Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The physical barriers that serve as the first line of defense against infection include all except which of the following?
A) Stratum corneum B) Flow of saliva C) Hair follicles and skin cells D) Mucocutaneous membranes E) Lysozyme |
E) Lysozyme
|
|
|
What physical barrier protects the trachea and bronchi against infection?
A) Nasal hairs B) Flow of mucous and fluids C) Ciliated epithelium D) Coughing E) Sneezing |
C) Ciliated epithelium
|
|
|
Where is lysozyme, the enzyme that hydrolyzes peptidoglycan, found in the body?
A) In the stomach B) On the surface of the skin C) In the vagina D) In saliva and tears E) In semen |
D) In saliva and tears
|
|
|
Which fluid-filled compartment does not participate in immune function?
A) Cerebrospinal B) Extracellular fluid C) Lymphatic system D) Reticuloendothelial system E) Bloodstream |
A) Cerebrospinal
|
|
|
Why is the reticuloendothelial system considered intrinsic to immune function?
A) Because it provides a physical barrier against infection B) Because it provides a passageway within and between tissues and organs C) Because it stabilizes the pH of the body D) Because it is involved in hemopoiesis E) Because it produces plasma |
B) Because it provides a passageway within and between tissues and organs
|
|
|
What type of white blood cell is heavily concentrated within the reticuloendothelial system?
A) Eosinophils B) Lymphocytes C) Macrophages D) Basophils |
E) Neutrophils
|
|
|
By four years of age, human blood cell production becomes devoted to several sites. Which of the following is not a site for blood cell production?
A) Liver B) Ribs C) Sternum D) Flat bones of the skull and spinal column E) Pelvic girdle |
A) Liver
|
|
|
White blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets all arise from what type of progenitor cells?
A) Leukocytes B) Yolk sac cells C) Pluripotential stem cells D) Granulocytes E) Macrophages |
C) Pluripotential stem cells
|
|
|
What type of cell is involved in bloodclotting and inflammation?
A) Monocytes B) Lymphocytes C) Red blood cells D) Platelets E) Basophils |
D) Platelets
|
|
|
The agranulocytes include all of the following cell types except which?
A) Dendritic cells B) Neutrophils C) Lymphocytes D) Monocytes E) Macrophages |
B) Neutrophils
|
|
|
B) Neutrophils
Leukocytes (WBCs) are made up of all but which of the following cell types? A) Platelets B) Eosinophils C) Basophils D) Lymphocytes E) Monocytes |
A) Platelets
|
|
|
What is the primary function of neutrophils?
A) Carrying oxygen B) Removal of carbon dioxide C) Involvement in the specific immune response D) Phagocytosis E) Secretion of antibodies |
D) Phagocytosis
|
|
|
What type of WBC attacks and destroys large eucaryotic pathogens and is involved in allergic reactions and inflammation?
A) Monocytes B) Dendritic cells C) Macrophages D) B lymphocytes E) Eosinophils |
C) Macrophages
|
|
|
What cells are directly responsible for the release of histamine and other allergic stimulants during immediate allergies?
A) Eosinophils B) Mast cells C) Neutrophils D) T lymphocytes E) Monocytes |
A) Eosinophils
|
|
|
Where do B lymphocytes mature in humans?
A) Bursa of Fabricius B) Bladder C) Bone marrow D) Brain E) Blood |
E) Blood
|
|
|
What type of cell modulates immune functions and kills foreign cells?
A) B lymphocytes B) Plasma cells C) Monocytes D) T lymphocytes E) Macrophages |
D) T lymphocytes
|
|
|
Which of the following is not a responsibility or function of macrophages?
A) Involved in many types of specific and nonspecific phagocytic functions B) Processing of foreign molecules C) Secretion of biologically active compounds that assist, mediate, attract, and inhibit immune cells and reactions D) Presentation of processed foreign antigens to lymphocytes E) Differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies |
E) Differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies
|
|
|
What is the name of the process by which WBCs adhere to the inner walls of small blood vessels and then migrate out of the blood into the tissue spaces?
A) Diapedesis B) Differentiation C) Hemopoiesis D) Surveillance E) Edema |
A) Diapedesis
|
|
|
The classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all except which of the following?
A) Heat B) Headache C) Pain D) Redness E) Swelling |
B) Headache
|
|
|
What is the overall effect of vasodilation that occurs following an injury?
A) Blood flow is restricted to the injured site B) A fibrin clot develops immediately C) Pus formation immediately commences D) Blood flow to the injured site is increased E) A granuloma develops |
D) Blood flow to the injured site is increased
|
|
|
Chemical mediators released following injury perform all but which of the following functions?
A) Increase the permeability of blood vessels B) Stimulate nerves surrounding the injury C) Cause the differentiation of stem cells D) Stimulate chemotaxis E) Cause swelling in the area around the injury |
C) Cause the differentiation of stem cells
|
|
|
What produces and releases endogenous pyrogens?
A) Neutrophils B) Viruses C) LPS D) Fungi E) Protozoa |
A) Neutrophils
|
|
|
When monocytes migrate from blood vessels into tissues, inflammatory mediatory transform them into what?
A) Pus B) Granulomas C) Eosinophils D) Neutrophils E) Macrophages |
E) Macrophages
|
|
|
Where does actual destruction of ingested material occur during phagocytosis?
A) Phagosome B) Phagolysosome C) Lysosome D) Endocytic vesicle E) Opsonin |
B) Phagolysosome
|
|
|
What is not a function or effect of interferon?
A) Tumor suppressor B) Antiviral effects C) WBC activator D) Inhibit the expression of cancer genes E) RBC suppressor |
E) RBC suppressor
|
|
|
Foreign substances that elicit an immune response are termed
A) aliens. B) antigens. C) antibodies. D) viruses. E) bacteria. B) antigens. |
B) antigens.
(see Immune Response Animation) |
|
|
Macrophages secrete ________ which then activates ________ .
A) antibodies ; helper T cells B) interleukin-1 ; cytotoxic T cells C) interleukin-1 ; helper T cells D) interleukin-2 ; cytotoxic T cells E) interleukin-2 ; helper T cells |
C) interleukin-1 ; helper T cells
(see Immune Response Animation) |
|
|
The human body makes
A) only one type of cytotoxic T cell. B) tens of different types of cytotoxic T cells. C) hundreds of different types of cytotoxic T cells. D) thousands of different types of cytotoxic T cells. E) millions of different types of cytotoxic T cells. |
E) millions of different types of cytotoxic T cells.
(see Immune Response Animation) |
|
|
Helper T cells can stimulate the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells but not that of B cells.
A) True B) False |
B) False
(see Immune Response Animation) |
|
|
The secondary immune response to a previously encountered pathogen is swifter and stronger than the primary immune response.
A) True B) False |
A) True
(see Immune Response Animation) |
|
|
Phagocytes are attracted by all of the following except
A) phospholipids released by injured cells B) components of the complement system C) chemical products of microorganisms D) lysosomes |
D) lysosomes
Phagocytes are not attracted by lysosomes. Lysosomes help to digest material that has been phagocytized. |
|
|
In phagocytosis the digested contents are eliminated by
A) endocytosis B) exocytosis C) opsonization D) C3b |
B) exocytosis
The waste left after digestion is removed from the phagocyte by exocytosis. |
|
|
A lysosome
A) is found only inside the bacterium being ingested B) is an organelle that makes a bacterium motile C) contains lysozyme and proteases which digest bacteria D) contains enzymes specific to the receptors on the bacterium being eliminated |
C) contains lysozyme and proteases which digest bacteria
A lysosome is an organelle found inside the phagocyte that contains digestive enzymes. |
|
|
Complement factor C3b coats a bacterium and binds to C3b receptors on phagocytes, making the bacterium more susceptible to being phagocytized.
A) True B) False |
A) True
C3b coats a bacterium and binds to C3b receptors on phagocytes. This makes the bacterium more susceptible to being phagocytized. |
|
|
A phagosome containing the engulfed bacteria combines with a lysosome containing enzymes to produce a phagolysosome.
A) True B) False |
A) True
A phagosome combines with a lysosome to produce a phagolysosome. |
|
|
When interferon attaches to a cell
A) virus can not enter the cell B) virus can enter the cell but can not replicate C) virus can replicate within a cell but can not be released D) viral replication takes place as usual |
B) virus can enter the cell but can not replicate
Virus can enter the cell, but the interferon prevents it from replicating within the cell. |
|
|
When interferon from one cell attaches to a second cell
A) the recipient cell makes enzymes that prevent cell metabolism B) the second cell now makes interferon and saves itself C) the recipient cell is able to kill bacteria D) the recipient cell makes enzymes that degrade mRNA and prevent viral protein synthesis |
D) the recipient cell makes enzymes that degrade mRNA and prevent viral protein synthesis
The recipient cell makes enzymes that break down mRNA and prevent synthesis of viral protein. |
|
|
Interferon
A) is produced as a specific response to a specific virus B) is produced by one cell and used to warn nearby cells of the same type C) is able to save the cell that makes it D) induces production of mRNA in the recipient cell E) kills all bacteria nonspecifically |
B) is produced by one cell and used to warn nearby cells of the same type
Interferon warns other nearby cells and helps them to prevent viral replication. |
|
|
Interferon degrades mRNA and prevents synthesis of viral protein.
A) True B) False |
A) True
Interferon breaks down mRNA and prevents viral protein from being made |
|
|
Interferon is produced by an animal cell that is infected by a bacterium.
A) True B) False |
B) False
Interferon is produced by an animal cell that is infected by a virus. |
|
|
All of the following processes can be activated by complement except
A) inflammation B) antibody production C) cytolysis D) opsonization E) none of the above |
B) antibody production
Complement does not initiate antibody production. |
|
|
Opsonization is
A) a membrane attack complex lysing a bacterium by making a hole in its membrane B) when complement causes inflammation to occur C) when the nine complement factors cascade in order D) coating of a bacterium with antibody to make it more susceptible to phagocytosis |
D) coating of a bacterium with antibody to make it more susceptible to phagocytosis
Opsonization is not involved in lysis. |
|
|
Complement factors C5b+C6+C7+C8 make up a membrane attack complex that results in
A) enhanced phagocytosis B) opsonization C) cytolysis D) all of the above |
C) cytolysis
The membrane attack complex makes a hole in the cell leading to cytolysis. |
|
|
Complement factors are named in the order in which they function.
A) True B) False |
B) False
Complement factors are named in the order in which they were discovered, not in the order in which they function. |
|
|
In the classical pathway of complement activation, complement attaches to an antigen-antibody complex.
A) True B) False |
A) True
Complement attaches to an antigen-antibody complex in the classical pathway of complement activation. |
|
|
An example of a non-specific chemical barrier to infection is
|
lysosome in saliva
|
|
|
which nonspecific host defense is associated with the trachea
|
ciliary lining
|
|
|
Which if the following blood cells function primarily as phagocytes
|
neutrophils
|
|
|
Which of the following is not a lymphoid tissue
|
thyroid gland
|
|
|
What is included in GALT
|
Peyer's patches
|
|
|
A signaling molecule from microbes recognized by phagocytes is
|
PAMPs
|
|
|
Monocytes are ----- leukocytes that develop into ----------
|
agranular, macrophages
|
|
|
Which of the following inflammatory signs specific pain
|
dolor
|
|
|
Toll - like receptors are protiens on -------
|
phagocytes that recognize foreign molecules
|
|
|
An example of an inflammatory mediator that stimulates vasodilation is
|
histamine
|
|
|
------- is an example of an inflammatory mediator that stimulates chemotaxis
|
Fibrin Clot
|
|
|
An example of an exogenous pyrogen is
|
endotoxin
|
|
|
---- interferon, produced by T-lymphocytes, activates cells called----- and is involved in destroying viruses
|
Alpha, natural killer cells
|
|
|
Which of the following substances is not produced by the phagocytes to destroy engulfed microorganisms
|
bradykinin
|
|
|
Which of the following is the end product of the complement system
|
membrane attack complex
|
