Microbiology Test 1

Front 1

Microbiology

Back 1

the study of living things that individually are too small to be seen with the natural eye

Front 2

2 types of microorganisms

Back 2

1. prokaryotes
2. eukaryotes

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prokaryotes

Back 3

no nucleus
shapse: Bacillus, coccus, spiral

ex=
bacteria
archea- don't cause disease. produce gases

Front 4

eukaryotes

Back 4

have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

ex=
protozoa
fungi
plants
animals

Front 5

when did Microbiology begin

Back 5

1673-1723

Front 6

first to see Eukaryote cells
and when

Back 6

Robert Hook 1665

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Robert Hook

Back 7

first to see eukarotic cells 1665
proved that all living things are comprised of cells = CELL THEORY

Front 8

first to observe microorganisms
when

Back 8

Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1673

Front 9

cell theory

Back 9

all living things are composed of cells

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spontaneous generation

Back 10

1600-1860
belief that some forms of life could spontaneously arise from non-living matter

not true

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Francesco Redi

Back 11

1668
strong opponent of Spontaneous generation

2 jars with a piece of meat in each
1 jar unsealed - maggots appeared
1 jar sealed- no maggots appeared

demonstrated that maggots appear on decaying meat only when flies are able to lay eggs on the meat

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Louis Pasteur

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1860
disproved spontaneous generation
proved that microorganisms are present in the air.

Front 13

Pasteurization

Back 13

way to keep products from spoiling by heating product enough to kill and harmful bacteria

proof of biogenesis

used in some alcoholic beverages and milk

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biogenesis

Back 14

1858
living cells come from other living cells

Ruldolf Virchow

Front 15

who introduced Biogenesis
when

Back 15

Rudolf Virchow
1858

Front 16

Golden Age of Microbiology
dates and major establishments

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1857-1914- explosion of discoveries in Microbiology
began with Pasteur
Robert Koch

discovered that bacteria caused disease
immunology
found connection between food spoilage and microbes
connection between disease and microbes

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The Germ Theory of Disease

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1865- Pasteur

idea that microorganisms cause disease

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Ignaz Semmelweis

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1840
identifies that physicians who did not disinfect hands transmitted diseases from one patient to another

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Joesph Lister

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1860
applied the germ theory to the medical practice
treated surgical wounds with Phenol (a toxic disinfectant) to kill bacteria
greatly reduced deaths from surgery

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Robert Koch

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1876
proved that bacteria caused disease
developed Agar plate
wanted to find the cause of anthrax in cattle.

Koch's Pastulates

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Koch's Postulates
(Koch's experiment)

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1. examined the blood of dead cattle and found a rod-shaped bacteria (bacillus anthracis) in the blood of cattle who died from Anthrax

2. cultured the bacteria
3. injected the cultured bacteria into healthy cattle
4. the healthy cattle now became sick and dies
5. later found that same bacteria in the blood

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Cholora

Back 22

bacteria
disease/ sickness caused by drinking contaminated water

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Edward Jenner

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1796
found that injecting people with Cowpox would protect them from getting smallpox

first time that a living viral agent was used to produce immunity
vaccination

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immunity

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the protection from a disease provided by vaccination or by recovering from the disease itself.

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chemotherapy

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using chemicals for medical treatment

synthetic drugs- prepared from chem in the lab
or
antibiotics- chems produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms

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Paul Ehrlich

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1910
used salvarsan to treat Syphilis

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Alexander Flemming

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1928
discovered a mold that inhibited bacterial growth
mold = penicillum
discovered antibiotic Penicillin

Front 28

Microbiology

Back 28

the study of living things that individually are too small to be seen with the natural eye

Front 29

2 types of microorganisms

Back 29

1. prokaryotes
2. eukaryotes

Front 30

prokaryotes

Back 30

no nucleus
shapse: Bacillus, coccus, spiral

ex=
bacteria
archea- don't cause disease. produce gases

Front 31

eukaryotes

Back 31

have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

ex=
protozoa
fungi
plants
animals

Front 32

when did Microbiology begin

Back 32

1673-1723

Front 33

first to see Eukaryote cells
and when

Back 33

Robert Hook 1665

Front 34

Robert Hook

Back 34

first to see eukarotic cells 1665
proved that all living things are comprised of cells = CELL THEORY

Front 35

first to observe microorganisms
when

Back 35

Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1673

Front 36

cell theory

Back 36

all living things are composed of cells

Front 37

spontaneous generation

Back 37

1600-1860
belief that some forms of life could spontaneously arise from non-living matter

not true

Front 38

cell structure of Prokaryotes

Back 38

no nucleus
have DNA
no organelles
cell wall with Peptidoglycan
reproduce by Binary Fission

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bacteria are differentiated by 4 ways

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1. morphology (shape)
2. Chemical composition
3. nutritional requirements
4. source of energy (sunlight or chemical)

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basic shapes of bacteria
5

Back 40

coccus (berries)
bacillus (rods)
spiral
spirochete (long spiral)
vibrius (curved rod)

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bacterial cell arrangements
3

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diplo- pairs
strepto- chains
staphylo- clusters

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Gram negative cell envelope

Back 42

outer membrane- made of glycocalyx
thin cell wall (peptidoglycan layer)
cell membrane

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Gram + cell envelope

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thick peptidoglycan layer
no outter membrane
slightly stronger than gm-

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capsule

Back 44

type of outer membrane of gm- cells that is firmly attached to the cell wall
functions:
contributes to virulence
protects bacteria from phagocytosis
attachment
protects against dehydration

smooth capsule causes disease
rough without a capsule does not capsule disease

Front 45

slime membrane

Back 45

type of gm- outer membrane that is loosely attached to the cell wall

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5 structures found outside of Bacteria cell wall

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1. capsule
2. flagella
3. Axial filaments
4. fimbraie
5. pili

Front 47

Extracellular polysacchrides

Back 47

EPS
part of some capsules
used for attachment
ex= streptococcus mutans (plaque- given sucrose they will attach to teeth)

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Flagella

Back 48

used to propel bacteria by spinning
found in Gm+ and Gm-

proteins= H antigen

Front 49

4 arrangements of flagella

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monotrichous- single flagella
amphitrichous- one on each end
lophotrichous- 2 or more on ONE end
peritrichous- flagella all over (e.coli)

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Fimbriae

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smaller than flagella
can have hundreds per cell
used for attachment
Neisseria gonnorrhoeae
e.coli (food poisoning)
Syphilis

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bacteria that causes Syphilis

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Treponema pallidum

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Axial Filaments

Back 52

similar to flagella
formed on spirochetes
corkscrew movements
ex= syphilis and Lyme disease

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bacteria that causes Lyme Disease

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Borrelin burgalorferi

Front 54

Pili

Back 54

longer than fimbriae
usually 1-2 per cell
used for DNA transfer between two cells
e. Coli

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Functions of the cell wall
3

Back 55

prevents cell from rupturing
helps maintain cell shape
contributes to cell's virulence

Front 56

Gram + cell walls
and examples

Back 56

contains lipoteichoic acid (negative charge affects virulence)
thick peptidoglycan
ex= streptococcus - most dangerous pathogens

Front 57

Gram - cell walls
and examples of Gm- diseases

Back 57

thin peptidoglycan layer
periplasm- fluid filled space between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane
outer membrane contains lipopolysacchrides
no teichoic acids
no peptide cross links
endotoxins
common examples=
e.coli, salmonellae and other food poisonings

Front 58

lysozyme

Back 58

defense protein/ enzyme in tears
digests and destroys peptidoglycan
Gm+ cells are easily killed by Lysozyme
means that most eye infections are caused by Gm- cells

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smallest bacteria

Back 59

Mycoplasm
does not have a cell wall

Front 60

cytoplasmic membrane

Back 60

aka plasma membrane/ inner membrane
all cells have this
made of a phospholipid bi-layer + proteins
functions:
ATP production
break down of nutrients and compounds

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cytoplasm

Back 61

substance inside the plasma membrane
80% water
contains primarily proteins/enzymes, carbohydrates , lipids and inorganic molecules

major structures in the Cytoplasm
DNA
Ribosomes
storage bodies

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plasmids

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often found in bacteria
small circular, double stranded DNA molecules

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Ribosomes

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main function= protein synthesis
can have thousands per cell

prokaryotic ribosomes = 70S
eukaryotic ribosomes = 80S

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endospores

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help cells survive harsh conditions
only some cells have this

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metabolism

Back 65

sum of all chemical reactions within a cell/ living organism

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2 types of metabolic chemical reactions

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1. catabolism
2. anabolism

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catabolism

Back 67

breakdown of complex organic compounds
releases energy that drives anabolism

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anabolism

Back 68

the building of compounds
requires energy (source is from catabolism)
ex= protein synthesis and any kind of synthesis

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Enzymes

Back 69

proteins that catalyze a chemical reaction
speed up a chemical reaction without being consumed
(10^8- 10^10 times faster)

the function of an enzyme is closely related to the shape

name usually ends in -ase

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turnover number

Back 70

maximum number of substrate molecules an enzyme converts to product each second

= how quickly an enzyme works

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coenzyme

Back 71

an organic cofactor of an enzyme
ex= vitamins

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apoenzyme

Back 72

the protein portion of an enyme
inactive by itself

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haloenzyme

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apoenzyme + cofactor
a whole, active enzyme

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4 factors that influence enzyme activity

Back 74

1. temp- inactive at low temp
high temps can denature proteins and stop reaction

2. pH

3. substrate concentration - max rate that an enzyme can work

4. inhibitors-
competitive (fill the active site)
or
non-competitive ( interact with another part of the enzyme)

Front 75

Ribozyme

Back 75

RNA molecule that acts like an enzyme

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3 methods of ATP generation

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1. substrate-level phosphorylation

2. Oxidative Phosphorylation - involves the ETC and chemiomosis

3. Photophorylation-
light energy to ATP

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carbohydrate catabolism

Back 77

the breakdown of carbohydrate molecules to produce energy
2 processes
cellular respiration
fermentation

Front 78

Cellular respiration

Back 78

all eukaryotes, many prokaryotes

molecules are oxidized (lose electrons)

FEA is almost always an inorganic molecule

bacteria can carry this out without needing Oxygen

2 types for bacteria
aerobic- requires oxygen (all eukaryotes)
anaerobic- does not require oxygen

Front 79

Fermentation

Back 79

requires Glycolysis ONLY

produces only a small amount of ATP
oxygen is not necessary

uses an organic molecule as final electron acceptor

Alcohol fermentation produces alcohol and CO2 as the waste products

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ATP yield (highest to lowest)

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1. Aerobic respiration (36-38 ATP)
2. Anaerobic respiration (2-38 ATP)
3. Fermentation (2 ATP)

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Pasteur

Back 81

disproved spontaneous generation
proved that microorganisms are present in the air (1860)

Front 82

avirulent

Back 82

something that can no longer cause disease

Front 83

Problems with antibiotics

Back 83

many are toxic
with overuse, bacteria can become resistant
cna kill normal/good bacteria in the body

Front 84

2 men who discovered the structure and replication of DNA
when

Back 84

1953
James Watson
Francis Crick

Front 85

gene therapy

Back 85

inserting a missing gene or replacing a defective gene in human cells

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E. Coli 0157-H7

Back 86

Gm- cell

found in fecal matter of warm blooded animals
causes food poisoning

Front 87

oxidation

Back 87

loss of electron(s)
gives a positive charge

Front 88

reduction

Back 88

gain of electrons
gives a negative charge

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glycolysis

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splitting of sugar
oxidizes sugar
does not require Oxygen but can occur when Oxygen is present

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phototrophs

Back 90

require light as their source of energy

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chemotroph

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require chemicals for source of energy

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autotrophs

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use CO2 as their source of Carbon

Front 93

heterotrophs

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require organic carbon as their source of Carbon

Front 94

what is a Photoautotroph

Back 94

require light as a source of energy
require CO2 as their Carbon source

Front 95

what is a chemoheterotroph

Back 95

require chemicals for energy source
require organic Carbon as their source of Carbon