Microbiology Chp 8

Front 1

metabolism

Back 1

all chemical reactions and physical workings of a cell

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two types of chemical reactions

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anabolism and catabolism

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anabolism

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biosynthesis; process that forms larger macromolecules from smaller molecules

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catabolism

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degradative; breaks the bonds of larger molecules forming smaller ones

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enzymes

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biological catalyst that increase the rate of a chemical recatio by lowering the energy of activation

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simple enzymes

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consist of a protein alone

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conjugated enzymes or holoezymes

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contain protein and nonprotein molcules

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apoenzyme

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protein portion

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cofactors

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nonprotein portion

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cofactors include:

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metallic objects (iron and copper) magnesium. all are ions

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coenzymes

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organic molecules such as vitamins

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active site or catalytic site

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site for substrate binding

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inducded fit

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a temp. enzyme substarte union occurs when substrate moves into active site

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competitive inhibtion

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substance that resembles normal substate competes with substrate for active site

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noncompetitive inhibition

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enzymes are regulated by the binding of molecules other than on the substrate on the active site

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feedback inhibition

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concentration of product at the end of a pathway blocks the action of a key enzyme

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feedback repression

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inhibits at the genetic level by controlling synthesis of key enzymes

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enzyme induction

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enzymes are made only when suitabe substrates are present

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synthesis or condensation reactions

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anabloic reactions to form covalent bonds between smaller substartes, require ATP, release one molecule of water for each bone formed

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hydrolysis reactions

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catabolic reactions that break down substrates into small molecules; requires the input of water to break bonds

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endergonic reactions

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comsume energy

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exergonic reactions

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release energy

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redox reactions

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always occur in pairs with an electron donor and electron accceptor

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redox reactions

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released energy can be captured to phosphorlyate ADP

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oxidation

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release of electrons

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reduction

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gaining electrons

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coupled oxidation and reduction

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the donor is oxidized the acceptor is reduced

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electron and proton carriers

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accept and release electrons and hydrogen to faciliate the transfer of redox energy

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eletron and proton carriers are mostly what:

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coenzymes: NAD, FAD, NAD, coenzyme A
often involves hydrogen

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ATP consist of what:

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adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups

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how does ATP make energy

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Removal of terminal phosphate

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AMP=

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adenosine monophosphate

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ADP=

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adenosine diphosphate

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phosphorlation is?

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the transfer of a phosphate

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ATP can be formed by three different mechanisms:

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substate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorlylation, photophosphorylation

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substrate-level phosphorylation

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transfer of phosphate group from a phosphorylated compound (substrate) directly to ADP

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oxidative phosphorylation

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series of redox reactisn occuring during respiratory pathway

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photophysphorylation

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ATP is formed utilizaing the energy of sunlight

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Bioenergetics?

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study of the mechnisms of cellular energy relase and use

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primary catabolism of fuels is through what 3 pathways:

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glycolysis, kreb's cycle, electron transport

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aerobic respiration

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glycolysis, the TCA cycle, respiratory chain

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anaerobic respiratoin

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glycolsis, TCA cycle, molecule oxygen is not final electron acceptor

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glycolysis

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process happens in the absence of oxygen

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glycolisys breaks down:

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breaks down glucose to pyruvate

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how many molcules of pyruvic acid from one molecule of glucose

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2 pyruvate are formed

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NAD is necessary for____________ and ATP is required to __________

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glycolysis, start

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NAD is oxidized into what

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NADH

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how many ATP are produced from ATP (net)

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2, 2 in 4 out thus net gain of 2 ATP

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What are the two steps of Aerobic respiration

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Krebs cycle, electron transport chain

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What happens in the Krebs Cycle

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pyruvate is degraded to CO2, during this process NADH and FADH2 are released

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NADH and FADH2 enter the ________

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electron transport chain

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electron transport chain

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flow of elctrons is higly energetic and yields ATPs, at its end oxygen is the acceptor (last step of areobic respiration

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pyruvate is modified and sent to what after glycolysis

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Krebs cycle

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Where is the electron transport chain located in eukaryotes, prokaryotes

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mitochondria, cell membrane.

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The terminal step

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oxygen accepts 2 electrons from ETA and then picks up 2 hydrogen ions from solution to form water.

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anearobic respiration

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utilizes oxygen containing ions.

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glucose is phosphoralted by the means of an ATP acting with what enzyme?

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hexokinase

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what is the product of the 1st phosphorylation of glucose

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glucose-6-phosphate

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glucose-6-phosphate is convereted to what isomer and by what enzyme

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fructose 6 phosphate by phosphoglucoisomerase

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the second phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate makes what

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fructose 1,6 diphosphate

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fructose 1, 6 diphosphate is split into what during glycolysis

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G3p

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G3p loses a Hydrogen to NAD to become what

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it gains a phosphate

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Glycolsis yields how many net ATP

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2, and a 2 NADH

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what enzyme takes the last phoshate off during glycolysis

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pryuvate kinase

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krebs cycle requires two steps
what are they

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pyruvate is modifed to enter krebs

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Where do FADH and NADH from krebs cycle go

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to Electron transport chain

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What is the final electron acceptor in th ETC

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Oxygen

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what do eletrons do in anaerobic respiration?

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Jump from one elctron to another.

Anaerobic respiration gain ATP but not as much ~20.

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Fermentation is what?

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an incomplte oxidation of glucose or other carbs

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how much ATP is yielded by fermentation

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2 from glycolysis. they use organic compounds as terminal electron acceptors

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Give some ex. of fermentation

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production of ethyl alchol by yeas, butanol by yeasts.

formation of acid and gas by the actio nof varoius bacter on pyruvic acid

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is fermentation faster or slower than reg. metabolism

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faster in glycolsys than those whom do respriation. Speed up glycolysis therefore yeild more ATP

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give some examples of fermenatation

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lactic acid.

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facilitate

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can live with our without

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amphibolic

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the property of a sytem to intergrate catabolic and anabolic pathways

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what are metabolites

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catabolic pathways that contain molecular intermediates

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pyruvic acid can be converted into amino acids by what

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animation

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anmin acids can be convered to energy by what

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deanimation