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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DNA replication in eukaryotes |
bidirectional multiple origins of replication (ori) |
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DNA replication in prokaryotes |
bidirectional -single origin of replication (ori) -2 forks -oposite directions |
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DNAa protein |
how is ori selected????? -binds DNA in ori |
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DNA polymerase |
catalyzes DNA synthesis in 5' to 3' direction for replication |
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template, dNTPs, primer with OH group (usually RNA) |
what does DNA polymerase need for replication |
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SSB |
single stranded DNA binding proteins for replication |
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DNA primase |
priming DNA with RNA primer for replication |
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helicase |
breaks H bonds for replication |
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DNA topoisomerase II |
aka DNA gyrase -unwinds DNA, cuts one DNA and passes the other through gap -seals gap -target for quinolone antibodies -for replication |
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RNA pol I |
removes primers and fills in for replication |
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ligase |
sealing enzyme for replication |
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RNA pol |
core and sigma factors -opens and unwinds DNA for transcription |
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sigma factors |
proteins, direct core to promoters |
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rifampin |
antibiotic that targets bacterial RNA polymerase |
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shine delgarno sequence
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important role in aligning RNA in transcription |
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terminator |
DNA sequence that encodes RNA stem loop structure, causes RNA pol release DNA sequence that encodes RNA pol to pause |
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rho |
after terminator sequence, this protein catches up and causes RNA pol release |
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sensor kinase and response regulator |
bacteria use this two component signal transduction system to control gene transcription in response to their environments |
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sensor kinase |
embedded into plasma membrane -responds to change in environment -autophosphorylation using ATP in response to signal at histidine bacterial transcription |
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response regulator |
in cytoplasm -phosphorylated..binds to promoter region bacterial transcription |
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eukaryotic transcription |
in nucleus -3 RNA pol -transcription factors -TATA box -RNA splicing to remove introns -capping and tails |
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TATA box |
promoter element in eukaryotic transcription |
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5' cap |
methylguanosine added to 5' end in eukaryotic transcription |
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polyadenylation |
adenine NTs added at the 3' end (tail) |
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translation |
synthesis of polypeptide directed by mRNA synthesis -requires ribosomes and energy in the form of ATP and GTP |
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bacterial ribosome |
2 subunits -- 30S and 50S |
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30S |
21 proteins and 16S rRNA |
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50S |
34 proteins and 23S and 5S rRNA |
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sedimentation coefficient |
what does s stand for in 30S and 50S |
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23S |
peptidyltransferase -ribozyme -catalyzes the peptide bond joining of AA in translation |
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16S |
aligns mRNA with ribosome -has sequence complementary to shine delgarno sequence of mRNA |
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ribesomes |
site of protein synthesis |
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codon |
3 nucleotides 64 of these 61 specify specific AAs (sense) 3 are stop (nonsense) |
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degenerate |
code is ___. multiple codons can encode the same AA |
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AUG (met) |
start codon |
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UAA UGA UAG |
stop codons you fkn dumb ass |
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tRNA molecules |
convert language of mRNA into protein -clover leaf shaped -2 functional regions |
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3' end and anticodon |
2 functional regions of tRNA |
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3' End |
synthetase enzyme attaches an AA here (ATP required) in tRNA |
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anticodon |
complementary to codon in mRNA |
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initiation |
translation 1. shine delgarno sequence hybridizes with 16S rRNA of ribosome 2. tRNA with formethylionine binds to start codon in P site |
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elongation |
translation 1. tRNA and AA binds to A site 2. peptide bond joins AAs 3. ribosome moves 1 codon along mRNA 4. empty tRNA moves from P to E |
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tetracycline |
inhibits tRNA and AA binding to A site |
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release factors |
cleave and release polypeptide in termination step of translation after stop codon |
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prokaryotes |
transcription and translation couple in _____ |
