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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Immunity |
Is the ability of the body to protect us from diseases caused by microorganisms and or their products |
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Immunity is also called |
Resistance |
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Lack of immunity |
Susceptibility |
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Susceptibility |
Lack of immunity |
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What are the two types of immunity |
1. Innate immunity 2. Acquired or adaptive immunity |
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Present at birth |
Innate immunity |
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Not microbe specific |
Innate immunity |
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Always present |
Innate immunity |
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Innate immunity qualities |
Present at birth Not microbe specific There is no memory component Always present |
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Must be acquired for each microbe |
Acquired immunity |
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Microbe specific |
Acquired immunity Response to antigens |
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Mediated by antibodies and t-cells |
Acquired immunity |
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Slower to respond and has memory component |
Acquired immunity |
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Acquired immunity Response |
Must be acquired for microbe Microbe specific Mediated by antibodies and t-cells Slower to respond and has memory component |
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Immunology |
The study of the second and third lines of defense |
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Second line of defense |
Innate |
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Third lines of defense |
Acquired and adaptive immunity |
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Primary function of a healthy immune system |
- surveillance of the body - recognition of foreign material - attack and deconstruction of foreign material |
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What is whole blood made of |
Blood cells suspended in plasma |
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Whole blood |
Liquid tissue that courses through the arteries, veins, and capillaries |
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Serum |
Is like plasma except that it is separated from clotted blood |
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Leukocytes |
Cells of the immune system that fight infection by phagocytosis |
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Leukocytes include |
Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophiles Monocytes |
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Neutrophils |
Phagocytic and motile active in initial stages of infection |
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Basophiles |
Active in inflammation and allergic response |
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Eosinophiles |
Destroy large eukaryotic pathogens such as helminths and fungi |
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Monocytes |
Mature into macrophages which are phagocytic for microbes and dispose of worn out red blood cells |
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Types of lymphocytes |
T-cells B-cells |
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Tcells |
Function in cellular immunity |
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Bcells |
Function in humoral immunity (antibodies) |
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Platelets |
Required for blood clotting and function in inflammation |
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Erythrocytes |
Rbc Do not have nucleus and carry oxygen |
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Innate immune cells |
Leukocytes - basophiles - Eosinophiles - monocytes |
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What factors influence the efficacy of the defense mechanisms |
1. Nutrition 2. Physiology 3. Age 4. Genetics |
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What are the indirect factors that influence the efficacy of the defense mechanisms |
1. Person hygiene 2. Socio-economic status 3. Living conditions |
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Physical and mechanical defenses |
1. Skin 2. Mucous membranes 3. Respiratory tract 4. Gastrointestinal tract 5. Genitourinary tract |
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What helps prevent the over growth of pathogenic microorganisms |
Normal flora |
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Fusobacterium |
1. Anaerobic 2. Non-spore forming 3. Gram negative |
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Where does fusobacterium reside |
1. Orthopharynx 2. Intestine/colon |
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What does Fusobacterium cause if it becomes overpopulated |
1. Gingivitis 2. IBD/ ulcerative colitis |
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Linked to colorectal cancer |
Fusobacterium |
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Chemical mediators |
1. Cationic peptides 2. Bacteriocins 3. Complement 4. Cytokines |
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Types of cationic peptides |
1. Cathelicidins 2. Defensins 3. Histatin |
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Chemokines |
Promote chemotaxis |
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Interleukins |
Produced by leukocytes and act on other leukocytes |
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Interferons |
Produced in response to viral infections |
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Colony stimulating factors |
Stimulate growth and differentiation of leukocytes |
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Types of cytokines |
1. Chemokines 2. Interleukin 3. Interferon 4. Colony stimulating factors |
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IL 1 target |
1. Macrophages 2. T cells 3. B cells 4. NK cells |
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antibodies are made by |
t-cells and or B-cells |
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sources of antigens |
Exogenious, endogenious, autoantigens |
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Exegenious antigen |
tissues in the extracellular space secrete toxic products are extracellular bacteria - infect tissues |
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endogenous antigen |
inside of the cell fungi/protazoa viruses |
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autoantigen antigen |
self made
if recognized by t or b- cells causes an autoimmune disease - immune system attacks own cells |
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what is an epitope |
small piece of the actual antigen itself where the t-cell or b-cell binds |
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where would you find an epitope? |
on an antigen |
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what is valence? |
the number of epitopes on an antigen |
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Why are antigens with higher valence better at stimulating an immune response
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they have more open areas for antibodies t- cells that identify that one antigen |
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what is a hapten |
a small molecule that, when combined with a larger carrier such as a protein, can elicit the production of antibodies that bind specifically to it (in the free or combined state).
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how can hapten trigger an immune response? |
hapten can trigger an immune response by binding to a carrier molecule and each time the person is exposed the immune response becomes bigger penicillin - urticaria : itchy, raised rash\ urisol - poison ivy |
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What is the function of MHC/HLA? |
MHC and HLA are cell surface markers attached to "self" and lets the anitbodies know no to damage the "self" cells |
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On what types of cells would you find MHC Class I?
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Class 1 are used to classify self on every cell that is nucleated (everything but red blood cells) |
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On what types of cells would you find MHC Class II?
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Specific cell surface marker. On immune cells only |
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Why does mistyping of blood cause the complement system to lyse the red blood cells?
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Blood types contain antibodies, O blood has both antibodies A and B, AB blood has no antibodies, A blood has B antibodies, and B blood has A antibodies. Thus putting B blood in an A blood person would cause lysing of the B blood |
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How do endogenous and exogenous antigen processing differ?
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the MHC class I binds with the antigen in the ER and moves through the secretory pathway while the MHC class II is secreted from the ER through the Golgi into the phagolysosome back through the cytoplasm and then advertises an the phagocytic cells as an antigen presenting cell |
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Describe the process of endogenous antigen processing using the terms: endogenous antigen, cytoplasm, TAP, endoplasmic reticulum, secretory pathway, Golgi, proteasome, MHC Class I.
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The endogenous antigen binds with the MHC class I which then enters into the proteasome and is chopped up which then the chopped up pieces enter the ER through the TAP and the small fragment of the antigen will bind with the MHC class I and is secreted to the surface through the secretory pathway. The secretory pathway goes from the ER to the golgi to the cytoplasm to the surface of the cell |
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Describe the process of exogenous antigen processing using the terms: exogenous antigen, cytoplasm, phagocytosis, cell membrane, phagolysosome, MHC Class II, endoplasmic reticulum.
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The exogenous antigen is absorbed into the cytoplasm of the cell to be phagocytized and while the exogenous antigen is being phagocitized the MHC class II starts off in the ER then moves through the Golgi into the phagolysosome then binding with the pieces of exogenous antigen and moves through the cytoplasm to the surface of the cell |
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How do T-cells develop?
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Lymphoid stem cells leave the bone marrow and reach the thymus gland via the bloodstream. At this stage of development, these cells lack surface antigens that make up the TCR complex and do not express the CD4 or CD8 coreceptor |
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What markers are used to identify t-cells?
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CD4 and CD8 |
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What is a T-cell receptor?
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bind antigens that are displayed by Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) on their MHCs |
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What is a T-cell receptors function? |
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