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152 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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most bacteria range from what in regards to diameter and length
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0.2 to 2.0 um in diameter
2 to 8 um in length |
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basic shapes of bacteria
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spherical coccus, rod-shaped bacillus and spiral
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when cocci divide to reproduce the cells can remain
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attached to one another
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diplococci
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are cocci that remain in pairs after dividing
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streptococci
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cocci that remain attached in chain like structures
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tetrads
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cocci that divide in two planes and remain in groups of four
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sarcinae
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divide in three planes and remain attached in cubelike groups of 8
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staphylococci
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divide in multiple planes and from grapelike clusters
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Most bacilli appear as single rods called
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single bacilli
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Diplobacilli appear
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in pairs after division
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what type of bacilli occur in chains
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streptobacilli
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coccobacilli
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are oval and look so much like cocci
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vibrio
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bacteria that look like curved rods
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spirilla
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a helical shape like a corkscrew
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spirochetes
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group of spirals that are helical and flexible
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monomorphic
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bacteria that maintains a single shape
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pleomorphic
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can have many shapes not just one
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how would you be able to identify streptocci thru a microscope?
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because of it's chain like structure
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Does a prokaryotic cell contain a nucleus?
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No
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does prokaryotic cells have membrane-enclosed organelles
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no
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what does the flagella of a prokaryotic cell consist of
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two protein building blocks
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glycocalyx in prokaryotes?
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is secreted on the surface and is present as a capsule or slim layer. (Sugar coat)
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does a prokaryote contain a cell wall?
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It's usually present and is chemically complex (includes peptidoglycan)
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plasma membrane in prokaryotes
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no carbohydrates and generally lacks sterols
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does a prokaryote contain a cytoplasm or streaming
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no cytoplasmic streaming or cytoskeleton
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size of the ribosomes in a prokaryotic cell
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70S
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the chromosomes (DNA) of prokaryotic cells
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are usually single circular chromosome
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what do prokaryotic cells lack in their chromosomes
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histones
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how does cell division occur in prokaryotic cells
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binary fission
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sexual recombination in prokaryotic cells
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does not occur only transfer of DNA
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size of a Eukaryotic cell
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10-100um in diameter
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does a eukaryotic cell contain a nucleus?
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yes, a true nucleus (nuclear membrane and nucleoli)
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Are membrane-Enclosed organelles present in eukaryotic cells?
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Yes, they include (lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and chloroplasts)
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The Flagella in eukaryotes is
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complex, consist of multiple microtubules
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is Glcocalyx present in Eukaryotic cells?
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yes, but it is only present in cells that lack a cell wall
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the cell wall of eukaryotic cells is
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chemically simple includes; cellulose and chitin
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the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells is
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sterols and carbohydrates that serve as receptors
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the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells have
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cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic streaming
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what size are the ribosomes of a eukaryotic cell and in organelles?
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80S and (70S in organelles
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the chromosomes (DNA) of eukaryotic cells are
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multiple linear chromosomes with histones
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cell division of eukaryotic cells involves
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mitosis
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sexual recombination in eukaryotic cells involves
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meiosis
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motility
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the ability of an organism to move by itself
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what is found in prokaryotic cells but not eukaryotic cells
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peptidoglycan
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how does most bacteria multiply
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by binary fission
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what type of bacteria can assume several shapes
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pleomorphic
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capsules may protect pathogens from what
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phagocytosis
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what does a flagella consist of
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filament, hook and basal body
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why would a prokaryotic flagella rotate
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to push the cell
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what type of protein is an antigen
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Flagellar H protein
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spiral cells that move by means of an axial filament are called
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spirochetes
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what is the main difference between axial filaments and flagella
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axial filaments wrap round the cell
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what helps the cells adhere to surfaces
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fimbriae
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what is simple diffusion
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movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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what is facilitated diffusion
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proteins function as channels or carriers that facilitate the movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane
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osmosis
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movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area with a high concentration of solvent molecules to an area of low concentration solvent molecules
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osmotic pressure
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the pressure required to prevent the movement of pure water into a solution containing some solutes
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isotonic solution
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a medium in which the overall concentration of solutes equals that found inside the cell
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hypotonic sol
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concentration of solutes is lower than that inside the cell
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what can happen if the cell wall is weak and it takes in water?
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it can burst or indergo osmoticlysis
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what is a hypertonic sol
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when its higher concentration outside the cell than inside
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what do the terms isotonic, hyper and hypotonic describe
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the concentration of solutions outside the cell relative to the concentration inside the cell
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active transport
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the uses of energy in the form of ATP to move substances across the plasma membrane
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once a substance is altered and inside the cell what happens to the plasma membrane
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it becomes impermeable to it
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what is the cytoplasm
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substance in side the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cel
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nucleoid
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contains a single long, continuous and frequently circularly arranged thread of double stranded DNA
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plasmids are
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circular extrachromosomal double-stranded DNA molecules
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plasmids may be gained or lost without
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hurting the cell
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what does the cytoplasm consist of
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mostly water, organic and inorganic molecules, DNA ribosomes and inclusion
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the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells contain numerous
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70s ribosomes (rRNA and protein)
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where does protein synthesis occur
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at ribosomes
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how can ribosomes be inhibited
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by certain antibiotics
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what are inclusions
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reserve deposits in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
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what are endospores
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resting places for some bacteria
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what is the shape of flagella and where are they found
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they are few and long found in eukaryotic celsl
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describe cilia
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they are numerous and short
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flagella and cilia are used for
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motility
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cilia move
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substances along the surface of cells
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what is the arrangement of flagella and cilia
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nine pairs and two single microtubules
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what does the cell walls of many algae and fungi contain
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cellulose
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what is the main material of fungal cell walls
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chitin
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what are animal cells surrounded by
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glycocalyx
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what does glcocalyx do
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strengthen the cell and provide means of attachment to other cells
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the eukaryotic plasma membrane is a
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phospholipid bilayer containing proteins
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how can eukaryotic cells move materials across the plasma membrane
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by the passive processes used by prokaryotes and by active transport and endocytosis
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the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells includes
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everything inside the plasma membrane external to the nucleus
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the 80s ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells are attached to
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rough endoplasmic reticulum
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what is the most characteristic eukaryotic organelle
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the nucleus which contains DNA in the form of chromosomes
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what is the endoplasmic reticulum
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what the nuclear envelope is connected to in the cytoplasm
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the ER provides
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surface of chemical reactions and serves as a transport network
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what occurs on the rough ER
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protein synthesis and transport
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what is the function of the Golgi complex
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to help with membrane formation and protein secretion
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how are lysosomes formed
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from Golgi complexes
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what do lysosomes store
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digestive enzymes
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what is the primary site of ATP production
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mitochondria
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what does the mitrochondria contain
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70S ribosomes and DNA
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what do chloroplast contain
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chlorophyll and enzymes for photosynthesis
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what is the endosymbotic therory
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the belief that eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes living inside other prokaryotic cells
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this is an example of
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Diplococci
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this is an example of
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coccobacillus bacteria
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this is an example of
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diplobacilli bacteria
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this is an example of
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sarcinae bacteria
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This is an example of
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staphylococci bacteria
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This is an example of
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single bacillus bacteria
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This is an example of
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diplobacilli bacteria
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This is an example of
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streptobacilli bacteria
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This is an example of
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coccibacillus bacteria
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cytoplasm refers to
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the substance inside the cell
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what are the major structures in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes
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a nucleoid (containing DNA), ribosomes, and reserve deposits called inclusions
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what does the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells lack
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cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic streaming
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the nucleoid of a bacterial cell is attached to what
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the plasma membrane
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what is a plasmid and where is it located
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plasmid is small circular double stranded DNA molecules. Located in the nucleoid
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why are plasmids important
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because they may carry genes for such activities as antibiotic resistance, tolerance to toxic metals, the production of toxins and the synthesis of enzymes
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ribosomes are found in
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both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
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ribosomes function as
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the site of protein synthesis
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the letter S in ribosomes refers to
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Svedberg units, which indicate the relative rate of sedimentation during ultra high speed centrifugation
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what is an organelle
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structures with specific shapes and specialized functions and are characteristic of eukaryotic cells
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what does a organelle include
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nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes and centrosomes
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what contains almost all of the cells hereditary info
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nucleus
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what is the nucleus surround by
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a double membrane called the nuclear envelope
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what do nuclear pores allow
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the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm
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what controls the movement of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm
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nuclear pores
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what is nucleoli aka nucleolus
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nucleoli are condensed regions of chromosomes where ribosomal RNA is being synthesized
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what is an essential component of ribosomes
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ribosomal RNA
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the nucleus of eukaryotic cells contains what main protein
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histones
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chromatin is
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threadlike mass of DNA
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when do chromatin turn into chromosomes
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during nuclear division
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to segregate chromosomes prior to cell division what elaborate mechanisms are required in eukaryotic cells
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mitosis and meiosis
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what is in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
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endoplasmic reticulum or ER
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what is the function of smooth ER
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to sythesisize phosopholipids, fats and steroids
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where is the first place that proteins go after they are synthesized?
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Golgi complex
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what does the Golgi complex consist of
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3 to 20 cisternae. give Golgi cuplike shape
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what is a transport vesicle
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ribosomes of the rough ER that fuse with a portion of the ER membrane
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how do the proteins move from one cistern to another
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by transfer vesicles
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when enzymes in the cisternae modify proteins, what do they form
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glycoproteins, glycolipids and lipoproteins
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how do proteins leave the cistern
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by secretory vesicles or storage vesicles like (lysosomes)
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what are lysosomes formed from
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Golgi complexes
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what do lysosomes contain
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40 different kinds of powerful digestive enzymes
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what is a vacuole
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a space or cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell
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what doe some vacuoles serve as
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a temporary storage organelle for substances such as proteins, sugars, organic acids and inorganic ions
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other vacuoles from endocytosis
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help bring food into the cell
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mitochondria
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spherical or rod shaped organelle that appear throughout the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells
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the mitochondria consist of
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a double membrane, cristae (inner, series of folds), matrix (center of mitochondria
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chloroplasts
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membrane enclosed structure that contains both the pigment chlorophyll and enzymes required for light-gathering phases of photosynthesis
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where is the chlorophyll in chloroplasts contained
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in thylakoids(flattened membrane sacs)
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what do chloroplasts contain
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70S ribosomes, DNA and enzymes
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perioxisomes
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similar to the structure of lysosomes, but smaller
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what happens in peroxisome
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AA and fatty acids are oxidized
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what do the enzymes in peroxisomes do such as the enzyme catalase
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oxidize toxic substance such as alcohol. Or decompose toxic compounds like carbon dioxide
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what is the centrosome
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located in the nucleus contains: pericentriolar area and centrioles
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within the pericentriolar material is a pair of cylindrical structure called
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centriole
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what is the endosymbiotic theory
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explains the origin of eukaryotes from prokaryotes. That larger bacterial cells lost their cells walls and engulfed smaller bacterial cells
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