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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Epidemiology
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the study of disease in populations
the frequency, distribution, and determinants develop ways to prevent, control or eradicate diseases |
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Most Common Types of HAI's
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UTI's
Surgical wound infections lower respiratory infections bloodstream infections |
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Patients most likely to develop HAI's
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elderly
women in labor/delivery premature infants/newborn surgical & burn patients patients receiving treatment with steroids immunosuppressed patients who are paralyzed/catheterized |
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Medical asepsis
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includes all precautionary measures necessary to prevent transmission of pathogens
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Surgical asepsis
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measure used to eliminate all microbes from an area
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standard precautions
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used for the care of all hospitalized patients
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handwashing
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the most important and most basic technique in preventing and controlling infection
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gloves
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must be worn when touching blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, and contaminated items
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masks, eyewear, and gown
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activities that are likely to generate splashes/sprays of blood/body fluids/secretions/excretions
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Transmission-based precautions
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additional precautions beyond standard precautions
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airborne precautions
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airborne droplet nuclei; or dust particles containing a pathogen. <5micrometers dia.
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Droplet precautions
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droplets >5micrometers dia. containing microorganisms can travel short distances through air
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contact precautions
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patient known or suspected to be infected with pathogen that can be transmitted via direct or indirect contact
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Infection Control Committee
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suveillance and epidemiologic investigations
prevent/control transmission manage facilities infection control program communicate w/public/staff/govt. |
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Clinical Microbiology lab in Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control
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moniter types and numbers of pathogens isolated
notify if an unusually high number of common pathogens are detected process samples collected from affected wards |
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Clinical Specimens
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samples of patient's tissue or fluid that are analyzed by the laboratory to aid in diagnosing disease
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Proper specimen collection
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correct specimen type
choose collection site obtained prior to antimicrobial therapy proper collection technique sufficient quantity correct transport conditions collect into sterile container label accurately and completely correct temp/atmos sealed secondary container |
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blood specimens
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blood is usually sterile
carefully and thoroughly disinfect skin and bottles blood culture bottles: nutrients, aerobic and anaerobic promptly transport to lab; do not refrigerate |
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urine specimens
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picks up normal flora on way out
midstream clean-catch analyze within 30 min. or refrigerate and analyze in 24hrs. colony count procedure |
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colony count procedure
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dip callibrated loop into urine
streak over agar plate incubate at 37C count bacterial colonies # of colonies on plate / volume of loop (mL) UTI = CFU>100,000/mL |
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wound specimen
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should be aspirated not swabbed
always indicate the type of wound infection |
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GC cultures: genococci
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vaginal, urethral, cervical, throat, and rectal swabs
must use Dacron, calcium alginate, or non-toxic cotton innoculated immediately onto enriched selective medium incubate in CO2, never refrigerate |
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communicable disease
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transmissible from one human to another
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contagious disease
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a communicable disease that is easily transmissible from one person to another
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incidence
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number of new cases of disease during specified time period (morbidity rate)
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prevalence
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number of people who have the disease at a given time
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period prevalence
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number of cases in a specific time
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point prevalence
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number of cases at a particular moment
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mortality rate
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ratio of people who died during a specific time
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sporadic disease
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one that occurs only occasionally within the population of a particular geographic area
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endemic disease
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diseases that are always present within the population of a particular geographic area
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epidemic
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greater than usual number of cases of a disease in a particular region in a short period of time
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pandemic
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disease that is occurring in epidemic proportions in many countries simultaneously
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chain of infection
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pathogen
reservoir portal of exit mode of transmission portal of entry susceptible host |
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carrier
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a person who is colonized but pathogen is not causing disease
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passive
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carry pathogen without ever having desease
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incubatory
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capable of transmitting disease during incubation period
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convalescent
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can transmit pathogen while recovering
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active
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completely recovered, but can harbor and transmit
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zoonoses
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animal carriers
direct contact, inhalation, ingestion, or injection |
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vectors
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carriers that are arthropods
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formite
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inanimate objects on which pathogens can live and by which they can be transmitted
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strategies for breaking the chain of infection
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eliminate or contain the reservoirs
prevent contact at exit pathways eliminate means of transmission block entry pathways reduce susceptibility of new hosts |
