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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
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prokaryotic cells - genetic material |
usually found in single circular chromosome |
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prokaryotic cells - location of genetic information
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nuclear region (nucleoid)
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prokaryotic cells - nucleolus
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absent
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prokaryotic cells - histones
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absent
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prokaryotic cells - extrachromosomal dna
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in plasmids
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prokaryotic cells - mitotic spindle
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absent
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prokaryotic cells - plasma membrane
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fluid mosaic structure lacking sterols
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prokaryotic cells - internal membranes
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only in photosynthetic organisms
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prokaryotic cells - endoplasmic reticulum
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absent |
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prokaryotic cells - respiratory enzymes
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cell membrane
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prokaryotic cells - chromatophores
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present in photosynthetic bacteria
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prokaryotic cells - chloroplasts
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absent
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prokaryotic cells - golgi apparatus
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absent
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prokaryotic cells - lysosomes
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absent |
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prokaryotic cells - peroxisomes
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absent
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prokaryotic cells - ribosomes
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70S
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prokaryotic cells - cytoskeleton
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absent
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prokaryotic cells - cell wall
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peptidoglycan found on most cells
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prokaryotic cells - external layer
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capsule or slime player
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prokaryotic cells - flagella
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when present, consist of fibrils of flagellin
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prokaryotic cells - cilia
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absent
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prokaryotic cells - pili
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present as attachment or conjugation pili in some prokaryotic cells
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prokaryotic cells - cell division
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binary fission
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prokaryotic cells - sexual exchange of genetic material
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not part of reproduction
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prokaryotic cells - sexual or asexual reproduction
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only asexual reproduction
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eukaryotic cells - genetic material
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typically found in paired chromosomes
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eukaryotic cells - location of genetic information
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membrane-enclosed nucleus
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eukaryotic cells - nucleolus
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present
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eukaryotic cells - histones
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present |
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eukaryotic cells - extrachromosomal dna
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in organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, and in plasmids
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eukaryotic cells - mitotic spindle
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present during cell division
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eukaryotic cells - plasma membrane
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fluid mosaic structure containing sterols |
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eukaryotic cells - internal membranes
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numerous membrane-enclosed organelles
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eukaryotic cells - endoplasmic reticulum
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present
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eukaryotic cells - respiratory enzymes
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mitochondria
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eukaryotic cells - chromatophores
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absent
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eukaryotic cells - chloroplasts
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present in some
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eukaryotic cells - golgi apparatus
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present
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eukaryotic cells - lysosomes
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present
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eukaryotic cells - peroxisomes
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present
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eukaryotic cells - ribosomes
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80S in cytoplasm and on endoplasmic reticulum, 70S in organelles
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eukaryotic cells - cytoskeleton
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present
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eukaryotic cells - cell wall
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cellulose, chitin, or both found on plant and fungal cells
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eukaryotic cells - external layer
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pellicle, test, or shell in certain protists
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eukaryotic cells - flagella
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when present, consist of complex membrane-enclosed structure with "9+2" microtubule arrangement
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eukaryotic cells - cilia
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present as structures shorter than, but similar to, flagella in some eukaryotic cells
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eukaryotic cells - pili
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absent
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eukaryotic cells - cell division
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mitosis and/or meiosis
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eukaryotic cells - sexual exchange of genetic material
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meiosis
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eukaryotic cells - sexual or asexual reproduction
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sexual or asexual reproduction
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all prokaryotes are
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bacteria
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eukaryotes include
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all plants, animals, fungi, and protists
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name of two prokaryotic domains
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arachea and bacteria
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do arachea cause disease?
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not as far as we know at this point
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average range of size of prokaryotes
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0.5 to 2.0 micrometers in diameter
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bacteria, surface-to-volume ratio
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large
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three basic shapes of bacteria
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spherical, rodlike, and spiral
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coccus
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sphere
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bacillus
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rod
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vibrio
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comma-shaped
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spirilium
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rigid, wavy shape
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spherochete
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corkscrew shaped
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diplo-
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division in one plane; cells in pairs
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strepto-
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division in one plane; cells in chains
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tetrads
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division in two planes; four cells arranged in a cube
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sarcinae
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division in three planes; eight cells arranged in a cube
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staphylo-
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division in random planes; grapelike clusters
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purpose of cell wall
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maintains characteristic shape and prevents cell from bursting when fluids flow into the cell via osmosis
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peptidoglycan is also called
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murein
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most important component of bacterial cell wall
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peptidoglycan
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teichoic acid |
tightly bound acidic polysaccarides found in cell wall |
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outer membrane |
bilayer membrane found on outermost layer of cell wall in gram-negative bacteria
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lipopolysaccharide (LPS) aka
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endotoxin |
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LPS
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important part of outer membrane that is not released until cell walls of dead bacteria are broken down
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LPS composition
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polysaccharaides and lipid A (lipid A conveys toxic properties)
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periplasmic space
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gap between cell membrane and cell wall
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periplasmic space is active area of
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cell metabolism
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periplasm
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petidoglycan, protein constituents, and metabolites found in the periplasmic space |
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peptidoglycan (murein) comprised of
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two alternating sugar units: (1) n-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and (2) n-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
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peptidoglycan (murein) sugars are joined by
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short peptide chains that consist of four amino acids (tetrapeptides)
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outer membrane is attached to peptidogycan by
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a continuous layer of lipoprotein molecules
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proteins called _____ form channels through the OM
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porins
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the outer membrane contains _______ and ______
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surface antigens and receptors |
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periplasmic space contains
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the cell wall, digestive enzymes and transport proteins
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gram-positive bacteria lack both _____ and _____
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an OM and a periplasmic space
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gram-positive bacteria have a relatively thick layer of
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peptidoglycan (60-90%)
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gram-negative bacteria have
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a more complex cell wall with a thin layer of peptidogycan (10-20%)
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acid-fast bacteria, characteristics
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thick, like that of gram-positive bacteria, but has much less peptidoglycan and about 60% lipid
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acid-fast bacteria are found in the genus
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Mycobacterium sp.
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cell wall of acid-fast bacteria is mainly composed of
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lipids
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the lipid component of acid-fast bacteria is
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mycolic acid
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acid-fast bacteria stain
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gram-positive
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antibiotic penicillin blocks what to damage cell walls?
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the final stages of peptidogycan synthesis
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enzyme lysozyme digests what?
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peptidoglycan
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lysozyme is found
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in tears and other human body secretions
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bacterial cells typically contain in their cytoplasm
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ribosomes, nucleoid region, vacuoles, and (some) endospores
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ribosomes consist of
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ribonucleic acid (rna) & protein
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ribosomes serve as sites of
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protein synthesis
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ribosomes are abundant in
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the cytoplasm of bacteria
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# of ribosomes in bacteria and eukaryotes
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70S in bacteria; 80S in eukaryotes
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long chains of ribosomes are called
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polyribosomes
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streptomycin & erythromycin function against bacteria by
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binding specifically to 70S ribosomes and disrupting bacterial protein synthesis
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nuclear region/nucleoid consists of
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dna, rna, & protein
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dna in bacteria is structured as
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usually one large, circular chromosome
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vibrio cholerae nuclei contain
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two chromosomes, one large and one small
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plasmids are
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extrachromosomal pieces of smaller, circular dna
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photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria contain
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internal membrane systems, aka chromatophores
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chromatophores are derived from
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the cell membrane and contain the photosynthetic pigments
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nitrifying bacteria also have |
internal membranes
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inclusions
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small bodies inside the bacterial cytoplasm
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granules
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not membrane bound and contain densely compacted substances (glycogen or polyphosphate)
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vesicles
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specialized membrane-enclosed structures that contain gas or poly-B-hydroxybutyrate (lipid)
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endospores
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centralized resting structure found in bacteria such as Bacillus sp. and Clostridium sp.
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endospores function to
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help the bacterial cells survive when conditions become unfavorable
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endospores are highly resistant to
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heat, drying, acids, bases, certain disinfectants and radiation
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external structure of bacteria
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bacteria may have structures that extend beyond or surround the cell wall
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types of external bacterial structures
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flagella and pili (which extend from the cell membrane through the cell wall and beyond) and capsules and slime layers (which surround the cell wall)
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bacterial flagella - monotrichous
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bacteria with a single polar flagellum located at one end (pole)
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bacterial flagella - amphitrichous
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bacteria with two flagella, one at each end
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bacterial flagella - peritrichous
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bacteria with flagella all over the surface
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bacterial flagella - atrichous
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bacteria without flagella
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bacterial flagella - lophotrichous
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two or more flagella
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endosymbiotic theory
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organelles of eukaryotic cells arose from prokaryotic cells that had developed a symbiotic relationship with the eukaryote-to-be
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symbiosis
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relationship between two different kinds of organisms that live in close contect
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endosymbiosis
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two different kinds of organisms living in close contact, where one lives inside the other
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simple diffusion
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the net movement of particles from a region of higher to lower concentration
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facilitated diffusion
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diffusion down a concentration gradient and across a membrane with the assistance of special pores or carrier molecules
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osmosis
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the diffusion of water from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration through a semipermiable membrane
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active transport
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movemebt of molecules and ions against concentration gradients from regions of lower concentration to ones of higher conecntration; requires ATP
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osmotic pressure
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pressure required to prevent the net flow of water by osmosis; the least amount of hydrostatic pressure req'd to prevent movement of water from solution into pure water is the osmotic pressure of the solution
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positive chemotaxis
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net result is movement towards the attractant (nutrients)
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negative chemotaxis
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net result is movement away from the repellent
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pilus, pili
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tiny, hollow projections used to attach bacteria to surfaces; not involved in movement
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F-pili
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long conjugation pili, "sex" pili
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fimbriae
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short attachment pili
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glycocalyx
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all polysaccharide/polypeptide-containg substances found external to cell wall, including capsules, slime layers
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all bacteria have at least ________ layer
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a thin slime layer
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capsule
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protective structure outside the cell wall of the organism from which it is secreted
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capsules found in
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only certain bacteria
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chemical composition of capsules
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unique to the strain of bacteria that secreted it
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encapsulated bacteria are able to
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evade host defense mechanisms (phagocytosis)
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slime layer
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less tightly bound to cell wall; thinner than a capsule
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slime layer, function of
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protects cell against drying; traps nutrients and binds cells together (biofilm)
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endocytosis
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moving substance by forming an invagination and surrounding substances from outside the cell
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exocytosis
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vesicles inside cell fuse with plasma membrane and extrude contents from the cell
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