does the nucleolus look like?
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darker because alot of transcription (synthesis of rRNA) is going on and proteins go here and bind together to form the units of ribosomes. each unit consists of rRNA and proteins. units then exported into cytoplasm , then form ribosome.
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how many types of endoplasmic reticulum are there?
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two
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what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
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originates from the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope and extends in a continuous network through cytoplasm; rough due to ribosomes; proteins synthesized and shunted into the ER for packaging and transport; first step in secretory pathway
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what is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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closed tubular network without ribosomes; functions in nutrient processing, synthesis and storage of lipids, etc.
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which one is darker, RER or SER?
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RER is darker because of ribosomes attached to the ER. the proteins synthesized here are meant to be secreted or end up in the plasma membrane but won't go into cytoplasm. proteins are put into lumen of ER then packed into vesicles where they go to golgi apparatus then modified which tells them where to go
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what does SER not have ?
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ribosomes attached which the major function of ribosomes is lipid synthesis
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What is the golgi apparatus?
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consists of a stack of flattened sacs called cisternae
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what are the flattened sacs of the golgi apparatus called?
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cisternae
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what is the golgi apparatus closely associated with?
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the endoplasmic reticulum
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what comes to golgi apparatus for modification and maturation?
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transitional vesicles from the ER containing proteins go to the golgi apparatus for modification and maturation
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what transports the proteins from the golgi apparatus to the outside?
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condensing vesicles transport proteins to organelles or secretory proteins to the outside
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what is the cycle of where proteins go?
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nucleus->RER->golgi->vesicles->secretion
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what are lysosomes?
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vesicles containing enzymes that originate from golgi apparatus
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what is the function of lysosomes?
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involved in intracellular digestion of food particles and in protection against invading microbes as well as digestion
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how do we think of lysosomes? what do they contain?
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lysosomes are like the stomach of the cell. they contain enzymes that are used for digestion. this is important in human cells for phagocytosis because phagocytosis uses chemicals in lysosomes to break down molecules
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what does mitochondria consist of?
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consists of an outer membrane and an inner membrane with folds called cristae
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what are the folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria called?
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cristae
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what is the function of cristae?
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hold the enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration
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how do mitochondria divide?
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independently of the cell (divide on their own)
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what do mitochondria contain?
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contain DNA and prokaryotic ribosomes
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what is the function of the mitochondria?
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energy production (ATP)
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how are the ribosomes of the mitochondria different?
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these are 70S ribosomes
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where did mitochondria come from?
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came from prokaryotic cells (symbiosis) - evidence comes from DNA and ribosomes present here
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where is the ATP made in the mitochondria?
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inside the folds
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where is chloroplast found?
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inside algae and plant cells
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what are thylakoids?
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the inner membrane of the chloroplast folded into sacs which are stacked into grana
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what is the function of grana in the chloroplast?
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traps light energy
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what type of pigments do chloroplasts contain?
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photosynthetic pigments
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what do chloroplasts convert?
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convert energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis
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what is the primary producer of organic nutrients for other organisms?
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chloroplast
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what does chloroplast contain?
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DNA and prokaryotic ribosomes
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where does light energy change into chemical energy in chloroplasts?
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occurs in grana. light energy changes into chemical energy VIA PIGMENTS PRESENT
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what makes up eukaryotic ribosomes?
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composed of rRNA and proteins
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what are the subunits of 80S eukaryotic ribosomes?
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40S and 60S
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where are 40S and 60S eukaryotic ribosomes made?
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made in the nucleolus
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what happens in the 80S eukaryotic ribosomes?
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site of protein synthesis
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where are eukaryotic ribosomes?
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scattered in cytoplasm or associated with RER
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are eukaryotic ribosomes smaller or bigger than prokaryotic ribosomes?
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bigger
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what is the function of eukaryotic ribosomes?
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protein synthesis
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what is formed throughout the cytoskeleton?
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flexible framework of proteins, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules form network throughout cytoplasm
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what is the function of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton?
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involved in movement of cytoplasm, amoeboid movement, transport and structural support
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what are microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments?
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fiberlike proteins that go throughout the cell and give shape. also form extensions to pull cell along (pseudopods).
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what helps move organelles during mitosis?
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microfilaments and microtubules
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what is the shape of eukaryotic chromosomes?
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linear
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what are parasitic worms?
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also called helminthes. these are MULTICELLULAR
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what are the two groups that make up fungi?
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macroscopic (mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi)
microscopic (molds, yeasts) |
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The majority of fungi are ___
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unicellular or colonial
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what are the two morphologies of fungi?
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yeast: round, ovoid shape
hyphae: long, filamentous fungi or molds |
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some fungi exist in either form and are called what?
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dimorphic
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what can we think of yeast as?
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little bubbles
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what can we think of mold as?
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ribbon shaped
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what fungi has the ability to be dimorphic and can become a systemic infection?
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candida (yeast) that is in vagina, mouth and intestines. it is an opportunistic pathogen
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what are filamentous fungi?
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mass of hyphae called mycelium; cottony, hairy or velvety texture
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how can hyphae be divided?
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may be divided by cross walls called septate
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what is the function of vegetative hyphae?
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digest and absorb nutrients (what brings in nutrients)
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what is the function of reproductive hyphae?
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produce spores for reproduction
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what is an example of mycelium?
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mold on bread which is fuzzy. under microscope you can see hyphae (ribbons)
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what kind of digestion do fungi have?
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they do extracellular digestion
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what helps distinguish between fungi?
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divisions of hyphae called septae
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what is penicillium?
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a type of fungi that produces penicillin and is a very common household mold
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what is a very common household mold?
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penicillium
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what are pseudohyphae?
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yeast that can elongate, then bud and doesn't detach
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what can some yeast form?
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capsules
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___ are all heterotrophic.
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fungi
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where do most fungi live?
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majority are harmless saprobes living off dead plants and animals
some are parasites living on the tissues of other organisms but NONE are obligate; -mycoses=fungal infections |
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what is mycoses?
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a fungal infection
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what is the growth temperature for fungi?
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20-40 degrees C
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what is the endemic fungal infection for the midwest?
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ohio valley fever
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do fungi do photosynthesis?
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NO
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how do fungi reproduce?
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through spores formed on reproductive hyphae
asexual reproduction- spores are formed through budding or mitosis; conidia or sporangiospores a fungal spore can be asexual or sexual |
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what are arthrospores?
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septae that can break off and act as asexual spore
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how do fungi sexually reproduce?
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spores are formed following fusion of male and female strains and formation of sexual structure
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what are the four ways to classify fungi?
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1. zygomycota
2. ascomycota 3. basidiomycota 4. deuteromycota |
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what are zygomycota?
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zygospores (sexual spore)
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what are ascomycota?
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ascospores; conidia (sexual spore)
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what are basidiomycota ?
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basidiospores; conidia (sexual spores)
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what are deuteromycota?
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majority are yeasts and molds; no sexual spores known; conidia
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what are the adverse impacts of fungi?
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mycoses, allergies, toxin production, destruction of crops and food storages
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what are the beneficial impacts of fungi?
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decomposers of dead plants and animals, sources of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids and vitamins; used in making foods and in genetic studies
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what are carcinogens?
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lead to cancer and can be produced by a toxin that is produced in fungi. toxin can produce halllucinogens.
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what do most fungal antibiotics act on?
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most fungal antibiotics act on steroids of the fungi's membrane
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what are algae?
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photosynthetic organisms that are unicellular, colonial and filamentous
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what does algae contain?
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chloroplasts with chlorophyll and other pigments
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does algae have cell walls?
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no
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does algae have flagella?
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may or may not
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do cyanobacteria have chloroplasts?
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no
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where do algae like to live?
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in water
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what are algae that live in fresh and marine water called?
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plankton
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what does algae produce a large amount of?
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produces a large portion of atmospheric oxygen
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what are dinoflagellates?
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type of algae that can cause red tides and give off toxins that cause food poisoning with neurological symptoms
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what is the famous dinoflagellate in north carolina called?
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pfiesteria which causes fish to die
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who picks up dinoflagellates to pass on?
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picked up by shell fish
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what does algae contain?
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chloroplasts with chlorophyll and other pigments
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does algae have cell walls?
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no
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does algae have flagella?
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may or may not
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do cyanobacteria have chloroplasts?
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no
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where do algae like to live?
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in water
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what are algae that live in fresh and marine water called?
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plankton
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what does algae produce a large amount of?
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produces a large portion of atmospheric oxygen
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what are dinoflagellates?
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type of algae that can cause red tides and give off toxins that cause food poisoning with neurological symptoms
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what is the famous dinoflagellate in north carolina called?
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pfiesteria which causes fish to die
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who picks up dinoflagellates to pass on?
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picked up by shell fish
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how is algae classified?
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classified according to types of pigments and cell wall
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what is algae used for?
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used for cosmetics, food and medical products
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what is the source of agar?
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algae
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what do dinoflagellates produce?
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produce neurotoxins , eaten by animals and cause food poisoning
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if algae have ____ in their cell wall they well be colorful
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calcium
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do protozoa vary in shape?
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yes
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do protozoa lack a cell wall?
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yes
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what is the shape of most protozoa?
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unicellular; colonies are rare
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where do protozoa mostly live?
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in moist habitats
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how are protozoa spread?
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they are animal parasites and can be spread by vectors
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are protozoa heterotrophic?
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YES! they lack chloroplasts
no chloroplasts=no photosynthesis |
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how do protozoa feed?
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by engulfing other microbes and organic matter
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what type of locomotor structures do protozoa have?
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most have flagella, cilia or pseudopods
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what is trophozoite?
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the motile feeding stage of protozoa
active & vegetative |
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what is a cyst?
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the dormant resting stage that protozoa enter when conditions are unfavorable for growth or feeding
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how do protozoa reproduce?
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sexually and asexually
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why is protozoan classification difficult?
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because of diversity
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what is simple grouping of protozoa based on?
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method of motility, reproduction and life cycle
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what are the types of protozoa?
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1. mastigophora
2. sarcodina 3. ciliophora 4. apicomplexa |
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what are mastigophora?
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type of protozoa.
primarily flagellar motility; some flagellar and amoeboid; sexual reproduction; cyst and trophozoite |
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what are sarcodina?
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type of protozoa
primarily ameba; asexual by fission; most are free living (use their cytoskeleton to extend their cytoplasm which is called a pseudopod, used for movement. ectoplasm makes pseudopod) |
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what are ciliophora?
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type of protozoa
cilia; trophozoites and cysts; most are free living, harmless |
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what are apicomplexa?
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type of protozoa
motility is absent except male gametes; sexual and asexual reproduction; complex life cycle- all parasitic (usually use their environment to be transported) |
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what are some examples of mastigophora flagellates?
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tichomonas (STD); trypanosoma (sleeping sickness, chagas' disease) ; giardia (intestinal- common non bacterial diarrhea)
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what causes Chagas' disease?
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trypanosoma cruzi
endemic to middle and south america (rural areas) can have flu like symptoms |
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what is the reduviid bug?
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the vector for chagas' disease
also called the kissing bug excretes feces that contain trypanosoma |
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what causes african sleeping sickness?
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trypanosoma brucei gambiense
vector= tsetse fly |
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what is an example of an amoeba sarcodina?
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entamoeba histolytica (amebic dysentery) which causes diarrhea
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how do ciliated protozoa/ciliophora move?
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move by the action of fine hair on the outside of the body
most are free living and harmless |
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what is an example of a ciliophora?
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Balantidium coli (resident in vertebrate's gastrointestinal tracts)
B.coli is a protozoa that is an intestinal parasite |
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what are apicomplexa/sporozoan?
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non mobile protozoa with a complex life cycle
many have sexual and asexual cycles several human pathogens |
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what are the human pathogens of apicomplexa?
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plasmodium (malaria)
toxoplasma (toxoplasmosis) which is a parasite that is important if you're pregnant because it causes problems for baby cryptosporidium (intestinal) which is in water supply. big problem for old and young |
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what does T.Gondii cause?
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causes toxoplasmosis in humans
mainly transmitted by cat's litter boxes |
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What is cryptosoridium?
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causes diarrhea
can complete life cycle in one host cysts are very hardy |
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what causes malaria?
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plasmodium species
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how does transmission of malaria occur?
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occurs with the mosquito Anopheles
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what type of life cycle does plasmodium have?
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very complex life cycle altering between the mosquito and humans
asexual happens in humans sexual happens in mosquito |
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what is the vector of plasmodium?
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mosquito from the genus Anopheles
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parasitic helminths
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multicellular animals, organs for reproduction, digestion, movement and protection
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what do parasitic helminths parasitize?
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host tissues
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why do parasitic helminths have a mouth part?
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for attachment to or digestion of host tissues
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what do the well developed sex organs produce in parasitic helminths?
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eggs and sperm
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where do fertilized eggs of parasitic worms go?
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go through larval period in or out of host body
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what are the major groups of parasitic helminths?
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1. flatworms
2. nematodes (roundworms) |
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what are flatworms?
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flat, no definite body cavity; digestive tract a blind pouch; simple excretory and nervous systems
cestodes (tapeworms) trematodes or flukes are flattened, nonsegmented worms with sucking mouthparts |
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what are cestodes?
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also called a tapeworm
type of flatworm shed big segments that come out of humans anus |
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what are trematodes?
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type of flatworm
also called flukes are flattened, nonsegmented worms with sucking mouthparts |
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what are roundworms?
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also called nematodes
round, a complete digestive tract, a protective surface cuticle, spines and hooks on mouth; excretory and nervous system poorly developed |
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how do you classify helminths?
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classify according to shape, size, organ development, presence of hooks, suckers or other special structures, mode of reproduction, hosts and appearance of eggs and larvae
identify by microscopic detection of adult worm, larvae or eggs |
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what is elephantiasis?
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nematode infection that effects lymph nodes with swelling in scrotum
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what is malaria?
|
a eukaryotic parasite
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what is the problem with malaria?
|
drug resistance
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what is the genus of the protozoa of malaria?
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Plasmodium
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what are the parasites that can transmit plasmodium and cause malaria?
|
P.falciparum: worst
P.ovale P.vivax P.malariae P.knowlesi: monkey parasite |
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how is malaria transmitted?
|
transmitted by the mosquito Anopheles
very complex life cycle altering between mosquito and humans human: asexual phases (exoerythrocytic and erythrocytic) mosquito: sexual phase (sexual reproduction of parasite happens in mosquito) |
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is the mosquito that transmits malaria a mechanical or biological vector?
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biological vector
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where do parasites that spread malaria go?
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go straight to liver where they reproduce asexually called exoerythrocytic cycle
the offspring infects red blood cells= erythrocytic cycle |
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how does malaria effect the liver?
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asymptomatically;
parasite escapes from the liver undetected by wrapping itself in the cell membrane of host liver cell |
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how does malaria effect humans blood?
|
periodically breaks out of their hosts to invade fresh red blood cells
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when do waves of fever arise with malaria?
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waves of fever arise from simultaneous waves of merozoites escaping and infecting red blood cells
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At what stage of a RBC can P.falciparum effect?
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any stage
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why cant we eliminate malaria?
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not exposed long to sporozoites which hide in liver cells. when they infect red blood cells, they cover themselves so your body can't detect them
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how do you diagnose malaria?
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blood smear: several red blood cells have ring stages inside them
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what are the classic symptoms of malaria?
|
fever, shivering, joint pain, vomiting, anemia, hemoglobinuria, retinal damage and convulsions and headache
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how does fever act in p.falciparum
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spikes of fever that continue with no break
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how does fever act in p.vivax and p.ovale?
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fever spikes, breaks, repeats until cleared
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how does fever act in p.malariae?
|
fever spikes and then has a much longer break before spiking again
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what is the treatment for malaria?
|
quinine and artemesinin and their derivatives.
Quinine: isolated from tree bark Artemesinin: used in china long ago parasite is resistant aginst some drugs these are both used as preventative medicines for vacationers/travelers |
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how do we prevent malaria?
|
1. insecticide: treated bed nets
2. insect repellent 3. environmental controls (such as swamp draining) 4. chemoprophylaxis (travelers) |
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who gets vaccinations for malaria?
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only military
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|
steno
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narrow range
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eury
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wide range
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obligate
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necessary
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facultative
|
not necessary
|
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philo,philic
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lover,loving
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phobe,phobic
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fearer, fearing
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|
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extreme
|
very high or low
|
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hyper
|
also extreme (high or low)
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psychro
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cold
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meso
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middle temperature
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thermo
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hot temperature
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acido
|
low pH
|
|
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alkali or baso
|
high pH
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halo
|
salt
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thermic
|
temperature
|
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|
psychrophile
|
grow in cold temperatures
|
|
|
obligate psychrophile
|
only grows at low temperatures
|
|
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eurythermic
|
grow over wide range of temperature
|
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hyperthermophile
|
grows at very high temperatures
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