Microbiology Test 1

Front 1

Bacterial shapes

Back 1

cocci

bacilli

vibrio

spirilla

spirochete

Hint 1

spheres

rods

curved rods

twisted rods

flexible twisted rods

Front 2

Treponema pallidum

Back 2

gram negative

Hint 2

causes syphilis

Front 3

Cyanobacteria

Back 3

gram negative

Hint 3

photosynthetic

Front 4

Heterocyst

Back 4

found in photosynthetic bacteria

fix N2

Front 5

Streptomyces

Back 5

gram positive

Hint 5

found in soil

grows as branching filaments

Front 6

S

Back 6

Svedberg unit

sedimentation coefficient

Front 7

50 S

Back 7

23S rRNA + 5S rRNA + >30 proteins

Hint 7

large ribosomal subunit

Front 8

30 S

Back 8

16S rRNA + >20 proteins

Hint 8

small ribosomal subunit

Front 9

70 S

Back 9

total prokaryote ribosome

Front 10

Intracytoplasmic membranes

Back 10

increase area for photosynthesis

stacked flattened vesicles/tubules derived from p.m.

Hint 10

photosynthetic bacteria

Front 11

Inclusions

Back 11

discrete granules

Front 12

Storage granules

Back 12

glycogen

PHB

polyphosphate

Hint 12

used as a source of energy/phosphates and a source of atoms for biosynthesis

Front 13

PHB

Back 13

synthesized from acetyl groups

Hint 13

poly(B)hydroxybuterate

Front 14

Polyphosphate

Back 14

nucleotide triphosphate

phospholipids

Hint 14

polymer of phosphate

Front 15

Carboxysomes

Back 15

multiple copies of the same protein and contains sequentially acting enzymes

1) Carbonic anhydrase

2) RuBisCo

Hint 15

selectively permeable polyhedral shell:

O2 cannot enter, CO2 cannot exit, HCO3- can enter

Front 16

In Carboxysomes:

____ is converted into _____ by enzyme one, which is then converted into ______ by enzyme two

Back 16

HCO3-

CO2

G3P

Hint 16

1) Carbonic anhydrase

2) RuBisCo

Front 17

G3P

Back 17

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

Front 18

Carbonic anhydrase

Back 18

converts bicarbonate into CO2

Front 19

RuBisCo

Back 19

converts CO2 into G3P

Hint 19

has a higher affinity for O2, the selectively permeable membrane (of carboxysome) prevents O2 from inhibiting CO2 fixation

Front 20

Gas Vacuoles

Back 20

hollow capped cylinders

Hint 20

regulates buoyancy

Front 21

Magnetosomes

Back 21

crystals of magnetite (fe3O4)

magnetosomes for a chain

Hint 21

direct away from O2 and down toward nutrients

Front 22

Phospholipids

Back 22

fatty acids linked to glycerol by ester bonds

Hint 22

amphipathic

Front 23

Two classes of proteins

Back 23

Integral proteins

peripheral proteins

Hint 23

hydrophobic force

ionic bonds

Front 24

80 S

Back 24

40S rRNA + 60S rRNA

Hint 24

Eukaryotic ribosomes

Front 25

Primary transport systems

Back 25

ATP

Hint 25

ABC transport system

Front 26

Secondary transport systems

Back 26

Ion gradient (H+)

Hint 26

MFS

Front 27

Group Traslocation

Back 27

solute is modified

Hint 27

PTS

Front 28

ABC

Back 28

ATP Binding Cassette

Front 29

ABC transporter system

Back 29

uses ATP to transport solutes across plasma membrane

cellular (capsule) components and antibiotics are exported

Hint 29

SBP + pore + NBD

Front 30

ABC transport protein

Back 30

permease and nucleotide binding domain

Hint 30

integral membrane domain cytoplasmic peripheral domain

Front 31

SBP

Back 31

periplasmic space of gram-and peripheral protein in gram+

Specific solute binding causes shape conformation and can bind to a specific ABC transport protein

Hint 31

solute binding protein

Front 32

NBD

Back 32

hydrolyzes ATP to provide energy for the uptake of solutes

Hint 32

nucleotide binding domain

Front 33

MFS transporter

Back 33

secondary transport system

use H+ ions to transport solutes across plasma membrane

Hint 33

major facilitator super family

Front 34

Lac Y uptake in E. coli

Back 34

MFS symporter

Front 35

Lactose

Back 35

glucose + galactose

disaccharide

Front 36

MFS symporter

Back 36

H+ and solute transported in the same direction

Hint 36

Lac Y protein transports lactose and H+

Front 37

MFS antiporter

Back 37

H+ is transported in the cell and solute transported out

Hint 37

efflux of antibodies

Front 38

Ionophores

Back 38

increases the permeability of the plasma membrane to ions

Hint 38

destroys the proton gradient

Front 39

Gramicidin

Back 39

antibiotics that forms pores in plasma membrane

Front 40

Glycolysis

Back 40

glucose ->

(ATP->ADP) -> glucose 6 P -> 2 G3P -> 2 PEP -> (2 ADP -> 2 ATP) -> 2 pyruvate

Hint 40

Front 41

PEP

Back 41

phosphoenolpyruvate

Front 42

PTS

Back 42

used for uptake of sugars

energy provided by PEP

Hint 42

phosphotranspherase system

Front 43

non-specific proteins for sugar uptake

Back 43

E-I

HPs

Hint 43

in the cytoplasm

Front 44

HP

Back 44

histodine protein

Front 45

E-II A

Back 45

cytoplasm

Front 46

E-II B

Back 46

peripheral

cytoplasmic side

phosphorylation of E-II B causes conformation change in E-II C

Front 47

E-II C

Back 47

permease

integral plasma membrane

Front 48

Iron

Back 48

required for function of enzymes

O2 transoprt

electron transport chain

insoluble in soil

Front 49

Transferrin

Back 49

transports Fe3+ in blood

Front 50

Lactoferrin

Back 50

binds to Fe3+ in tears

Front 51

Chelator

Back 51

an agent that has a high affinity for a metal ion

Front 52

Siderophore

Back 52

iron carrier

Front 53

Fep A

Back 53

integral outer membrane receptor

Hint 53

Iron protein A

Front 54

Ton B

Back 54

integral plasma membrane with periplasmic domain

Hint 54

energy transducer and interacts with Fep A

Front 55

Fe3+ siderophore complex

Back 55

binds to Fep A, transported through the pore and binds to a specific SBP. After going through the ABC an enzyme releases the iron

Front 56

Translocation

Back 56

transportation into the periplasm

Front 57

Secretion

Back 57

released outside the cell

Front 58

Exoenzymes

Back 58

hydrolyse large nutrients outside the cell

Front 59

Protease

Back 59

proteins -> amino acids

Front 60

Lipase

Back 60

triglyceride -> glycerol + fatty acids

Front 61

Cellulase

Back 61

cellulose -> glucose

Front 62

Amylase

Back 62

starch -> glucose

Front 63

Sec system

Back 63

insert proteins into plasma membrane or remove unfolded proteins into the periplasm

Front 64

Signal peptide

Back 64

hydrophobic

slows the folding of preprotein

Hint 64

25 amino acid peptide

Front 65

Preprotein

Back 65

signal peptide + protein

Front 66

Sec B

Back 66

cytoplasmic chaperone protein

inhibits folding

delivers it to Sec A

Front 67

Sec YEG

Back 67

integral pm translocator

uses PMF

Front 68

Sec A

Back 68

inner surface of Sec YEG

ATPase

Front 69

Signal peptidase

Back 69

outer surface of plasma membrane

removes the signal peptide from preprotein

Front 70

T3SS

Back 70

hollow syringe in gram-negative bacteria

Hint 70

type 3 secretion system

Front 71

T4SS

Back 71

used in conjugation

in gram-negative it secretes proteins into the cytoplasm

Hint 71

type 4 secretion system

Front 72

Sex pilus

Back 72

tubular structure attached to the outer surface

T4SS

Hint 72

gram-negative

Front 73

Helicobacter pyloria

Back 73

gram negative helical shaped rod

injects Cag A in stomach epithelial cells

Hint 73

T4SS

stomach ulcers and cancers

Front 74

Gram-positive cell wall

Back 74

peptidoglycan

teichoic acids (plasma membrane)

lipo

Hint 74

30 layers thick

Front 75

Gram-negative cell wall

Back 75

thin peptidoglycan

lipoproteins

Hint 75

Front 76

Glycan chain

Back 76

long chain of two alternating sugars: NAG NAM

Hint 76

Front 77

NAG

Back 77

glucose + amine group + acetyl group

Hint 77

N-acetylglucosamine

Front 78

NAM

Back 78

NAG + lactic acid

Hint 78

N-acetylmuramic acid

Front 79

Pentapeptides

Back 79

N-terminus - L-ala - D-glu - L-lys - D-ala - D-ala - C-terminus

Hint 79

attached to NAMs

Front 80

Peptide interbridge

Back 80

C terminus attached to N terminus of L-lys.

N terminus attached to C terminus of D-ala

Hint 80

Gram-positive

Front 81

L-lys

Back 81

3rd peptide in gram+

diamino acid

amino group on the R group covalently links to C terminus of interbridge

Hint 81

Front 82

Tetrapeptide

Back 82

2nd peptide after interbridge crosslinks are formed

Front 83

Teichoic acid

Back 83

extends through peptidoglycan attached to sugar alcohols attached to NAM

negative surface charge (PO43-) in gram-positive

Hint 83

teichoic + lipoteichoic

polyanionic polymer of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphates

Front 84

Mycobacterium

Back 84

mycolic acids on outersurface makes it hydrophobic

Hint 84

gram-positive rods that dont gram stain well

Front 85

Tuburculosis

Back 85

Mycobacterium tuburculosis

Front 86

Leprocy

Back 86

Mycobacterium leprae

Front 87

Mycolic acids

Back 87

protects against dehydration and slows nutrient uptake

Hint 87

lipids covalently linked to peptidoglycan in gram-p

Front 88

Acid fast stain

Back 88

1) red primary stain - phenol + heat

2) acid alcohol decolorized

3) blue counterstain

Hint 88

acid fast bacteria = red,

non-acid fast bacteria = blue

Front 89

DAP

Back 89

replaces L-lys in gram-

links to R group of peptides directly

Hint 89

diaminopimedic acid

Front 90

Outer membrane

Back 90

inner leaflet = phospholipids

outer leaflet = lipopolysaccharides

Front 91

LPS

Back 91

lipid A

core polysaccharide

O antigen

negative charge of cell from PO43- on core polysaccharides

Hint 91

lipopolysaccharides

Front 92

Lipid A

Back 92

endotoxin

2 glucose amines with phosphates attached to each

6 fatty acids

Hint 92

causes fevers, shock, death

Front 93

Core Polysaccharides

Back 93

several sugars, some phosphorylated

Front 94

O antigen

Back 94

polysaccharide of repeating sugars

Hint 94

negative charge on gram-

Front 95

Mg2+

Back 95

divalent cation that neutralize phosphate charges on Lipid A and excludes hydrophobic molecules

Front 96

EDTA

Back 96

divalent cation chelator to gram-

destroys outer membrane and releases periplasmic contents

Front 97

Bile salts

Back 97

hydrophilic group + cholesterol = amphipathic molecule

can emulsify phospholipid membrane

Hint 97

inhibits growth of gram+

Front 98

Porins

Back 98

trimers

B barrel

hydrophilic R group in pore

outer membrane functions as sieve

Hint 98

periplasmic proteins cant get out, exogenous proteins cant get in

Front 99

Non-specific porins

Back 99

any small -philic molecules pass freely

Front 100

Specific porins

Back 100

constricted channel with several amino acids with charged R group

Hint 100

charged + for phosphate porin in E. coli

Front 101

Lipoproteins

Back 101

phospholipid leaflet of outer membrane

C-terminus is covalently linked to DAP

anchors to peptidoglycan

Front 102

Mycoplasm

Back 102

no cell wall

smallest autonomously growing species

polymorphic

Front 103

Walking Pneumonia

Back 103

Mycoplasm pneumoniae

Front 104

UDP

Back 104

nucleotide diphosphate

cytoplasmic

assembly of peptidoglycan subunits

Hint 104

uridine diphosphate

Front 105

Bactoprenol phosphate

Back 105

55C lipid + PO43-

hydrophobic hydrocarbon in plasma membrane

moves NAG NAM pentapeptide into periplasm

Front 106

Autolysins

Back 106

periplasmic enzyme

breaks covalent bond btw NAG + NAM in glycol chain

breaks peptide crosslinks in peptidoglycan

Hint 106

enables insertion of new subunits so peptidoglycan can grow

Front 107

Transglycosylase

Back 107

covalently links NAG NAM to glycan chain

Front 108

Transpeptidase

Back 108

breaks terminal D-ala - D-ala bond, uses energy to form new peptide bond btw terminal D-ala tetrapeptide and amino group of DAP

Hint 108

covalently links peptides(transpeptidation)

Front 109

Bactoprenol diphosphate

Back 109

flipped across plasma membrane with NAG NAM pentapeptide.

loses phosphate when flipped back

Front 110

Bacitracin

Back 110

prevents dephosphorilation of bactoprenol diphosphate

Hint 110

stops peptidoglycan synthesis

Front 111

Penicillin

Back 111

size of 2 amino acids

blocks active site of transpeptidase

Hint 111

autolysins continue and cell lyses

Front 112

Ampicillin

Back 112

penicillin + amino group = ionized and positive charge

can cross outer membrane of gram-

Front 113

Vancomycin

Back 113

large

stops transpeptidation by binding to pentapeptide

Hint 113

autolysins continue

Front 114

Lysozyme

Back 114

120 amino acid enzyme

hydrolyses bonds of NAG NAM

Hint 114

found in tears, saliva, lysosomes

Front 115

isotonic solution

Back 115

15% sucrose

Front 116

Protoplast

Back 116

cell w/o cell wall

cell rounds up

can still grow

Front 117

Spheroplasts

Back 117

fragmented peptidoglycan

cell rounds up

can still grow

Hint 117

gram-negative

Front 118

Hypertonic solution

Back 118

protoplast or spheroplast will lyse

Front 119

Capsule / Slim layer

Back 119

sticky polysaccharides

seen with negative stain

attachments to surfaces (biofilms)

hydrophobic, prevents desication

inhibits phagocytosis

Front 120

Biofilms

Back 120

group of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other on a surface

Front 121

Capsules

Back 121

adhears to cell tightly

Front 122

Slim layer

Back 122

not as organized

or tightly attached to cell

Front 123

Leuconostoc

Back 123

gram-positive cocci

LAB

capsule composed of dextran

capsule is used as plasma volume expands

Front 124

LAB

Back 124

lactic acid bacteria

Front 125

Dextran

Back 125

branched polymer of glucose

Front 126

Xanthomonas

Back 126

gram-negative rod

capsule is heteropolysaccharide

xanthan gum

Front 127

Xanthan gum

Back 127

food stabilizer and thickener

Front 128

S layer

Back 128

sheet of tetragon/hexagonal proteins

adhears to outer membrane (gram-) and peptidoglycan (gram+)

under capsule/slim layer

Hint 128

excludes large molecules, allows teichoic acid and O antigen to poke through

Front 129

Bdello vibrio

Back 129

aquatic gram-negative

polar flagellum

Front 130

The attack of the of the Bdello vibrio

Back 130

1) prey is gram- w/o S layer

2) flagella bores through outer membrane with enzymes

3) damages plasma membrane and leaks cytoplasmic contents

4) grows into long filaments and divide into individual cells

Hint 130

cytoplasmic contents provide energy and nutrients

unusual method of replication

the prey is lysed and Bdellovibrio are released

Front 131

Fimbriae / Pili

Back 131

multiple subunits of proteins arranged in a helix fiber by hydrophobic force and noncovelent bonds

with an adhesive protein at the tip

Hint 131

thin filaments located all over the cell

adheres to cell or surfaces

Front 132

Chaperone / Usher system

Back 132

chaperone prevents assembly in the periplasm

usher complex assemble fimbriae

Hint 132

helps build fimbriae from the proximal end
uses Sec to pass the p.m.

Front 133

Sex Pilus

Back 133

filament composed of multiple protein subunit

larger in diameter and longer than finbriae

Hint 133

used in conjugation to overcome electrostatic barrier btw cells

copy of plasmid is transferred from donor to recipient using T4SS

Front 134

F plasmid

Back 134

genes for the synthesis of sex pilus and T4SS

Hint 134

in E. coli

Front 135

Conjugation

Back 135

two bacterial cells come together in a temporary fusion to transfer genetic material

Front 136

Monotrichous

Back 136

one polar flagella

Front 137

Peritrichous

Back 137

multiple flagella all over

Front 138

Flagella components

Back 138

Basal body + hook + filament

Front 139

Basal body

Back 139

hollow central rod + 4 protein rings

Front 140

L ring

Back 140

associated with the LPS

Front 141

P ring

Back 141

associated with the peptidoglycan

Front 142

MS ring

Back 142

inserted in the plasma membrane

(M=membrane, S=surface)

Front 143

C ring

Back 143

on the cytoplasmic side of MS ring,

indirectly attached to rod

made of multiple copies of fli proteins

Front 144

Fli proteins

Back 144

fli G, M, N

Hint 144

C ring

Front 145

Mot proteins

Back 145

motor proteins

surrounds the MS ring

Mot A and Mot B form proton channel

Front 146

Mot A

Back 146

anchors the Mot A/Mot B complex to the peptidoglycan

Front 147

Mot B

Back 147

forms proton channel w Mot A

Front 148

Hook

Back 148

short curved sleeve that connects to the rod of the basal body and filament

Front 149

Flagella filament

Back 149

semirigid hollow helical filament made of multiple copies of flagellin

Front 150

Flagellin

Back 150

synthesized in the cytoplasm

transported through hollow core of rod and attaches to distal end

Front 151

Stater

Back 151

stationary

use PMF to turn router

produces a conformation change in Mot proteins

Hint 151

Mot proteins

Front 152

Router

Back 152

rotation of C ring turns MS ring, attached rod, hook, and filament

Hint 152

C ring

Front 153

Bushings

Back 153

a structure that constrains moving mechanical parts

protects peptidoglycan and outer membrane

Hint 153

P ring, L ring

Front 154

Counterclockwise

Back 154

default setting

hook bends, filaments form rotating bundle

Hint 154

run

Front 155

Clockwise

Back 155

undoes the bundle of filament

cell stays in the same area

random direction

Hint 155

tumble

Front 156

Influences movement

Back 156

frequency of run/tumble

# of tumbles

random changes in direction

length of run

Front 157

Lipoteichoic acids

Back 157

Attached to the phospholipid of the plasma membrane

Hint 157

Glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate