Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
203 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what can drugs be used for
|
treating bacterial infection
|
|
|
what is chemotherapy
|
the use of chemicals/drugs to treat a condition
|
|
|
is chemotherapy only used for cancer
|
no
|
|
|
what is a chemotherapeutic agent
|
the chemical/drug that is used to treat a condition
|
|
|
what is an antimicrobial agent
|
used to treat bacterial infection
|
|
|
what are some antimicrobial agents used for
|
antibiotics
|
|
|
what is an antibiotic
|
substance produced by microorganism
|
|
|
what does an antibiotic do
|
inhibits the growth or kills another microorganism
|
|
|
what does an antimicrobial agent do
|
inhibits or kills the pathogens
|
|
|
what are antibiotics produced from
|
molds or bacteria
|
|
|
what antibiotics are produced from molds
|
penicillin and cephalosporin
|
|
|
what antibiotics are produced from bacteria
|
bacitracin, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol
|
|
|
what are semisynthetic antibiotics
|
antibiotics that are chemically modified
- if you're allergic to something in the medicine you can modify it |
|
|
what is an ideal antimicrobial agent
|
-kills/inhibits the growth of the pathogen
-causes no damage to the host -causes no allergic reaction in the host -is stable when its stored in solid or liquid form -remains in a specific tissue in the body long enough to be effective (has to be there long enough to do its job) -kills the pathogen before it mutates and becomes resistant to it (needs to be quick enough) |
|
|
how does an antimicrobial agent work
|
-to kill the pathogen and not hurt the host it must inhibit a metabolic process or structure only present in the pathogen
|
|
|
what are the common mechanisms in an antimicrobial agent to kill a pathogen
|
-inhibition of cell wall synthesis
-damage to cell membranes -inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis -inhibition of protein synthesis -inhibition of enzyme activity |
|
|
what does sulfanamide do and what are its characteristics
|
inhibits production of folic acid in bacteria that require p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)
-sulfanamide cannot be used to make folic acid -humans do not use PABA |
|
|
what are sulfa drugs
|
-competitive inhibitors
type of bacteriostatic drug which inhibit bacterial growth |
|
|
what is narrow-spectrum
|
antibiotics that only destroy gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria
|
|
|
what is broad-spectrum
|
antibiotics that destroy both gram negative and gram positive bacteria
|
|
|
what is bad about broad-spectrum
|
it'll kill everything because its so bad, including your normal flora which then makes us susceptible to sickness
|
|
|
what does penicillin do
|
interferes with the synthesis of the cell wall and cross-linking of peptidoglycan
|
|
|
when is penicillin important
|
in the treatment of gram-positive bacteria
|
|
|
when is penicillin working at its best
|
when the cells are multiplying before they have their cell wall up
|
|
|
what is penicillin referred to as
|
B-lactam drugs
|
|
|
what are penicillin's produced by
|
molds
|
|
|
what does penicillin's molecular structure include
|
B-lactam ring
|
|
|
what is a bactericidal drug
|
drug against gram-positive cocci and bacilli, gram-negative cocci, some anaerobic bacteria and some spirochetes
|
|
|
what will some extended-spectrum bactericidal do
|
increase the ability to kill gram-negative bacilli
|
|
|
what are B-lactam antibiotics
|
wide variety of drugs that contain a B-lactam ring in their molecular structures
|
|
|
what is cephalorsporin and what does it do
|
another B-lactam antibiotic and it interferes with the cell wall synthesis
|
|
|
what are some bacteriocidal antibiotics
|
penicillin and cephalorsporin
|
|
|
how is cephalosporin classified
|
as 1st 2nd 3rd and 4th generation
|
|
|
what is the 1st generation of cephalosporin
|
it is against gram-positive
|
|
|
what is the 2nd generation of cephalosporin
|
it is against gram-negative
|
|
|
what is the 3rd generation of cephalosporin
|
when it is the best against gram-positive
|
|
|
what is the 4th generation of cephalosporin
|
when its against both gram-positive and gram-negative
|
|
|
what do we do when some organisms are penicillin resistant
|
use B-lactase to break down peptoglycan
|
|
|
what is tetracycline
|
-broad spectrum drug
-bacteriostatic drug |
|
|
what does tetracycline do
|
targets bacterial ribosomes
|
|
|
what are bacteriostatic drugs
|
drugs that only inhibit bacteria and stops it from growing
|
|
|
what is aminoglycoside and what does it do
|
broad spectrum drug and it inhibits bacterial protein synthesis (inhibits bacteria from making protein)
|
|
|
what is aminoglycoside ineffective against
|
anaerobes
|
|
|
what do macrolides do
|
inhibit protein synthesis
-bacterioSTATIC in low doses -bacteriCIDAL in high doses |
|
|
what is fluoroquinolones
|
bactericidal drugs that inhibit DNA synthesis
|
|
|
what is the most common used fluoroquinolones and what is it effective against
|
ciprofloxacin
-most effective against enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa |
|
|
what is synergy
|
when using more than one agent to treat an infection is better than the two agents working independently
|
|
|
what is antagonism
|
when more than one agent working together is less effective than the agents independently
|
|
|
why is it hard to use antimicrobial agents against fungal and protozoal pathogens
|
because they're both eukaryotes and so are we, which makes us similar and more susceptible to side effects and makes them more toxic to humans
|
|
|
how do anti fungal and protozoal drugs work
|
-they bind to cell membrane sterols
-interfere with sterol synthesis -block mitosis or nucleic acid synthesis |
|
|
what are antiviral drugs
|
-newest weapon on the war against pathogens
-first drug against HIV (known as AZT) was created in 1987 (normally distributed as a "cocktail") |
|
|
why are antiviral drugs so hard to make
|
because viruses multiply inside a host....we can kill our own cells
|
|
|
what are superbugs
|
bacteria that are normally resistant to multiple drugs
|
|
|
what are some superbugs
|
methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)
-methicillin-resistant S. epidermis (MRSE) -Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus spp (VRE)- agent of UTI -B-lactamase-producing stains of S pneumoniae |
|
|
what is the one thing that MRSA and MRSE are not resistant to most of the time
|
vancomycin
|
|
|
is bacteria the only thing that is drug resistant
|
NO
-viruses, fungi, protozoa can be too |
|
|
what is intrinisic resistance
|
organism might lack the target of the drug
--Ex: penicillin wont work on an organism that doesn't have a cell wall --drug may not be good enough to cross the cell membrane or cell wall |
|
|
what is acquired resistance
|
-chromosomal mutation of the binding site
-chromosomal mutation of the cell wall or membrane (if it doenst look the same the drug wont bind) -ability to produce an enzyme that inactivates the drug (resistance factor R-factor) plasmid (extra chromosomal material) -produce multi-drug resistance pumps (MDR)- pumps drug out before it can do any harm |
|
|
what are B-lactamases
|
an enzyme that breaks the B-lactam ring which makes an ineffective antibiotic
|
|
|
what are the two types of B-lactamases and what do some drugs include
|
1. penicillinases
2. cephalosporinases -some drugs include B-lactamase inhibitor |
|
|
how do fight against these microbes
|
-educate yourself about them
-do not pressure dr. to give you antibiotics -prescribe narrow-spectrum antibiotics -take antibiotics for the full time -dont use antibiotics as a precaution -practice good prevention methods (aseptic technique) |
|
|
what is empiric therapy
|
its an educated guess of the pathogen causing the disease.
-only happens when the patients life is in danger |
|
|
what are some problems with antimicrobials
|
-only those susceptible to the drug will die
-ones that are resistant will survive and multiply -patient may become allergic to drug -drug may be toxic to humans -broad-spectrum drug antibiotic used for a long period of time may kill the normal flora and then cause secondary problems |
|
|
what is ecology
|
the systematic study of the interrelationships that exist between organisms and their environment
|
|
|
what is microbial ecology
|
the study of the relationships between microorganisms and the world around them
-their interaction with eachother -their interaction with the non-living world |
|
|
is most microorganisms and human interaction beneficial or harmful
|
beneficial
|
|
|
what is symbiosis
|
living together or in close association of two dissimilar organisms- normally two different species
-ex: a dog and cat living together |
|
|
what are symbionts
|
the organisms themselves in a symbiosis
|
|
|
what is a mutualistic relationship
|
beneficial to both symbionts
|
|
|
what is a commensalistic relationship
|
beneficial to only one symbiont
|
|
|
what can happen when there are changes in conditions
|
there can be changes in relationships.
-opportunistic pathogens |
|
|
what is indigenous microflora
|
also known as normal flora
-all the microbes that reside on and within our bodies --bacteria. fungi. protozoa. viruses |
|
|
how many cells are in our bodies compared to microbes and how many different species of microbes
|
10 trillion cells, and 100 trillion microbes
-about 500-1,000 different species |
|
|
what doesn't have microflora
|
fetuses and newborns
-they take protection from their mothers |
|
|
what is transient microflora
|
microflora that is not present from birth to death.
-its not part of your normal flora. |
|
|
where are transient microflora attracted to and why is it transient
|
moist warm places and transient because
-can be washed away from external places -may not be able to compete with flora thats always there -may not survive the pH of the environment -killed by products made by normal flora -flushed from body by secretion |
|
|
what is skin microflora, and where does it reside
|
mostly bacteria and fungi
-about 300 different species -many that live on skin are anaerobes and reside in the deeper layers of the skin, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands |
|
|
what is the most common skin microflora
|
staphlococcus and corynebacterium
|
|
|
describe the middle and inner ear microflora
|
middle and inner ear are normally sterile
-middle ear can get infection organisms enter when sneeze or blow your nose. |
|
|
describe the outer ear and eye microflora
|
outer ear and auditory canal can have the same organisms that skin have
-external eye is lubricated, cleansed and protected by tears, mucus and sebum |
|
|
where is lysozyme found
|
in tears
|
|
|
what is the respiratory microflora divided into
|
upper and lower tract
|
|
|
what is the upper tract consist of
|
nasal passages and the throat
-most microorganisms found here are harmless -opportunistic microorganisms are present -may have pathogenic microorganisms (carrier) you're immune but it can somebody else sick |
|
|
what does the lower tract consist of
|
larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs
-no microbes are present here (sterile) |
|
|
describe mouth microflora
|
-both anaerobes and aerobic organisms found here
-left over food is a great source of nutrient for bacteria |
|
|
what is the most common bacteria found in the mouth
|
a-hemolytic streptococci (creates plaque)
|
|
|
whats included in the gastrointestinal microflora
|
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus
-most microbes dont survive the low pH in the stomach |
|
|
what causes ulcers in the stomach
|
helicobacter pylori
|
|
|
what inhibits microbes from growing in the duodenum
|
bile
|
|
|
what contains the highest number and variety of microorganisms
|
the colon
|
|
|
describe the colon microflora
|
anaerobic environment
obligate, facultative anaerobes as well as aerotolerant -contains bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses -many are opportunistic |
|
|
what can happen if E. coli's environment is shifted in the colon
|
can cause a UTI
|
|
|
how much of fecal mass is bacteria
|
50%
|
|
|
what is the genitourinary tract microflora
|
consists of the urinary tract and the reproductive system
-kidney, uterus and bladder are sterile |
|
|
describe the urethra
|
contains microbes
-they dont infect the bladder because its constantly flushed |
|
|
describe the reproductive system
|
normally sterile
-vaginal microflora differs through the stages of sexual development |
|
|
what do humans gain from microorganisms
|
vitamin K and B12, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine and biotin
|
|
|
what do microorganisms do to the immune system
|
they're irritants to it so the immune system is never dormant, its always fighting something
|
|
|
what is microbial antagonism
|
microbes vs. microbes (normal flora is fighting pathogens)
-our microbes take up space and nutrients so other microbes cant |
|
|
what else can microbes produce
|
antibiotics and bacteriocins
-ex: Colicin is a bacteriocin produced by E. coli |
|
|
most of our normal flora is what?
|
opportunistic pathogens
-Ex: E. coli is found in the intestinal tract but can lead to serious problems in the blood or urinary tract |
|
|
what are biotherapeutic agents
|
aka: probiotics
-they restore balance to your normal flora when it is upset by antibiotics or change in pH. - organisms can then take over in areas they shouldn't be in -you can be given bacteria or yeast (known as biotherapeutic agents) |
|
|
what is biofilm
|
aka: microbial community
-complex and persistent community of different microbes -hard to find a place with only one type of microbe |
|
|
what protects biofilms from antibiotics
|
a slime layer made of polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acid
|
|
|
why do bacteria grow in microcolonies with water
|
so water will bring them nutrients and take waste away
|
|
|
where are biofilms found
|
on bones, heart valves, tissue, and inanimate objects
|
|
|
what can biofilms cause
|
endocardits, cystic fibrosis, middle ear infection, kidney stones, peridontal disease and prostate infection
-cause of about 60% of human infections |
|
|
what causes cavities
|
the waste products from biofilms
|
|
|
what are biofilms resistant to
|
antibiotics, disinfectants, and other mechanisms of defense
|
|
|
what is biofilm protection
|
layers of different organisms can protect each other
-waste products from one species can be a nutrient for a different species -bacteria can secrete different proteins as well that another species can use |
|
|
what is frustrated phagocytosis
|
when macrophages get so mad they can't engulf biofilm that they release toxic material that harms the host tissue
|
|
|
what are synergistic infections
|
when microorganisms work together to produce an infection that neither one of them could do alone
|
|
|
what is an example of synergistic infection
|
oral bacteria work together to cause acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
|
|
|
what is agricultural microbiology
|
-important in genetic engineering--> plants (making them bigger, stronger and taste better)
-microorganisms can be used instead of pesticides -microorganisms play a role in elemental cycles |
|
|
describe the elemental cycles
|
bacteria are adaptable and versatile
-CHONPS cycles are important in nature -some N fixing bacteria lives as small clumps of matter in plants |
|
|
what are endosymbionts
|
bacteria that live inside other microorganisms
|
|
|
what are saprophytes
|
bacteria and fungi cycling back into the soil nutrients from dead animals and plants
|
|
|
what is biochemical cycling
|
the process of saprophytes decomposing material
|
|
|
what are soil microorganisms
|
bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses and viroids
-many are decomposers -others are pathogens |
|
|
what is a pathogenic soil microorganism
|
clostridium spp.
|
|
|
what can be present in soil for many years
|
spores
|
|
|
what are farm animal diseases
|
can be a problem to the health and economically
-vaccines are present to prevent many diseases |
|
|
what causes most plant diseases
|
fungi, viruses, viroids, and bacteria
-huge economic loss |
|
|
what are the 3 infamous plant diseases
|
1. dutch elm disease
2. late blight of potatoes 3. wheat rust |
|
|
what is biotechnology
|
any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives
-not all areas of biotechnology include microbes, some are made from what the microbes made |
|
|
what are some examples of biotechnology
|
production of therapeutic proteins like insulin, hormones, interferon and vaccines
-production of DNA vaccines- pathogenic gene is made so our bodies can make Ab against it |
|
|
what vitamins can bacteria make
|
B2, B7, B9, B12, and K2
|
|
|
microbial metabolites as antimicrobial agents
|
penicillins and cephalosporin are produced by fungi
and erythromycin and streptomycin are produced by bacteria |
|
|
what are agricultural applications of microbial biotechnology
|
-microbicidal activity
-plasmids add genes to plants |
|
|
what is food technology
|
bread butter, cocoa and coffee
-alcoholic beverages and cheese -production of amino acids |
|
|
what are production of chemicals
|
acetic acid, acetone, butanol, citric acid, glycerol
|
|
|
what is biomining
|
arsenic, cadmium, cobalt and other metals
|
|
|
what is bioremediation
|
using microorganisms to clean up waste
|
|
|
what is the study of disease
|
pathology and epidemiology
|
|
|
what are pathologists
|
studies the structure and function manifestation of the disease
-diagnoses the disease |
|
|
what are epidemiologists
|
studies the factors that determine the frequency, distribution and determinants of the disease
-Ex: is the population susceptible to the disease? -who what where when and why |
|
|
what are communicable diseases
|
if the infectious disease is passed between human
-HIV- human to human -not as easily transmitted |
|
|
contagious disease
|
communicable disease that is easily transmitted
Ex: the flu |
|
|
what is zoonotic disease
|
infectious disease that humans get from an animal source
|
|
|
what is incidence
|
the number of new cases of the disease in a population in a specific time period
|
|
|
what is morbidity rate
|
number of new cases in a specific time per a specifically defined population
-amount of people that get sick in a defined population |
|
|
what is the prevalence period
|
number of cases in a population within a given time
|
|
|
what is the prevalence point
|
number of cases in a population at a particular moment
|
|
|
what is mortality/death rate
|
ratio of number of people who died during a specific time in a population
|
|
|
what is a sporadic disease
|
disease occurs only occasionally within the population
-not constant |
|
|
what is an endemic disease
|
disease that is always present within the population of the area
-never goes away |
|
|
what are some endemic diseases
|
Tb, staph, strep, and STD's
|
|
|
what is an epidemic/outbreak
|
due to a greater number than normal of the disease
-usually in a short period of time Ex: people getting sick after a picnic widespread occurrence of an infectious disease at a period of time -usually follow a pattern |
|
|
can endemic diseases turn into epidemics?
|
yes
|
|
|
what are some epidemics
|
1976 legionnaire's disease in philly
-1992/1993 contaiminated hamburger meat at jack in the box -1993 HPS at the four corners region -1993 cryptosporidiosis in Wisconsin -2002 west nile virus |
|
|
what causes waterborne diseases
|
bacteria, virus, parasites
|
|
|
what causes foodborne diseases
|
virus, bacteria, parasites, prions, or toxins
|
|
|
when do epidemics usually occur
|
in a population of people who have not been exposed to the disease previously
|
|
|
what is the deal with flu epidemics
|
flu epidemics happen every year because there is enough mutation that our bodies don't recognize the virus
-ebola virus causes many epidemics in africa |
|
|
what are pandemic diseases
|
a disease that is occurring in epidemic proportions in many countries at the same time
|
|
|
whats an example of a pandemic
|
1918 spanish flu is the biggest catastrophe
-almost every nation in the world was affected |
|
|
what is infectious disease responsible for
|
about 50% of the deaths in developing countries
-HIV, TB, and malaria |
|
|
when was the first HIV/AIDS infection and when did the epidemic start in the US
|
first infection can be traced to african serum sample collected in 1959
-epidemic started in the US around 1979 -not detected until 1981 -virus was discovered in 1983 -believed the virus was transferred from primates to humans |
|
|
describe Tuberculosis
|
there are many strains of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis that are antibiotic resistant
multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) -some strains are resistant to every drug and combination used |
|
|
what country has the highest occurrence of MDR-TB
|
china and ex-USSR
|
|
|
what number killer is TB in the world and how much of the world is infected
|
2 leading killer in the world
-1/3 of the world has TB |
|
|
what is malaria
|
most important tropical killer in the world
-kills more people than any other communicable disease behind TB |
|
|
what are most cases of malaria caused by
|
plasmodium falciparum
-most cases in the US are acquired outside the country and brought in by tourists |
|
|
what are the factors that depend on whether or not an infection will occur
|
-the pathogen, virulence, how does the pathogen get in, how many pathogens are entering
-factors pertaining to the host- health status, nutritional status, age, sex etc -factors pertaining to the environment- geographic location, climate, sanitary and housing conditions, availability of drinking water, availability of the reservoir |
|
|
what are the 6 components of the chain of infection
|
1. a pathogen must be present
2. source of pathogen (tick or human) 3. portal of exit (where are they coming from) 4. mode of transmission 5. portal of entry (do you have a cut) 6. a susceptible host must be present (are you really healthy) |
|
|
what are the goals of breaking the chain
|
1. eliminate or contain the reservoirs of pathogen (isolate the problem)
2. prevent contact with infectious substance (if you're coughing then wear a mask) 3. eliminate means of transmission 4. block exposure to entry pathway (if you have an open wound cover it) 5. reduce or eliminate the susceptibility of potential host (make everyone healthy) |
|
|
what are the methods of breaking the chain
|
1. effective hand hygiene
2. good nutrition and rest 3. obtain immunization 4. patient isolation 5. decontaminate surfaces and instruments 6. use gloves, gowns, respirators etc |
|
|
what is a reservoir of an infection
|
the site where the pathogen can multiply or survive until its transferred to a host
-microbial source can vary -a reservoir source can be a living host or an inanimate object |
|
|
what are living reservoirs
|
humans, household pets, farm animals, certain insects, and arachnoids
|
|
|
what is a carrier
|
person who has the pathogen but isnt currently sick but can still pass it on
|
|
|
what is a passive carrier
|
has the pathogen but is never sick
|
|
|
what is an incubator carrier
|
can pass it on while in the incubation stage of the disease (you don't even know you're sick yet)
|
|
|
what is a convalescent carrier
|
can transmit the pathogen while recovering from the disease
|
|
|
what is an active carrier
|
have recovered from the disease but will have the pathogen forever
|
|
|
how can you get zoonotic diseases
|
from direct contact with the animal, injection of the pathogen by a arthropod, inhalation or ingestion
-Ex: rabies is transmitted into humans through the saliva of a rabid animal Ex: toxoplasma gondii can be inhaled and lead to fatal death |
|
|
what are arthropods
|
many are reservoirs for infection
-insects and arachnids |
|
|
whats a vector
|
when an arthropod is involved in disease transmission
|
|
|
how do arthropods transmit infection
|
may take blood meal from person/animal infected
-then bites the next victim and transmits the blood and now they're infected |
|
|
whats an example of an arthropod transmitted virus
|
lyme disease
-most common in the US -caused by borrelia burgdorgeri; tick bites infected deer or mouse, then tick bites human |
|
|
what are non-living reservoirs
|
are, soil, dust, food, milk, water and fomties
|
|
|
how can air be contaminated
|
by dust, or particles
-virus, bacteria, spores and even fungi |
|
|
how is milk and food contaminated
|
by improper handling, and processing
-amebiasis, botulism, cholera, hepatitis etc |
|
|
what are formites
|
inanimate objects capable of transmitting pathogens
-equipment, bedding, gloves |
|
|
what are the 5 principle modes of transmission for reservoirs
|
1. contact- direct or indirect
2. droplet (particle > 5 um) 3. airborne (particle < 5 um) 4. vehicular (inanimate objects) 5. vector (biting insects) |
|
|
what are the 7 transmissions of communicable diseases
|
1. direct skin to skin contact- hand shakes
2. direct mucous membrane to mucous membrane contact- kissing or sexual intercourse 3. indirect contact via airborne droplets of respiratory secretions- sneezing or coughing 4. indirect contact via food/water- fecal matter 5. indirect contact via arthropod vector- ticks 6. indirect contact via fomites (inanimate objects) 7. indirect contact via transfusion or other blood products |
|
|
what do public health agencies do
|
strive to prevent epidemics
-also identify and eliminate those that occur -educate the public, collect information |
|
|
what is WHO
|
"world health organization"
-part of the United Nations (UN) est 1948 -cooperation among nations -helped eliminate smallpox and many other diseases -trying to eradicate polio |
|
|
what is CDC
|
"center for Disease Control"
-administered by the federal agency- US department of health and human services |
|
|
what does CDC do and where is it located
|
assists state and local health departments with epidemiology
-located in atlanta GA est 1946 publishes MMWR -nationally notifiable diseases must be reported |
|
|
what is bioterrorism
|
biological warfare (BW) uses biological warfare for harm includes
- B. anthracis, C. botulinum, Variola major, Y. pestis |
|
|
what is anthrax
|
spore forming, gram-positive bacillus
-leads to cutaneous, inhalation or gastrointestinal anthrax - hemorrhaging and serious effusion in various organs |
|
|
what is botulism
|
a part of bioterrorism
spore forming, gram-positive bacillus -causes nerve damage, visual difficulty, respiratory failure, flaccid paraylysis and brain damage -added to food or water supply |
|
|
what is smallpox
|
viral disease, last case in the world was recorded in 1977 in somalia
-no natural reservoir, no more vaccines are given |
|
|
what is the plague
|
gram-negative coccobacillus
-zoonosis that can be transferred by flea bites -leads to plague- the swelling of lymph nodes |
|
|
what do water pollutants include
|
chemical- industrial waste products
biological- human waste products waterborne epidemics are more common in third-world countries |
|
|
what is the cryptosporidiosis epidemic
|
largest waterborne epidemic in the US
-diarrheal disease 400,000+ people affected in Milwaukee Wisconsin -cysts in cow poop- cysts ran into lake michigan- people who drank the water got infected 100 deaths |
|
|
what is water contamination
|
rainwater carries soil contaminants into rivers and lakes
-downstream towns can be infected with sewage from upstream towns -groundwater can be contaminated if not deep enough |
|
|
how do you treat water
|
1. water filtered of large debris
2. water then held into tank allowing other debris to settle to the bottom (sedimentation/settling step) 3. aluminum potassium sulfate is added to coagulate smaller debris (coagulation/flocculation) 4. water then filtered through sand/diatomaceous -remove bacteria, protozoa, oocytes 5. addition of chlorine gas to kill any bacteria left |
|
|
what is fecal contamination
|
tested in labs for coliforms
-includes E. coli and other lactose fermenting members of the Enterobacteriaceae family -these organisms live in the intestines -water is suitable for drinking if theres 1 or fewer coliforms per 100ml of water |
|
|
what is raw sewage
|
mainly water, fecal matter, garbage and bacteria
|
|
|
what is the primary sewage treatment
|
large debris is removed (screening) then sedimentation (primary sludge)
|
|
|
what is secondary sewage treatment
|
liquid (primary effluent) is aerated, allowing the oxidation of dissolved organic matter, settling occurs again and the secondary effluent is filtered
|
|
|
what is the tertiary sewage treatment
|
in very dry cities, the water undergoes this treatment so it can be portable again
|
