Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Describe the 3 categories of plasma proteins?
|
-albumins 60%: increase viscosity, carriers for smaller molecules
-globulins 35%: carriers, immune function -fibrinogen 4%: blood clotting |
|
Describe the 3 formed elementse
|
-erythrocytes 99%: gas exchange
-leukocytes: immunity and defense -thrombocytes: hemostasis, reduction of blood loss from damaged vessels |
|
Define hematocrit.
|
Percent formed elements by volume in blood.
|
|
What is hematopoiesis and where does it occur?
|
-blood cell differentiation from stem cell
-in red bone marrow from pluripotent stem cells |
|
How is hematopoiesis controlled?
|
-colony-stimulating factors secreted by leukocytes or endothelial cells to trigger WBC formation
-interleukins between WBC -erythropoietin triggers RBC formation |
|
Describe 2 structural features of RBC.
|
-biconcave surface: increase surface area in relation to volume
-round: reduce friction/impedane in blood flow |
|
What is the function of RBC.
|
Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
|
|
When and where are RBC broken down?
|
-120 days in spleen and liver
|
|
Describe the structure of hemoglobin.
|
-a protein made of 4 globin subunits
-each subunit has a heme group with 1 iron atom (oxygen binds to iron) |
|
What are the 4 types of globin?
|
-alpha: formed in all hemoglobin
-beta: common globin in adult hemoglobin -gamma: in fetuses in place for beta hemoglobin -delta: rare replacement for beta hemoglobin |
|
Where are platelets formed from?
|
Megakaryocytes
|
|
Name the steps of hemostasis (3).
|
1) vasoconstriction
2) platelet plug formation 3) coagulation (clotting) |
|
Name the steps of platelet plug formation (3).
|
1) Platelet stick to exposed collagen
2) platelets become activated and more sticky 3) cytokines release: vasoconstriction and increased platelet activation |
|
List the steps of the common pathway of coagulation.
|
-prothrombin > thrombin > fibrinogen > fibrin > cross-linked
|
|
How does blood in veins travel back to heart without the heart to pump it?
|
-one way valves
-skeletal muscle contraction against veins -respiratory pump |
|
Where does Pulsatile blood flow occur?
|
Arteries and arterioles
|
|
What is pulse pressure?
|
systolic minus diastolic
|
|
Express mean arterial pressure.
|
(diastolic) + 1/3(pulse pressure)
|
|
What is mean arterial pressure proportionate to?
|
Cardiac Output • Resistance
|
|
What is considered normal blood pressure?
|
120/80
|
|
What is the affect of blood volume on blood pressure?
|
volume increases blood pressure increases
|
|
What happens when blood volume decreases?
|
vasoconstriction and increased heart rate
|
|
Name the pathways for blood pressure regulation.
|
carotid and aortic baroreceptors -> medulla -> parasympathetic or sympathetic NS -> Sa node, veins, and arterioles
|
|
What is the distribution of blood in vessels?
|
-11% in arteries
-60% in veins |
|
Name the top 4 structures with the most blood distribution.
|
-brain, heart, kidney, digestive tract
|
|
What is shock? Describe the 4 types.
|
-insufficient capillary blood flow and blood pressure to maintain tissue health
1) cardiogenic 2) hypovolemic 3) septic: toxins increase vessel diameter 4) anaphalatic: immune response leads to vasodilation of blood vessels |
|
What blood vessel can experience the highest levels of resistance?
|
arterioles
|
|
What is resistance propotionate to?
|
(Length • Viscosity)/radius^4
|
|
What is myogenic autoregulation?
|
Smooth muscle around arterioles contraction caused by Ca inflow when the smooth muscle stretches to open Ca channels
|
|
Describe the paracrines that react with arterioles.
|
-CO2: active hyperemia, vasodilation due to activity
-CO2: reactive hyperemia, vasodilation due to restricted blood flow -adenosine: dilates coronary arteries -seratonin: vasoconstriction of arterioles after injury |
|
What are the structural types of capillaries?
|
fenstrated and continuous
|
|
Why is the velocity of blood in capillaries slow even when diameter is small?
|
sum cross-sectional area increases
|
|
Describe how substances move through capillaries.
|
-diffusion
-transcytosis: vesicles carry protein and macromolecules, can also create temporary channels |
|
Describe the factors involves in bulk flow in capillaries.
|
-hydrostatic pressure higher closer to heart
-colloid osmotic pressure constant due to proteins in blood (hypertonic) |
|
Define filtration in capillaries.
|
movement out of capillary when hydrostatic pressure greater then colloid osmotic pressure
|
|
Define absortion in capillaries.
|
Movement of fluid in capillary when colloid osmotic pressure greater than hydrostatic pressure
|
|
How much bulk flow in a day?
|
3 liters
|
|
What is the fluid called when going from blood vessels to lymph vessels?
|
-blood vessels: plasma
-out of vessels: interstitial fluid -lymph vessels: lymph fluid |
|
What is the destination of lymph fluid?
|
subclavian veins and heart
|
|
What is edema?
|
-insufficient drainage of interstitial fluid by lymphatic capillaries
|
|
What is the membrane around lungs?
|
pleural membrane
|
|
Describe the cellular structure of aveoli.
|
-type I: gas exchange, lines aveoli
-type II: produces surfactant |
|
What is the function of surfactant?
|
breaks/disrupts hydrogen bonds in aveoli to aid inhalation
|
|
Name the percent component of air.
|
-O2: 21%
-N2: 78% -CO2: <1% |
|
What is atmospheric pressure?
|
pressure of air at sea level, 760 mmHg
|
|
How is partial pressure calculated?
|
Pressure of gas mixture • percent gas
|
|
Define Boyle's law.
|
P1V1=P2V2
|
|
How and why is air flow controled in nasal cavity?
|
-slowed down by increased area and by turbinate bones
-warms up to 37 degrees and humidifies |
|
How is pharynx and teaches filtered?
|
mucous escalator, epithelium and goblet cells
|
|
What is pneumothorax?
|
Any puncuring of pleural membranes to that air enters intrapleural space causing lungs to collapse
|
|
What is the difference between compliance and elastance?
|
-compliance refers the the ability to stretch
-elastance refers the the ability to shrink back to normal after stretching |
|
How is Resitance in air flow controled?
|
bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation
|
|
Name lung volumes.
|
-tidal volume
-expiratory reserve -inspiratory reserve -residual volume |
|
Name the lung capacities.
|
-vital capacity
-functional residual capacity -inspiratory capacity |
|
Define total pulmonary ventilation.
|
Breaths per min multiplied by ml per breath
|
|
Define alveolar ventilation.
|
Ventilation rate multiples by the difference of tidal volume and dead space
|
|
What factors affect gas to liquid exchange?
|
1) pressure gradient of gas
2) solubility of gas in liquid 3) temperature |
|
Relative to eachother, what is the solubility of O2 and CO2 in water?
|
CO2 is much more soluble than O2
|
|
Define hypoxia.
|
lower than normal O2 level
|
|
Define hypercapnea.
|
higher than normal CO2 levels
|
|
What factors increase O2 binding?
|
1) increase pressure of O2 in plasma
2) increase numbe of O2 binding sites on hemoglobin |
|
What is the affect of pH on oxyhemoglobin formation?
|
pH increase (basic) formation increase
|
|
What is the affect of temperature on oxyhemoglobin?
|
temperature increase formation decrease
|
|
What is the affect of PCO2 on plasma pH? Why does this happen?
|
-PCO2 increase pH decrease (acidic)
-CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 (carbonc acid) <-> H + HCO3 |
|
What is bicarbonate buffering?
|
HCO3 can pick up excess H ions
|
|
What are the centeral areas of the brain for breathing?
|
Pons and medulla oblongata
|
|
Give an example of peripheral and central chemoreceptors.
|
(P) carotid
(C) medulla oblongata |