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77 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Bacterial Meningitis
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Sympt. = fever, headache, stiff neck -> nausea/vomiting -> coma
Dx = gram stain of CSF Rx = cephalosporins |
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Haemophilus influenzae
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type of bacterial meningitis
2-7% of cases, 6% mortality aerobic, gram - , encapsulated normal biota of throat. type b (HIB) important* - infant vaccines given at age 2 |
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Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus)
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bacterial meningitis
15-40% of cases, mortality 10% aerobic, gram - coccus, encapsulated normal throat biota, Types A, B,C |
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
(pneumonococcus) |
bacterial meningitis
30-50% of cases mortality - 25-30% *mostly hospitalized patients and young children areobic, gram + coccus, encapsulated normal throat biota |
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Listeriosis
(listeria monocytogenes) |
*bacterial infection can lead to meningitis
found in animal feces adult cases are asymptomatic unless immunocompromised can infect fetus from placenta infection from food or unpasteurized milk **can grow at refrigerator temperatures |
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Tetanus
(clostridium tetani) |
(bacterial infection)
anaerobic, endospore forming gram + rod found in soil/fecal waste infected self sealing puncture wound *endospores are the source of infection |
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Tetanus exotoxin
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neurotoxin binds to nerve cells of CNS - terminate relaxation pathway ->uncontrolled muscle contractions
opisthotonus - congruent back and stomach muscle contracture, back muscles stronger then stomach, patient bent backwards |
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Botulism
(clostridium botunlinum) |
(bacterial infection)
anaerobic, endospore forming, gram + rod, found in fresh water and soil toxin - neurotoxin prevents action potentials to muscles, blocks release of acetylocholine, flaccid paralysis -> death by respiratory or cardiac failure 3 types: food- just intoxication, infant- grows inside of body due to lack of intestinal microbiota, wound - anaerobic wound |
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floppy baby syndrome
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infant botulism- flaccid paralysis, can be treated with antitoxin and antiboitics
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Mouse protection assay
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used to determine toxin type and treatment -inject mouse with suspect botulism patient serum.
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Hansen's Disease / Leprosy
(Mycobacterium Leprae) |
(bacterial infection)
Gram +, acid-fast rod, grows in PNS, 30 C preferred temp (extremities are colder) 12 day generation time, never been grown on artificial media, armadillos are a good host. kills phagocyte cells incubation period - months to years. transmitted through nasal secretions or intimate contact. need months to years of exposure |
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Types of Hansen's Disease
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1. Tuberculoid (neural) form - immune system in tact, numbing or nodules
Lepromatous (progressive form). intercellular parasite, body can't fight it because it is inside the cell, destroys bone, nerves, cells in PNS |
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Poliomyelitis
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Poliovirus -
transmitted by fecal-oral route through h20 virus infects throat and small intestine. enters blood (viremia)-> can cross capillary walls into CNS -> <3s nerve cells esp. upper motor neurons. virus X inside cells and kills neurons. paralysis (1/100 infections) ->leads to death from respiratory failure prevented: 1. salk (inactive polio vaccine) IPV Sabin - (oral polio vaccine OPV - live) |
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Rabies
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Virus - rhabdovirus causing acute encephalitis - almost always fatal
after bite, virus multiplies in skeletal muscle and moves from PNS to CNS paralytic- lethary stupor, isolation furious rabies - agitated, bite, inability to swallow, lots of saliva |
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Rabies steps
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1. virus enters tissue from saliva from bite
2. virus replicates in muscle near bite 3. virus moves up PNS to CNS 4. Virus ascends through spinal cord 5. Virus enters brain - encephalitis 6. virus enters salivary glands and other organs of victim |
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Arboviral encephalitis
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(arthropod borne viruses) - caused mostly by mosquitos. birds horses are common reservoirs.
prevention based on mosquito control |
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Cryptococcus neoformans
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fungal disease - yeastlike with huge capsule, in soil and pidgeon droppings,
inhale pathogen -> lung infection in immunocompromised host, enters blood, spread to brain and meninges, chronic pregressive meningitis -> often fatal |
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African Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
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protozoal disease -- flagellate protozoa transmitted by the bite of the tsetse fly -> trypansosomes trasmitted to human via vector -> in blood the CSF -> brain infection, coma, death
evades immune system via changes in surface antigens |
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Amoebic Meningoencephalitis
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protozoal disease - free living amoeba that lives in water. its an asending infection that goes through the cribform plate to the brain and causes a fatal infection.
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Prions
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self replicating proteins - no dna or rna
- normally function as helpful for myalin sheaths for a healthy brain when bad cause: slow degeneration of brain with no fever or inflammation --- plauges and holes (spungiform encephalopathy) |
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septicemia
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proliferation of microorganisms in the blood
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lymphangitis
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inflamed lymph vessel visible a red streak under skin
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sepsis
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toxic condition that results from septicemia, usually gram - rods.
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septic shock
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life threatening drop in blood pressure usually resulting from gram - sepsis ( endotoxic shock)
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puerperal sepsis (puerperal fever)
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"childbirth fever" streptococcus pyogenes infection of uterus following infection from childbirth or abortion
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endocarditis
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inflammation of the endocardium - lining of the heart - bacterial disease
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Subacute and Acute endocarditis
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subacute bacterial endocarditis - slowly developing infection of endocardium at a site of preexisting damage or valve caused by mouth and throat microbiota
acute - rapidly progressive, infection caused by staphylococcus aureus |
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Pericarditis
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inflammation of sac around heart (pericardium) bacterial disease
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Rheumatic fever
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automimmue complication of streptococcus pyogenes infection pharyngitits (strep throat) immune response directed against M protein deposited in heart and joints. Body attacks own cells that have Strep. M protein creates autoimmune response.
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Tularemia "Rabbit Fever"
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francisella tularensis, bacterial disease small gram - rod, lives inside leukocytes. can be transmitted through vectors such as deer tick -> can cause ulcers at infection site -> lymph node fills will pus and enlarges, if not contained an lead to septicemia, pneumonia and abscesses throughout the body.
bio-terrorism agent. |
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Anthrax
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Bacterial disease - bacillus anthracis - aerobic gram + endospore forming rod. found in grazing animals from endospores in soil.
humans can get it through animal skins, infected meat, cutaneous anthrax- forms pustule and can lead to septicemia - necrotic lesions called eschar (black) gastrointestinal pulmonary anthrax- woolsorters diease, pneumonia septicemia creates a widespread mediastinum |
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Gangrene
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not communicable- bacterial disease, ischemia necrosis (interruption of blood supply resulting from a wound and death of tissue). substances released from dead cells act as food for microbactera and there is no blood cells to fight off infection. Clostridium (gram +) this bacteria ferments glucose and produces CO2 and H2 gas and swell tissue - gas gangrene.
bacteria then release enzymes that kill surrounding tissue and rendering them anaerobic- death if untreated. |
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Pasteurella multocida
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systemic disease (from bite/scratches) most common, gran - in mouths of cats and dogs -> causes severse swelling, pain septicemia
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Plague (Yersinia pestis)
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gram - rod, enzootic in wild rodent populations, (prairie dog, ground squirrels)
flea feeds on infected rodent, becomes infected, gut becomes blocked, next animal it bites it regurgitates bacteria on next host. Host gets a pustule with bacteria and it gets into the blood. Fever and large lymph nodes enlarge. (buboes) bubonic plague (mortality 50-75%) if untreated. septicemic plague (mortality 90-95%) carried to blood and lungs. Secondary pneumonic plague - mortality 100%, transmitted by aerosol to another person - primary pneumonic plague - direct contact. can die in 48 hours |
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Malaria (Plasmodium vivax)
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no 1. cause of death among infectious disease worldwide.
can cause clumping of RBC in capillaries, death of kidney and liver tissue, can't get to the spleen, can infect brain, lifelong infection. Hemolysis of red blood cells makes you sick. Malaria is treatable. sexual and asexual cycle |
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Schistosomiasis (flukes)
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Helminthic disease - inhabit bloodstream for part of their life cycle. eggs spread by blood, in tissues make defensive rxn im host -> damage to liver, lungs. urinary bladder and brain
1. adults lay eggs 2. eggs reach body of water (by feces) 3. eggs hatch into free swimming larvae 4. Infect snail 5. reproduce in snail (intermediate host) 6. carcariae are released from snail 7. penetrate human skin, loses tail 8. caracriae travel through circulatory system - matures into adult |
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Strep throat (streptococcal pharyngitis)
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Caused by S. Pyogenes (Group A beta-hemolytic)
60-70% of acute pharyngitis is cased by various virus not strep throat. -> can lead to SCARLET FEVER: erythrogenic toxin, rash "strawberry tongue" leads to a risk for heart disease. is a problem because strep M protein is dumped into blood system and attaches to the endocardium and synovial joints and the body creates immune response. |
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Diphtheria (corynebacterium diphtheriae)
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gram + rod, causes airway obstruction and produces an exotoxin that damages the heart and kidneys. very potent toxin.
infects throat, produces tough gray membrane composed of fibrin, dead tissue, bacteria cells, can block air passage. fatal if untreated. Prevent with DTaP vaccine and Td (diphtheria toxoid) cutaneous diphtheria, comes from direct contact - localized tissue damage but not lethal. |
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Otitis Media (Middle ear infection)
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Upper respiratory tract microbiota pass through auditory tube, cause infection. (mostly s. pneumoniae and H. influenzae)
kids get it more, because short auditory tube and the tube is more horizontal (adults heads are longer). can put tympanostomy tubes to prevent membrane rupture. |
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Common Cold (Upper respiratory infection)
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- caused by several different virus - caused by mostly rhinovirus 50% (lots of different types) coronaviruses 20% most common) as one ages they acquire immunity to specific viruses.
interferons - sent out to surrounding cells to prevent infection from spreading IgA also helps |
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Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
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Bordetella pertussis - gram - cocobacillus, attaches to ciliated cells and destroys them. toxin enters bloodstream -> systemic disease.
currently a recurrence of this in Oregon - DPT boosters |
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Tuberculosis (TB)
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3 types: Mycobacterium bovis: <1% not transmitted from human to human... reason for pasteurization
mycobacterium avium-intracellulare: infects people with late stage HIV infection Mycobacterium tuberculosis: rod, acid-fast, cell wall contains lipids, resistant to drying and chemicals, multiplies inside machrophages, trans. from human to human. can be transmitted through aerosol -> without close contact. droplets stay suspended in air. their small size let them get to the alveolar sacs. 3 million deaths per year. |
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TB Pathogenesis *
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1. TB reach alveoli of lung are ingested by macrophages. no symptoms of disease.
2. TB multiply in macrophages - cause a chemotactic response that brings more machrophages and defense cells to area. form a surrounding area tubercle - macrophages cannot destroy bacterium completely and they release cytokines and enzymes that cause lung inflamation 2. after weeks, disease symptoms appear, many of the macrophages die, releasing TB -> forming caseous center in tubercle. can become latent and lesions can become calcified. 4. in some, disease symptoms appear as mature tubercle, caseous center enlarges called liquification, forms air filled tb cavity aerobic tb multiply outside of macrophages. 5. liquefaction continues until the tubercle ruptures - bacilli spill into bronchiole, disseminated throughout lungs and then to circulatory system and lymphatic system. |
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Bacterial Pneumonias
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(i.e. streptococcus pneumoniae, pneumococcus pneumonia) encapsulated gram + diplococcus
Normal URT microbiota - when enter alveoli and enter pleural cavity blood and meninges. bacterial lobar - infects portion of lung hemophilus influenzae pneumonia: normal URI> invades lungs - alcoholism, poor nutrition, cancer, diabetes, smoking, predispose. mycoplasmal pneumonia: do not have cell walls, walking pneumonia, low grade fever, headache |
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Viral Pneumonia:
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caused by several diff. viruses. can result as a complication of measles, influenza, chiceknpox. interstitial pneumonia - diffuse infiltrate -> painful and could be life threatening but not as much as bacterial. predisposing factor for bacterial pneumonia.
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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
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most common cause of viral respiratory disease in infants - 4500 deaths per year in US. but all children get infected by age 2.
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Influenza (flu)
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Types A,B,C
-all have a segmented genome. lipid envelope, (H Ag) has to deal with attachment and also an (N Ag) spikes on capsid. Influenza A identified by variation of H and N spikes antigentic shifts- body has no immunity - shift occurs from co-infection of a species by two subtypes. When replication occurs there is a mixing of cells and hybrid molecule results. all influenza virus' originate in birds. pigs who had swine flu got the flu from people. abrupt onset, chills, fever, headache, muscle aches, retroobital pain, URT infeciton may spread to lungs and cause viral or bacterial pneumonia. |
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Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)
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Hantavirus(es) - aquired by dried rodent droppings, urine or saliva. causes fever, muscle, pain, fatigue, sometimes with headaches, dizziness, vomiting or diarrhea. After 4-10 days, coughing and shortness of breath followed by life threatening pneumonia in healthy people
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Pneumocystis Pneumonia
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Pneumocycstis jiroveci probably a fungus. commonly found in healthy lungs, cases disease in immunosuppressed patients.
forms thick walled off cysts - interacystic bodies -> these rupture and cna develop into a motile trophozoite -> reproduce by fission or sexually and cause new cysts. top 2 or 3 leading causes of deth from AIDS |
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Dental Caries (tooth decay)
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300 species of bacteria on or around the teeth
- pellicle: thin film of proteins from saliva coating tooth dental plaque: accumulation of microbes and their products tooth decay - streptococcus mutans (gram +) attaches to pellicle > this converts sugars esp sucrose to dextran plaque and lactic acid destroys tooth enamel > bacteria penetrate to interior of tooth > dentin> pulp> roots> apical abscess steps in tooth decay: 1. Plaque formation 2. Decay in enamel 3. advanced decay 4. decay in dentin 5. decay in pulp 6. apical abscess |
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Periodontal Disease
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conditions resulting from infm. and degeneration of tooth support structures
gingivitis- inflm. of gums periodontitis- inflm. of periodontal pockets caused by porphyromonas (anerobic gram - rod) infection and destruction of bons and gingevae. boney structure removed, tooth falls out. |
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Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivtis (trench mouth)
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prevotella inetermedia,
white red band runinng along gingiva. red dots and dilated blood vessels. spread by oral secretions |
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Staphylococcal Food Poisoning
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enterotoxicosis, intoxication (not infection) caused by ingesting s. aurus enterotoxin produced in food.
1. food is cooked and bacteria is removed 2. contamination occurs and grows against no competition 3. organisms incubate in food 4. food containing toxins are eaten 5. in one to six hours, intoxication occurs |
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shiellosis (bacillary dysentery)
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gran - rod causing mild to severe dysentery: grow in small intestine, exotoxins produced, causes diarrhea, blood mucus in stool. person-to-person transmission. can be transmitted by water.
1.enteres epithelial cell 2. multiples inside cell 3. invades neighboring epithelial cells thus avoidng immune defenses 4. abscess forms as epithelial cell killed by infection |
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Salmonella
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salmonellosis (salmonella gastroenteritis) gram - rod, 2,000 sterotypes - pathogenic. infects intestinal mucosa, usually stops but can enter lymphatic or blood system
salmonella enteric fever (typhoid fever) salmonella thyphi: virulent pathgen transmitted from person-person. X in phagocytic cells, spread to blood, 1-3% infected become chronic carriers in gallbladder. transmitted by food or reptiles |
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Cholera
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grows in small intestine, exotoxin producing, rice water stools, can cause shock collapse and death from dehydration.
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E. Coli gastroenteritis
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most e.coli strains are non-pathogenic. 0157:H7 is a bad one.
most common cause of travelers diarrhea. strains are enteroinvasive can invade mucosa and cause fever, dysentery. enterohemorrhagic strains cause hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremia syndrome (HUS- blood in urine/kidney failure) |
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campylobacter gastroenteritis
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most common cause of foodborne illness in Us. from poultry or beef causes fever, vomiting diarrhea or dysentery
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H. Pylori Peptic stomach ulcer
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Helicobacter pylori is responsible for most peptic ulcers, bacteria can grow in a highly acidic environment. produces urease, and converts urea to ammonia, neutralizes acid and raises stomach pH.
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Mumps
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viral disease of GI tract - painful swelling of parotid glands. transmitted by saliva or respirator secretions. infection of testes,ovaries, meninges and pancreas. MMR vaccine
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Norovirus
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norwalk agent causes major epidemics of 'stomach flu' - direct contact through food transmission
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Rotavirus
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mainly infects mall children, gi virus, diarrhea and vomitting persisting for 1 week. most common cause of viral gastroenteritis
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Viral Hepatitis
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inflamation of the liver. most common are cased by A B C D E
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Tapeworms
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(cestodes) - taenia and diphyllobothrium. from ingested beef pork or fish containing larae in muscle. adults hatch and attac to intestinal wall by suckers, worm grows by producing new segments that release eggs into feces.
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Tapeworms
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(cestodes) - taenia and diphyllobothrium. from ingested beef pork or fish containing larae in muscle. adults hatch and attac to intestinal wall by suckers, worm grows by producing new segments that release eggs into feces.
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Hydatid Disease
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caused by tapeworm echinococcus granulosus. humans ingest infected dog feces... for GIANT cysts in liver and brain and stuff.
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Flukes
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trematodes - infect lung liver blood, require intermediate hosts, and have complex lifestyles.
asexual and sexual reproduction. paragonimus wetermani - a lung fluke goes from lungs -> feces -> eggs in water -> free swimming hatchling -> infect snail -> reproduce asexually -> leave snail and go to crayfish -> matures -> crayfish eaten by human and p. westermani develops into adult and restarts cycle |
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Roundworms
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(nematodes) enterobius vermicularis - worm migrates out of anus to produce eggs
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Hookworms
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eggs in feces develop into larvae -> penetrate through intact skin and travels to the lungs via blood or lymph -> worm passes through thrachea into throat and is swallowed -> attaches to small ntestine, feeds on blood and tissue -> can cause anemia
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Ascariasis
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ascaris lumbricodides eggs shed in a persons feces, then ingested by another person -> eggs hatch in upper intestine, larvae pass into blood then to lungs -> up throat -> swallowed to intestines
adult worms can wander out anus mouth or nose. |
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Urinary bacterial disease
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infection of urethritis ->bladder (cycstitis) - ureters to kidneys (pyelonephritis) 25% untreated cases
cystitis most caused by e. coli then staph. saprophyticus - more in girls pyelonephritis: 75% from e.coli |
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gonorrhea
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male: symptomatic - urethritis/ discharge.
female: asymptomatic for cervix but can cause reproductive problems and PID symp in both: arthritis, meningitis, endocarditis |
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Chlamydial infection
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most common in us. causes NGU in males, cervix symptoms in females and PID
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syphilis
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treponemapallidum - capable of penetrating intact skin or mucous membranes.
stages: 1. primary syphilis: chacre, small hard-bodied lesion at site of infection. bacteria enter blood and spread through lymph. secondary: skin rashes, hair loss, malise, fever latent period - 2-4 years without symptoms tertiary syphilis: gummas of organs. causes birth defects |
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Bacterial vaginosis
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BV - vaginal infection w/o inflammation can be caused by fungus, bacterium or protozoan
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Genital herpes:
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herpes simplex virus 2 HSV-2 - 44 million infected in US. Vesticular rash -> latent infection in nerve ganglia-> periodic occurrence in 90% individuals
bad ffx to babies |
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genital warts
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Condyloma acuminata - HPV 60 types only some associated w/ cervical cancer.
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