Microbiology - 1St Exam

Front 1

What is Spontaneous Generation?

Back 1

- States that living things came from non-living entities.
- Majority of scientists believed in this doctrine
- Major set-back in the development of the science of Microbiology

Front 2

What is the Germ Theory of disease?

Back 2

- States that living things come from other living things and that germs can invade other organisms and produce disease
- "Life begets life"

Front 3

What did Antoine Leewenhoek do?

Back 3

- Invented the microscope and discovered the microbial world
- Used the term "animacules" for microbes
- Made a complete description of shape, size and motility of microbes

Front 4

What did Redi do?

Back 4

He set up 3 jars (1 corked, 1 covered in gauze, 1 open to the air, all with meat inside). The corked jar showed no maggots, the 1 covered in gauze showed maggots, the 1 open to the air showed maggots on the meat.

He made the conclusion that maggots come from flies that laid eggs on meat, not from the rotten meat itself.

Front 5

What did Spallanzani do?

Back 5

He studied microbial growth on broth. He boiled broth in a corked container and after several days the broth showed no microbial growth. He concluded that microbes did not come from broth.

Front 6

What did Louis Pasteur do? (The Father of Microbiology)

Back 6

- Made the "Swan-neck flask experiment"
- In the experiment, fresh air can still enter the flask but dust carrying microbes are trapped into the curved-neck of the flask
- When flask was tilted so broth touches the curved-neck, microbes began to grow
- Discovered anaerobic life and the role of microbes in fermentation
- Developed the "pasteurization" process for beer and wine
- Identified microbes that cause diseases in silkworm
- Developed the first effective vaccine against rabies

Front 7

What did Tyndall do?

Back 7

- Conducted a sealed flask experiment wherein boiled broth in a flask was kept in a box
He let air settle for several days then removed the cork from the flask. After several months there was no microbial growth
- His conclusions were:
1. Spontaneous generation doesn't happen even with untreated/unfiltered air.
2. Air can be sterilized by settling dust particles that carry microbial spores or "seeds"
3. This supported Pasteur's experiment and finally refuted the doctrine of spontaneous generation

Front 8

What did Robert Koch do?

Back 8

- Demonstrated that anthrax in humans and cattle is due to Bacillus anthracis
- First to isolate bacteria in pure culture using the streak plate and pour plate methods
- First to develop an artificial nutrient medium containing agar (solidifying agent) for culturing bacteria
- Identified the TB causing bacterium and developed a staining method for this pathogen
- Involved in isolation of cholera-casing bacterium Vibrio cholorae
- Offered the first Microbiology course in the world (Berlin)
- First to study Malaria, typhoid fever, sleeping sickness
- Established the famous Koch's Postulates (a series of necessary steps to prove that an organism is the true cause of a disease)

Front 9

What did Semmelweis do?

Back 9

First to implement sanitary practices in maternity wards to avoid puerperal fever (in childbirth).

Front 10

What did Lister do?

Back 10

Developed procedures for surgical antisepsis by using carbolic acid to disinfect surgical instruments, bandages, and spraying the operating rooms

Front 11

What did Ehrlick do?

Back 11

- Initiated the search for "magic bullets" or chemicals that target pathogens but spare host tissues
- Discovered Salvastran vs. syphilis
- Father of Chemotherapy

Front 12

What did Fleming do?

Back 12

Discovered penicillin (first antibiotic)

Front 13

What did Avery, McCarty, & McLeod do?

Back 13

Announced that DNA is the hereditary material

Front 14

What did Hershey & Chase do?

Back 14

Demonstrated that the genetic material of viruses is DNA/RNA

Front 15

What did Watson & Crick do?

Back 15

Discovered the structure of DNA

Front 16

What did Holley, Khorana, & Nirenberg do?

Back 16

Developed the genetic code

Front 17

What did Smith, Nathans, & Arber do?

Back 17

Developed restriction enzymes to cut DNA in specific places

Front 18

What are the 6 elements essential to life?

Back 18

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

Front 19

What are the 4 major Organic Bio-molecules?

Back 19

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

Front 20

What are the functions of Carbohydrates?

Back 20

- Main source of energy
- Energy reserve
- Structural support and protection for the cell
- Chemical signals which are important for cellular processes

Front 21

What are the classes of carbohydrates?

Back 21

- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
- Polysaccharides

Front 22

What is the major bond associated with carbohydrates?

Back 22

Glycosidic bond

Front 23

What is the structure of a fatty acid?

Back 23

A long chain of C-H atoms and a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end.

Front 24

What is the function of Lipids?

Back 24

1. Main component of cell membranes
2. Major storage form of energy
3. Precursors of vitamins and hormones
4. Insulation barrier vs. thermal, electrical, and physical shock
5. Protective coatings to prevent infection (e.g. waxes on skin)

Front 25

What are the classes of Lipids?

Back 25

1. Simple Lipids (e.g. Triglycerides)
2. Compound Lipids (e.g. Phosphates and sugars)
3. Derived Lipids (e.g. sterols = hormones, vitamin D, cholesterol)

Front 26

What are proteins?

Back 26

A chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Front 27

What is the composition of an amino acid?

Back 27

Amino acids are composed of at least an amino group (NH2) and one carboxyl group (COOH)

Front 28

How many amino acids are found in nature?

Back 28

20

Front 29

What are the functions of proteins?

Back 29

1. Serve as enzymes, growth factors, and hormones
2. Cellular components and membrane receptors (receive chemical signals from the environment)
3. Primary components of antibodies and interferons (anti-viral substances)
4. Involved in the transport of substances across cell membranes
5. Necessary for movement of flagella, cilia, and muscles
6. Stabilize DNA
7. Serve as toxins (e.g. cholera toxin)

Front 30

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

Back 30

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

Front 31

What are the classifications of proteins?

Back 31

1. Structural proteins
- Contribute the the structure of cells
- No catalytic activities
2. Catalytic proteins
- Speed up chemical reactions without being used up themselves
- Very specific in their action

Front 32

What are the factors affecting enzyme activity?

Back 32

1. Extreme temperature, pH, and ionic (salt) concentration
2. Inhibitors

Front 33

What are the mechanisms for enzyme inhibitors?

Back 33

1. Competitive inhibition
- The binding sites of enzymes are bound preventing the substrate access to the binding sites
2. Non-competitive inhibition
- The inhibitor binds to sites on the enzyme other than the active site thus deforming the shape of the active site

Front 34

What is the structure of Nucleotides?

Back 34

Composed of 5-C sugar, N-containing base, and a phosphate group (e.g. ATP)

Front 35

What is the structure of nucleic acids?

Back 35

A long chain of nucleotides held together by Hydrogen bonds.

Front 36

What are the kinds of nucleic acids?

Back 36

1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
2. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Front 37

What 4 bases are in DNA?

Back 37

Adenine (A)

Thymine (T)

Cytosine (C)

Guanine (G)

Front 38

What are the base pairs in DNA?

Back 38

A-T

C-G

Front 39

What is the shape of DNA?

Back 39

An anti-parallel double helix

Front 40

What is the backbone of DNA composed of?

Back 40

Sugar-Phosphates

Front 41

What are the bases on one side of the DNA strand held to the other side of the DNA strand by?

Back 41

Hydrogen bonds

Front 42

What are the bases in RNA?

Back 42

Adenine (A)

Uracil (U)

Cytosine (C)

Guanine (G)

Front 43

What are the base pairs in RNA?

Back 43

A-U

C-G

Front 44

What is the structure of RNA?

Back 44

Usually a single stranded molecule

Front 45

What is the most predominant organic molecule?

Back 45

Protein

Front 46

What are the characteristics of Prokaryotes?

Back 46

1. Represented by Bacteria and Archaea
2. No nucleus
3. Single celled organism
4. Small size (0.3-10 um)
5. Cell wall contains peptidoglycan
6. Cell division by binary fission
7. No membrane bound cytoplamic organelles
8. Small ribosomes - 70S

Front 47

What are the characteristics of Eukaryotes?

Back 47

1. Represented by Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals
2. A nucleus is present
3. Mostly multicellular organisms (except protists and yeasts)
4. Large size (1-100 um)
5. Cell wall contains Cellulose, chitin, or none in animals
6. Cell division by mitosis, meiosis or both
7. Membrane bound cytoplamic organelles
8. Large ribosomes - *0S

Front 48

What are the parts of a Prokaryotic cell?

Back 48

1. Chromosome
2. Plasmid
3. Inclusion bodies
4. Endospore (only in some bacteria)
5. Ribosomes
6. Pilus
7. Flagellum (in many bacteria)
8. Capsule/Slime layer (collectively called "Glycocalyx")

Front 49

What is the function of a chromosome?

Back 49

It is composed of DNA, some RNA, and associated proteins. DNA is the hereditary material and contains the genetic blueprint of the cell. Prokaryotic chromosome is not enclosed in a membrane (i.e. no nucleus)

Front 50

What is the function of a plasmid?

Back 50

A circular extra-chromosomal (outside the chromosome) DNA in some bacteria. Not a vital part of the cell but may encode genes necessary for survival (e.g. antibiotic resistance)

Front 51

What is the function of inclusion bodies?

Back 51

Some are storage granules containing glycogen (energy reserve). Some are gas vesicles containing air and function as "flotation device" for some aquatic photosynthetic bacteria.

Front 52

What is the function of a endospore?

Back 52

Formed only by some bacteria of the genus Bacillus and Clostridium. Tough material with very little water. Contains many layers of Calcium and dipolinic acid. It can withstand adverse conditions and can survive as long as 100 years. It is regarded as a survival structure rather than a reproductive structure.

Front 53

What is the function of ribosomes?

Back 53

Sites of protein synthesis.

Front 54

What is the function of a pilus?

Back 54

These are thinner and shorter than flagella. There are 2 types. Fimbriae = shorter pili used for attachment to surfaces including host tissues. "F" pilus or conjugation pilus = longer pilus used for DNA transfer from one bacterial cell to another (mating or conjugation)

Front 55

What is the function of a flagellum?

Back 55

In many bacteria, this is the structure for locomotion. Made up of protein "flagellin" and has a wavy structure.

Front 56

What is the function of the capsule/slime layer?

Back 56

Collectively called the "glycocalyx". Made up of carbohydrates (e.g. dextran) and serves as a protective device (e.g. against dessication), trapping of nutrients, and adherence to surfaces.

Front 57

What is a cell wall?

Back 57

In all bacteria (except mycoplasma); Composed of peptidoglycan and maybe lipids (in some).
Served as structural support and protection from bursting due to osmotic pressure.

Front 58

What are the kinds of cell walls?

Back 58

1. Gram-positive - The cell wall is made up of a homogeneous layer of peptidoglycan (60-90% of cell wall)
2. Gram-negative - In addition to a thin layer of peptidoglycan (10-20% of cell wall), there is an outer membrane made up of lipopolysaccharides (also called Lipid A endotoxin)
3. Acid-fast - Aside from the peptidoglycan layer (less than 10% of cell wall), there is a thick layer of lipid (60% of cell wall). Note: Acid-fast bacteria are oftentimes slow growing and fastidious eaters due to the thick layer of lipid that impedes diffusion of nutrients to the cell.

Front 59

What is a cell membrane?

Back 59

The membrane regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
It is the site of DNA attachment during replication in prokaryotic cells.
It is the site of respiration in prokaryotic cells(ATP production)

Front 60

What is the composition of the cell membrane?

Back 60

The main component of the cell membrane is a double layer of phospholipid. There are proteins associated with the membrane that aid in transport, serve as enzymes and chemical signals.

Front 61

What are the members of the kingdom Prokayotae?

Back 61

1. Archaea
- Methanogens
- Extreme Halophiles
- Extreme Thermophiles
2. Bacteria
- Gram-positive Bacteria
- Gram-negative Bacteria
- Cyanobacteria
- Spirochetes
- Mycoplasmas
- Clamydia and Rickettsiae

Front 62

What are the parts of a Eukaryotic cell?

Back 62

1. Pinocytotic vesicles
2. Cilia
3. Microvilli
4. Centrioles
5. Golgi bodies
6. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
7. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
8. Nucleus
9. Mitochondria
10. Lysozome
11. Thylakoid

Front 63

What is a pinocytotic vesicle?

Back 63

It is involved in the movement of substances across cell membrane via invagination (poking in).

Front 64

What is a cilia?

Back 64

It is used for movement (in protists), shorter but more numerous than flagella.

Front 65

What is a microvilli?

Back 65

Minute projections of the cytoplasm. In animals, can be found in blood and lymph vessels.

Front 66

What is a centriole?

Back 66

In animals only, involved in orderly division.

Front 67

What is a Golgi body?

Back 67

It is where the final modification of lipids and proteins occur. It is the packaging, sorting, and distribution center of these materials throughout the cell.

Front 68

What is a smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 68

It is where lipid synthesis occurs.

Front 69

What is a rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 69

The rough appearance is due to ribosomes attached to surface of ER. It is the site of protein synthesis.

Front 70

What is a nucleus?

Back 70

It houses genetic material.
- Nucleolus - contains RNA and proteins
- Nuclear chromatin - contains DNA and proteins
- Nuclear pore - located in the nuclear membrane and allows only certain substances to pass through

Front 71

What is a mitochondria?

Back 71

The "powerhouse" of the cell. It is the site of ATP production. It has it's own circular DNA which is inherited from the mother.

Front 72

What is a lysozome?

Back 72

Found usually in animals, it contains digestive enzymes for degradation of old cell parts, etc.

Front 73

What is a thylakoid?

Back 73

Found in plants, it contains chlorophyll. other pigments, and enzymes needed for photosynthesis.

Front 74

What are the general characteristics of the kingdom protista?

Back 74

1. Mostly unicellular eukaryotes
2. "Dumpsite" for organisms that cannot be classified as plants, animal, or fungi
3. Subdivided into "phylum" based on mode of locomotion

Front 75

What are the members of the kingdom protista?

Back 75

1. Protozoa - animal like protists
a. Sarcodina (Psuedopodia)
b. Mastigophora (1 or more flagella)
c. Sporozoans (Non-motile)
d. Ciliates (Cilia)
2. Algae - Plant like protists cpable of photosynthesis
a. Euglenoids (single flagellum)
b. Diatoms (Non-motile)
c. Dinoflagellates (2 flagella)