Microbiology (1St 9 Pages)

Front 1

Bacterial Structure:
What is the function and chemical composition of Peptidoglycan

Back 1

Function: It gives rigid support and protect against osmotic pressure
CC: Sugar backbone with cross-linked peptide side chains

Front 2

Bacterial Structure:
What is the function and chemical composition of the CELL WALL/CELL MEMBRANE of gram positives

Back 2

Function: Major surface antigen
CC: Peptidoglycan for support and Teichoic acid induces TNF and IL 1

Front 3

Bacterial Structure:
What is the function and chemical composition of the OUTER MEMBRANE of gram negatives

Back 3

Function: the site of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide); major surface antigen
CC: Lipid A induces TNF and IL-1; polysaccharide is the antigen

Front 4

Bacterial Structure:
What is the function and chemical composition of the PLASMA MEMBRANE

Back 4

F: site of oxidative & transport enzymes.
CC: Lipoprotein bilayer

Front 5

Bacterial Structure:
What is the function and chemical composition of RIBOSOMES

Back 5

F: protein synthesis
CC: 50S & 30S subunits

Front 6

Bacterial Structure:
What is the function and chemical composition of PERIPLASM

Back 6

F: space b/t the cytoplasmic membrane & outer membrane in gram NEG. bacteria
CC: contains many hydrolytic enzymes including beta lactamases

Front 7

Bacterial Structure:
What is the function and chemical composition of the CAPSULE

Back 7

F: protects against phagocytosis
CC: polysaccharide (except BACILLUS ANTHRACIS, which contains D-glutamate)

Front 8

Bacterial Structure:
What is the function and chemical composition of the PILUS/FIMBRIA

Back 8

F: Mediates adherence of bacteria to cell surface; sex pilus forms attachment b/t 2 bacteria during conjugation
CC: Glycoprotein

Front 9

Bacterial Structure:
What is the function and chemical composition of FLAGELLUM

Back 9

F: motility
CC: protien

Front 10

Bacterial Structure:
What is the function and chemical composition of the SPORE

Back 10

F: provides resistance to dehydration, heat, and chemicals
CC: Keratin-like coat; dipicolinic acid

Front 11

Bacterial Structure:
What is the function and chemical composition of the PLASMID

Back 11

F: It contains a variety of genes for antibiotic resistance, enzymes and toxins
CC: DNA

Front 12

Bacterial Structure:
What is the function and chemical composition of GLYCOCALYX

Back 12

F: It mediates adherence to surfaces, especially foreign surfaces (ie: indwelling catheters)
CC: Polysaccharide

Front 13

What part of the cell wall is unique to gram positive organisms?

Back 13

Teichoic acid

Front 14

What part of the cell wall is unique to gram negative organisms?

Back 14

Endotoxin/LPS (outer membrane)
Periplasmic Space (location of many B lactamases)

Front 15

What parts of the cell wall are found in both gram negatives and gram positives?

Back 15

1. Flagellum
2. Pilus
3. Capsule
4. Peptidoglycan
5. Cytoplasmic Membrane

Front 16

Name the two gram positive Cocci?

Back 16

1. Staphylococcus
2. Streptococcus

Front 17

Name the gram Negative Cocci

Back 17

1. Neisseria

Front 18

Name the 5 gram positive Bacilli (Rods).

Back 18

1. Clostridium
2. Cornyebacterium
3. Bacillus
4. Listeria
5. Mycobacterium (acid fast)

Front 19

What are the 13 enteric organisms (gram negatives)?
FYI: these are all bacilli (rods)

Back 19

1. E. Coli
2. Shigella
3. Salmonella
4. Yersinia
5. Klebsiella
6. Proteus
7. Enterobacter
8. Serratia
9. Vibrio
10. Campylobacter
11. Helicobacter
12. Pseudomonas
13. Bacteroides

Front 20

what are the 10 gram negative bacilli (rods)?

Back 20

1. All 13 enterics
2. Haemophilus
3. Legionella (silver)
4. Bordetella
5. Yersinia
6. Francisella
7. Brucella
8. Pasteurella
9. Bartonella
10. Garderella (gram variable)

Front 21

What are the two gram positive branching filamentous organisms?

Back 21

1. Actinomyces
2. Nocardia (weakly acid fast)

Front 22

What are the two Gram negative pleomorphic organisms?

Back 22

1. Rickettsiae
2. Chlamydiae (Giemsa)

Front 23

What are the 3 gram negative spirochetes?

Back 23

1. Leptospira
2. Borrelia (Giemsa)
3. Treponema

Front 24

what organism has no cell wall and instead has sterols?

Back 24

Mycoplasma

Front 25

These contain mycolic acid and high lipid content

Back 25

Mycobacteria

Front 26

What type of bacteria (gram pos or neg) have a thick peptidoglycan layer?

Back 26

Gram positives

The gram pos have 2 layers an inner cytoplasmic membrane and and outer thick peptidoglycan later

The gram neg. have 3 layers an inner cytoplasmic membrane, a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane with LPS

Front 27

These 6 bugs DO NOT gram stain well

Back 27

These
Rascals
May
Microscopically
Lack
Color

T: Treponema (too thin to be visualized
R: Rickettsia (Intracelllular parasite)
M: Mycobateria (high lipid content cell wall requires acid fast stain)
M: Mycoplasma (no cell wall)
L: Legionella pneumophila (primarly intracellular)
C: Chlamydia (intracellular parasite; lacks muramic acid in cell wall)

Front 28

How do you visualize Treponemes?

Back 28

Darkfield microscopy and fluorescent antibody staining

Front 29

How do you visualize mycobacteria?

Back 29

Acid Fast

Front 30

How do you visualize Legionella?

Back 30

Silver Stain

Front 31

In a gram stain what color will gram pos org. turn?

Back 31

BLUE
"I'm positively BLUE over you!!"

these org. willl absorb the crystal violet and hold onto it so the cell turns blue.

Front 32

In a gram stain what color will a gram neg. org turn?

Back 32

RED

"No (negative) RED commies!!"

the crystal violet is washed off by the alcohol and the cells absorb the safranin and appear red

Front 33

What are the 4 steps to a gram stain

Back 33

1. pour on crystal violet stain (blue dye) and wait 60 sec.
2. Wash off w/ water and flood w/ iodine soln. Wait 60 sec.
3. Wash off w/ water and then "decolorize" w/ 95% alcohol
4. Finally, counter stain w/ safranin (red dye). wait 30 sec and wash off w/ water

Front 34

What 4 bugs use Giemsa's stain?

Back 34

1. Borrelia
2. Plasmodium
3. Trypanosomes
4. Chlamydia

Front 35

This type of stain will stain glycogen, mucopolysaccharides and is used to dx Whipples dz.

Back 35

PAS (periodic acid-Schiff)

"PASs the sugar"

Front 36

what stain stains acid fast bacteria

Back 36

Ziehl-Neelsen

Front 37

What bug does the india ink stain?

Back 37

Cryptococcus neoformans

Front 38

what bugs stain with the silver stain

Back 38

Fungi (Pneumocystis)
Legionella

Front 39

What media do we use to isolate H. influenzae?

Back 39

Chocolate agar w/ factors V (NAD) and X (hematin)

Front 40

We use the Thayer Martin media to isolate which specific organism?

Back 40

N. gonorrhoeae

Front 41

we use the Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar to isolate this organism

Back 41

B. pertussis

Front 42

what media do we use to isolate C. diphtheriae?

Back 42

Tellurite plate,
Loffler's media

Front 43

what media do we use to isolate M. tuberculosis?

Back 43

Lowenstein-Jensen agar

Front 44

what organism can we isolate with Eaton's agar?

Back 44

M. pneumoniae

Front 45

What media do we use to isolate E. Coli?

Back 45

Eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar (blue-black colonies with metallic sheen)

Front 46

How do we isolate Lactose-fermenting enterics?

Back 46

Pink colonies on MacConkey's agar (fermentation produces acid, turning plate pink)

Front 47

what media do we use to isolate Legionella?

Back 47

Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with an increase in iron and cysteine

Front 48

what media do we use to isolate fungi?

Back 48

Sabouraud's agar

Front 49

What are Obligate Aerobes (including the gram pos, gram neg and the Acid fast org)

Back 49

Nagging Pests Must Breathe
(Nocardia
Pseudomonas Aerginousa
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Bacillus)


Gram Pos: Nocardia & Bacillus cereus

Gram Neg: Neisseria, Psudomonas, Bordetella, Legionella, Brucella

Acid Fast: Mycobacterium, Nocarida

Front 50

these organisms use an O2 dependent system to generate ATP

Back 50

Obligate Aerobes

Front 51

This bacteria is seen in burn wounds, nosocomial pneumonia and pneumonias in cystic fibrosis patients. It is also an AERobe

Back 51

P. AERuginosa

Front 52

What are the 3 obligate Anaerobes?

Back 52

"anaerobes Can't Breathe Air"

C: Clostridium
B: Baceroides
A: Actinomyces

Anaerobes lack catalase and/or superocide dismutase and are thus suscepible to oxidative damage. Generally foul smelling(short chain fatty acids), are difficult to culture and produce gas in tissue (CO2 and H2)

Front 53

Where in the body are anaerobes considered normal flora?

Back 53

GI tract

everywhere else they are pathogenic

Front 54

what antibiotics are ineffective against anaerobes?

Back 54

aminOglycosides b/c these antibiotics require O2 to enter the bacterial cell

Front 55

These two bugs can NOT make thier own ATP

Back 55

Rickettsia and Chlamydia

they are obligate intracellular bugs

"stay inside (cells) when it is Really Cold"

Front 56

what are the faculative intracellular bugs? (8)

Back 56

"Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY"

S: Salmonella
N: Neisseria
B: Brucella
M: Mycobacterium
L: Listeria
F: Francisella
L: Legionella
Y: Yersinia

Front 57

These bacteria will give a positive Quellung reaction

Back 57

Encapsulated bacteria

If encapsulated bug is present, capsule swells when specific anticapsular antisera are added

"Quellung = capsular swellung"

"Some Killers Have Nice Shiny Bodies"

S: Streptococcus pneumoniea,
K: Klebsiella pneumonaie
H: Haemophilus influenzae
N: Neisseria meningitidis
S: Salmonella
B: B strep

Front 58

How are capsules used in vaccines?

Back 58

They serve as antigen in vaccines

For vaccines w. polysaccharide capsule antigens , a protein is conjugated to polysacc. antigen to promote T Cell activation + subsequent class switching.

A polysacc. antigen alone would not be recognized + presented by T cells (so only IgM abs would be produced)


ie: Pneumovax, H. influenzae B, meningococcal vaccines

Front 59

There are 4 Urease positive bacteria
"Particular Kinds Have Urease"

Back 59

P: Proteus
K: Klebsiella
H: H. Pylori
U: Ureaplasma

Front 60

What color does Actinomyces Israelii produce?

Back 60

Yellow "Sulfur" Granules (which are composed of a mass of filatments + formed in pus)

"Israel has yellow sand"

Front 61

This bacteria produces a yellow pigment

Back 61

S. aureus:

Aureus (Latin): Gold

Front 62

What color pigment does Pseudomonas aeruginosa produce?

Back 62

Blue-green pigment:
AERUGula is green

Front 63

What color pigment does Serratia marcescens produce?

Back 63

Red pigment

Serratia marcescens: think red maraschino cherries

Front 64

What are Bacterial Virulence Factors?

Back 64

Protein A
IgA Protease
M Protein

Front 65

Protein A (S. Aureus)

Back 65

It binds the Fc region of Ig.

Prevents opsonization + phagocytosis.

Front 66

IgA Protease

Back 66

Enzyme that cleaves IgA

Secreted by S. Pneumoniae, H. Influenzae Type B, Neisseria (SHiN) to colonize the respiratory mucosa.

Front 67

M protein (Group A Streptococcus)

Back 67

Helps prevent phagocytosis

Front 68

Source of EXO-toxin

Back 68

Some Gram Positive + gram Negative Bacteria

Front 69

which is secreted from the cell?
Enodotoxin or Exotoxin?

Back 69

Exotoxin

Front 70

What is the chemistry of the EXOtoxin?

Back 70

Polypeptide

Front 71

where is the location of the genes of the EXOtoxin?

Back 71

in the plasmid or the bacteriophage

Front 72

Is the exotoxin or the endotoxin more toxic?

Back 72

the EXO-toxin has a HIGH toxicity (a fatal dose on the order of 1ug)
the ENDOtoxin has a low toxicity (fatal dose on the order of hundreds of micrograms)

Front 73

toxoids are formed from endotoxin or exotoxin?

Back 73

exotoxin (toxoids are used as vaccines)

there are no toxoids formed and no vaccines available for the endotoxins

Front 74

Are Exotoxins heat stable?

Back 74

No- they are destroyed rapidly at 60 Degrees Celcius.

Front 75

what are the typical diseases of the exotoxin?

Back 75

Tetanus, botulism, diphtheria

Front 76

where is ENDotoxin located?

Back 76

Outer cell membrane of most gram negative bacteria and Listeria

Front 77

What is the chemistry of the ENDOtoxin?

Back 77

Lipopolysaccharide (structural part of the bacteria; released when lysed)

Front 78

where is the location of the genes of the ENDOtoxin?

Back 78

in the bacterial chromosome

Front 79

What are the clinical effects of the endotoxin?
What is the mode of action?

Back 79

Fever, shock

TNF + IL-1

Front 80

which is more heat stable? Exotoxin or endotoxin?

Back 80

Endotoxin is stable at 100 deg. C for 1 hour.
the exotoxin is destroyed rapidly at 60 deg C (except staph enterotoxin)

Front 81

what are the typical diseases of the endotoxin?

Back 81

Meningococcemia, sepsis by gram neg rods

Front 82

BUGS W/ EXOTOXINS
what is the function of a superantigen?

Back 82

Binds directly to MHC2 and T-cell receptor simultaneously, activating large numbers of T-cells to stimulate release of IFN-gamma and IL-2

Front 83

BUGS W/ EXOTOXINS

what are the two superantigens?

Back 83

1. S. aureus
2. S. pyogenes

Front 84

BUGS W/ EXOTOXINS

what type of superantigen is S. aureus?

Back 84

TSST-1 superantigen that causes toxic shock syndrome (fever, rash, shock).

Other S. aureus toxins include enterotoxins that cause food poisoning as well as exfolitin, which causes staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

Front 85

BUGS W/ EXOTOXINS

This erythrogenic toxin causes toxic shock like syndrome (Scarlet Fever)

Back 85

S. pyogenes

Front 86

BUGS W/ EXOTOXINS

What are the 4 ADP ribosylating A-B toxins?

Back 86

1. Cornybacterium diptheriae
2. Vibrio Cholerae
3. E. Coli
4. Bordetella pertussis

Front 87

BUGS W/ EXOTOXINS

What is the function of the ADP ribosylating A-B toxins?

Back 87

Interferes w/ host cell function.

B(binding) component binds to a receptor on the surface of the host cell, enabling endocytosis.

A(active) component then attaches an ADP-ribosyl to a host cell protein (ADP ribosylation), altering protein function.

Front 88

BUGS W/ EXOTOXINS

what is the function of the exotoxin of cornybacterium diphtheriae?

Back 88

It inactivates elongation factor (EF-2) (similar to pseudomonas exotoxin A); and causes pharyngitis and "psudomembrane" in the throat

Front 89

BUGS W/ EXOTOXINS

what is the function of the exotoxin of VIBRIO CHOLERAE?

Back 89

ADP ribosylation of G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase; increase pumping of Chloride into gut and decrease Sodium absorption.

Water moves into the gut lumen; causes voluminous RICE-WATER DIARRHEA

Front 90

BUGS W/ EXOTOXINS

what is the function of the exotoxin of E. COLI?

Back 90

Heat-labile toxin stimulates adenyly cyclase;
Heat stable toxin stimulates Guanylate cyclase.
Both cause watery diarrhea.
"Labile like the Air, stable like the Ground"

Front 91

BUGS W/ EXOTOXINS

what is the function of the exotoxin of BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS?

Back 91

Increases cAMP by inhibiting G alpha i; causes WHOOPING COUGH;

inhibits chemokine receptor, causing lymphocytosis.

Front 92

Clostridium Perfinges

Back 92

Alpha Toxin - a lechithinase that acts as a phospholipase to cleave cell membranes + cause Gas Gangrene

Double zone of hemolysis on Blood Agar.

Front 93

C. Tetani

Back 93

blocks release of inhibitory Neurotransmitters GABA + Glycine --> LOCKJAW

Front 94

C. Botulinism

Back 94

blocks release of Ach, causes anticholinergic symptoms

CNS paralysis (esp. Cranial Nerves)

spores in canned food or honey (cause Floppy Baby Syndrome)

Front 95

Bacillus Antrhacis

Back 95

Edema Factor - part of the toxin complex is an adenylate cyclase

Front 96

Shigella

Back 96

Shiga toxin (also made by Ecoli 0157:H7)

cleaves host cell rRNA (inactivates 60S ribosome)
Also enhances cytokine release --> HUS

Front 97

S. Pyogenes

Back 97

Streptolysin O is a hemolysin.

Antigen for ASO ab, used in dx for Rheumatic Fever

Front 98

What Bacteria are cAMP inducers?

Back 98

1) Vibrio Cholera
2) Pertussis Toxin
3) E.Coli (ETEC)
4) Bacillus Anthracis

Front 99

How does Vibrio Cholera work?

Back 99

permanently activates Gs --> rice water diarrhea

(turns the ON (Stimulator)"on")

Front 100

How does Pertussis Toxin work?

Back 100

permanent disables Gi --> Whooping Cough

(turns the OFF(inhibitor) "off")

Front 101

How does Ecoli (ETEC) work?

Back 101

Heat Labile Toxin

Front 102

How does Bacillus Anthracis work + why is it different from Vibrio Cholera Pertussis, E.Coli?

Back 102

the toxin inculdes edema factor (which is an adenylate cyclase itself) --> increase cAMP

unlike cholera, Pertussis + E.Coli which act via ADP ribosylation to permanently activate Adenylate cylcase + inc. cAMP

Front 103

What is an endotoxin?

Back 103

lipopolysaccharide found in the outer membrane of a Gram Neg. Bacteria.

N-dotoxin is integral part of gram-Negative outer membrane.

Endotoxin is heat stable.

Front 104

How does an endotoxin work?

Back 104

1) activates macrophages
- IL-1 -->Fever
-TNF --> fever + hemorrhagic tissue necrosis
-Nitric Oxide --> hypotension + shock

2) Activates complement
-C3a --> hypotension + edema
-C5a -->Neutrophil Chemotaxis

3) Activates Hageman Factor
- Coagulation Cascade -->DIC

Front 105

What are the phases of Bacterial Growth Curve?

Back 105

1) Lag (metabolic activity w.o division)
2) Log (rapid cell division)
3) Stationary (nutrient depletion + spore formation)
4) Death

Front 106

Transformation/Competence

Back 106

ability to take up DNA from environment

feature of bacteria esp. (SHiN = S.pneumonia, H.Influenza, + neisseria)

Any DNA can be used

Front 107

Conjugation

Back 107

transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or bridge like connection

Front 108

F+ X F-

Back 108

F+ plasmid contains genes required for conjugation process.

F- = bacteria without this plasmid

Plasmid is replicated + transferred through pilus from F+ cell.

ONLY Plasmid DNA is transferred + no transfer of chromosomal genes.

Front 109

Hfr X F-

Back 109

Hfr cell = when F+ plasmid becomes incorporated into bacterial chromosomal DNA

replication of incorporated plasmid DNA may include flanking chromosomal DNA.

Transfer of Plasmid + chromosomal DNA.

Front 110

Transposition

Back 110

segment of DNA that can jump from 1 location to another (excision + reincorporation).

Can transfer genes from plasmid to chromosome + vice versa.

Excision may include some flanking chromosomal DNA (which can be incorporated into a plasmid + transferred to another bacterium.)

Front 111

Transduction

Back 111

process where foreign DNA is introduced into another cell by another virus.

Front 112

Generalized transduction

Back 112

"Packaging event"

Lytic Phage infects bacterium leading to cleavage of bacterial DNA + synthesis of viral proteins.

Parts of bacterial chromosomal DNA may become packaged in viral capsid.

Phage infects another bacterium transferring these genes.

Front 113

Specialized transduction

Back 113

"Excision Event"

Lysogenic Phage infects bacterium + viral DNA is incorporated into bacterial chromsome.

Phage DNA is excised + some chromosomal DNA may be excised with it.

DNA is put into phage viral capsid + can infect another bacterium.

Front 114

What are the 5 bacterial toxins encoded in a lysogenic Phage?

Back 114

"ABCDE"

ShigA-like Toxin
Botulinism Toxin (certain strains)
Cholera Toxin
Diptheria Toxin
Erythrogenic Toxin of Strep Pyogenes

Front 115

What Gram Positive Cocci Stain Catalase Positive?

Back 115

Staphylococcus (need more Staph to make catalase)

(Strep. is catalase negative)

Front 116

What Gram Positive Cocci is Coagulase Positive?

Back 116

Staph Aureus

Front 117

Novobiocin

Back 117

Identifies Staphylococci

"On the STAPH Retreat, there was NO StR-ES"

Saphrophyticus is RESISTANT
Epidermis is SENSITIVE

Front 118

Optochin

Back 118

Identifies Streptococci

"OVRPS (overpass)"

Viridans is RESISTANT
Pneumoniae is SENSITIVE

Front 119

Bacitracin

Back 119

Identifies Streptococci

"B-BRAS"

Group B Strep is RESISTANT
Group A Strep is SENSITIVE

Front 120

A hemolytic Bacteria

Back 120

green ring around colonies on blood agar

Strep. Pneumonaie (Catalase Negative + Optochin SENSITIVE)

Strep. Viridans (Catalase Negative + Optochin RESISTANT)

Front 121

B Hemolytic Bacteria

Back 121

form clear area of hemolysis on blood agar.

Staph Aureus (Catalase Positive + Coagulase Positive)

Strep. Pyogenes - Group A strep (Catalase Neg. + Bactracin SENSITIVE)

Strep. Agalactiae- Group B strep (Catalase Negative + Bactracin RESISTANT)

Listeria Monocytogenes (tumbling motility, meningitis in newborns + unpasteurized milk)

Front 122

How does Catalase Work?

Back 122

enzyme that catalyzes degradation of H2O2

if H202 is not degraded it can be converted to microbicidal products (ie. damage the cell)

Front 123

Why is catalase bad in pts w. Chronic Granulomatous Disease?

Back 123

catalase producing microbes degrade the small amount of H202 that is present --> recurrent infxns.

Front 124

Staph Aureus

Back 124

Protein A (virulence factor)binds Fc-IgG, inhibiting complement fixation + phagocytosis.

Results in:
1) Inflammatory Disease- (skin infxn, organ abscess, + pneumonia)

2) Toxin Mediated Disease (Toxic Shock Syndrome, Scalded Skin Syndrome, + Rapid Onset Food Poisoning- enterotoxin (pre formed toxin))

3) MRSA (Methiccillin resistant Staph Aureus)- resistant to B Lactams due to altered penicillin binding protein.

Front 125

Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin

Back 125

superantigen that binds to MHCII + T cell receptor causing polyclonal T cell activation

Front 126

Staph Epidermis

Back 126

infects prostethic devices + catheters by producing adherent biofilms

component of normal skin flora; contaminates blood cultures

Front 127

Streptococcus Pneumonaie

Back 127

Lancet shaped. Encapsulated. IgA Protease. Alpha hemolytic

- "MOPS" Most OPtochin Sensitive

Most Common Cause of "MOPS"
1) Meningitis
2) Otitis Media (children)
3) Pneumonia
4)Sinusitis

Assoc. w. rusty sputum, sepsis in Sickle cell + Splenectomy.

Front 128

Viridans Streptococci

Back 128

Alpha hemolytic. Resistant to Optochin.
(live in the mouth bc they are not afraid of-the-chin)

normal flora of oropharynx + cause dental caries (Stre. Mutans) + subacute Bacterial Endocarditis (S. sanguis)

Front 129

Strep. Pyogenes

Back 129

Group A streptococci. Bactracin Sensitive. ASO titers detects infxn.

Abs against M Protein enhance host defenses against S. pyogenes but can cause RF.

Results in:
1) Pyogenic - (pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo)

2) Toxigenic - (scarlet fever, toxic shock-like syndrome)

3)Immunologic - (RF, Acute Glomerulonephritis)

Front 130

Strep. Agalactiae

Back 130

Group B Strep. Bactracin Resistant.

CAMP factor produced which increases the area of hemolysis by S. aureus.

Colonizes vagina, causes pneumonia, meningitis + sepsis in babies.



Produces CAMP factor

Pregnant women: screened at 35-37 wks; + test will be given Intrapartum Peniciilin

Front 131

Enterococci
(Group D Streptococci)

Back 131

normal colonic flora. Penicillin G resistant. Cause UTI + Subacute Endocarditis.

Lancefield Group D has both Enterococcus (hardier) + NonEnteroccocal group D Streptococci.

VRE (Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci)= impt cause of Nosocomial Infections

Front 132

Lancefield group

Back 132

based on differences in the C carbohydrate on the bacterial cell wall.

Front 133

Strep Bovis

Back 133

colonizes the gut.

Cause bacteremia + subacute endocarditis in colon cancer pts.

Front 134

Corynebacterium Diphtheria

Back 134

Potent exotoxin (encoded by B-prophage) inhibits protein synthesis by ADP ribosylation of EF-2

"ABCDEFG"
A- ADP ribosylation
B- Beta Prophage
C-Corynebacterium
D- Diptheria
E-Elongation Factor 2
F- (Factor 2)
G- Granules

Front 135

Symptoms + Testing of Diptheria

Back 135

Pseudomembranous Pharyngitis (Gray-white membrane) w. lymphadenopathy.

Lab Diagnosis= gram+ rods w. metachromatic (Blue + red) granules

Front 136

Vaccine for Diptheria

Back 136

Toxoid Vaccine