Microbiology Ch 8

Front 1

All chemical reactions and physical workings of a cell

Back 1

metabolism

Front 2

what are the two types of chemical reactions:
what does each one do?

Back 2

anabolism-biosynthesis, smaller to larger
catabolism-degradative, larger to smaller

Front 3

these are biological catalysts that increase the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the energy of activation

Back 3

enzymes-LOWER energy

Front 4

the enzyme is not _______ altered in the reaction.

Back 4

permanently

Front 5

enzymes are limited by enviornmental conditions such as:

Back 5

pH and temp

Front 6

this type of enzyme consist of protein alone

Back 6

simple

Front 7

this enzyme contain protein and nonprotein molecules

Back 7

conjugated or holoenzymes

Front 8

this is the protein portion of the conjugated/holoenzyme

Back 8

apoenzyme

Front 9

this is the nonprotein portion of the conjugated/holoenzyme

Back 9

cofactors

Front 10

this is the organic molecule such as vitamin of the conjugated/holoenzyme

Back 10

coenzyme

Front 11

the site for substrate binding is called

Back 11

active or catalytic site

Front 12

what are the 2 categories of inhibition: how does each one work?

Back 12

competitive-resembles normal substrate competes with substrate for active site
noncompetitive-enzyme regulated by the binding of molecules other than the substrate on the active site

Front 13

3 subtypes of noncompetitive?
1)concentration of product at the end of a pathway blocks the action of a key enzyme
2) inhibits at the genetic level by controlling synthesis of key enzymes
3) enzymes are made only when suitable substrates are present

Back 13

1)feedback inhibition
2)feedback repression
3)enzyme induction

Front 14

This type of reaction is:
anabolic reactions to form covalent bonds between smaller substrate molecules require ATP release one molecule of water for each bond formed

Back 14

synthesis or condensation reactions

Front 15

this type of reaction is:
catabolic reactions that break down substrates into small molecules, require input of water to break bonds

Back 15

hydrolysis reactions

Front 16

cells manage ____ in the form of chemical reactions that make or break bonds and transfer electrons

Back 16

energy

Front 17

this reaction consumes energy (needs it),
this reaction releases energy

Back 17

endergonic
exergonic

Front 18

this reaction always occurs in pairs, there is an electron donor and acceptor

Back 18

redox reactions

Front 19

release of electrons?
gaining of electrons?
coupled oxidation and reduction?

Back 19

oxidation
reduction
redox reaction

Front 20

most electron and proton carriers are _____? which consist of

Back 20

coenzymes
NAD FAD NADP coenzyme A

Front 21

ATP consist of:

Back 21

adenine-nitrogenous base
ribose-5-carbon sugar
3 phosphate groups

Front 22

AMP:
ADP:
the exchange of these two is important for ____ transfer

Back 22

adenosine monophosphate
adenosine diphospahte
energy

Front 23

the transfer of a phosphate is called:

Back 23

phosphorylation

Front 24

ATP can be formed by 3 different mechanisms:
1) transfer of phosphate group from a phosphorylated compund directly to ADP
2) series of redox reactions occuring during respiratory pathway
3) ATP is formed utilizing the energy of sunlight

Back 24

1)substrate-level phosphorylation
2)oxidative phosphorylation
3) photophosphorylation

Front 25

study of mechanism of cellular energy release and use

Back 25

bioenergetics

Front 26

Primary catabolism of fuels proceeds through 3 coupled pathways:

Back 26

glycolysis
Krebs cycle
electron transport

Front 27

this respiration consist of glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport

Back 27

aerobic respiration

Front 28

this respiration consist of glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport, O2 is not the final electron acceptor

Back 28

anaerobic respiration

Front 29

this process happens in the absence of O2, catabolism of glucose to pyruvate, 1 molecule of glucose results in 2 pyruvic acid

Back 29

glycolysis

Front 30

in the krebs cycle, pyruvate is degraded into ____. during this process ____ and ____ is released which enter the electron transport chain.

Back 30

CO2
NADH
FADH2

Front 31

In the electron transport chian the electrons flow is highly energetic and yields ATPs at its final end ____ is the acceptor

Back 31

O2

Front 32

the electron transport chaing is located in eukryotes:
and prokaryotes:

Back 32

mitochondria
cell membrane

Front 33

O2 accepts ___ electrons from the electron transport system and picks up ____ H ions from the solution to form a molecule of H2O

Back 33

2
2

Front 34

most obligate anaerobes use the H generated during glycolysis and TCA to reduce some compound other than _____

Back 34

oxygen

Front 35

this is incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbs, uses organic compounds and electron acceptors, yields a small amount of ATP

Back 35

fermentation

Front 36

many pathways of metabolism are _____ which means?

Back 36

amphibolic-serve multiple functions in the breakdown, synthesis, and conversion of metabolites

Front 37

pyruvic acid can be converted into amino acids through ____
amino acids can be converted into energy sources through _____
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate can be converted into precursors for _____, ___, and ____

Back 37

amination
deamination
amino acids, carbs, and fat