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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a population of cells that are genetically identical
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clone
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all the genes present in a cell or virus
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genome
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one set of genes
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haploid
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two sets of genes
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diploid
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the specific set of genes an organism possesses
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genotype
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the collection of characteristics of an organism that an investigator can observe
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phenotype
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DNA is copied by a process called ___________.
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replication
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What is the genetic material of cells?
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DNA
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What is a DNA segment ath encodes a polypeptide, an rRNA, or a tRNA?
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gene
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When are genes expressed?
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when the information they encode is transcribed
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What directs the synthesis of proteins?
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mRNA mlcs
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What is the process called when the decoding of the mRNA information occurs?
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translation
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What is DNA composed of?
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purine and pyrimidine nucleosides that contain the sugar 2-deoxyribose and are joined by phosphodiester bridges
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Describe the structure of DNA.
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double helix consisting of two chains of nucleotides coild around each other
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The purine ____1____ on one strand of DNA is always paired with the pyrimidine ___2____ on the other strand, while the purine ____3____ is always paire with the pyrimidine ___4___. the two strands are said to be ____5____.
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1. adenine (A)
2. thymine (T) 3. guanine (G) 4. cytosine (C) 5. complementary |
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The two polynucleotide chains are antiparallel. What does this mean?
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their sugar-phosphate backbones are oriented in opposite directions
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How does RNA differ from DNA? Give 3 differences.
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1. It is composed of the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose
2. It contains the pyrimidine uracil (U) instead of thymine. 3. Usually consists of a single strand that can coil back on itself, rather than two strand coiled around each other |
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Name the three types of RNA.
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1. ribosomal (rRNA)
2. transfer (tRNA) 3. messenger (mRNA) |
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Describe DNA replication and how it is semiconservative.
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Each strand of DNA is conserved, but the two strands are separated from each other and serve as templates for the production of another strand, according to the base-pairing rules
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The areas of the DNA mlc where the strand separation occurs and the synthesis of new DNA takes place
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replication fork
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Consists of an origin of replication and the DNA that is replicated as a unit from that origin
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replicon
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A mode of DNA replication in which the replication fork moves around a circular DNA molecule, displacing a strand to give a tail that is also copied to produce a new double-stranded DNA
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rolling-circle mechanism
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responsible for DNA unwinding
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helicases
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Enzymes that change teh structure of DNA by transiently breaking one or two strand in sch a way that it remains unaltered as its shape is changed; relieves tension generated by unwinding
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topoisomerases
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What helps to keep the singled strands of DNA apart?
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Single-stranded DNA binding proteins (SSBs)
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A special RNA polymerase that synthesizes a short RNA primer, usually around 10 nucleotides long, complementary to the DNA
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primase
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On the leading strand, sythesis is ___1___, while on the laggin strand, a series of fragments are generated by ___2___ synthesis
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1. continuous
2. discontinuous |
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What do DNA ligases do?
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join the DNA fragments to form a complete strand of DNA
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How many proteins are required to replicate the E. coli chromosome?
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30 proteins
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What is the rate of DNA synthesis in procaryotes?
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750-1000 base pairs per second
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