Micro Test 2

Front 1

1. 2 basic cell types
2. eukaryotic cells are found where? nucleus?
3. prokaryotic cells are found where (2types)? nucleus?
4. what structures are essential to the functions of the prokaryotic cell?
5. Archaea is more closely related to

Back 1

1. eukaryotic and prokaryotic
2. animals, plants, fungi, protists/ yes
3. bacteria and archea/ no
4. cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, some chromosomes
5. eukarya instead of bacteria

Front 2

1. where does archea like to live?
2. what are the 2 major groups of appendages? what are they used for?
3. what is a glycocalyx?
4. what are the 3 parts of the flagella?
5. function of the flagella

Back 2

1. in extreme habitats in nature (extremophiles)
2. flagella and axial filaments (motility) and fimbrae and pili (attachment or channels)
3. a surface sugar coating
4. filament, hook, basal body
5. motility

Front 3

1. what part of the flagella is the stack of rings that are firmly anchored in the cell
2. what part of the flagella is the curved sheath?
3. what is the long thin structure that is composed of flagellin?
4. what flagellar arrangment has flagella at both ends of the cell?
5. what flagellar arrangement has a single flagellum at one end?

Back 3

1. basal body
2. the hook
3. filament
4. amphitrichous
5. monotrichous

Front 4

1. what flagellar arrangement has small bunches emerging from the same site
2. what flagellar arrangment has flagella dispersed over surface of the cell
3. when a bacteria needs a chemical stimuli it is called
4. light stimuli?
5. which way does the flagella move in order for the bacteria to go forward?

Back 4

1. lophotrichous
2. peritrichous
3. chemotaxis
4. phototaxis
5. counterclockwise

Front 5

1. what produces cellular motitlty by contracting and imparting twisting or flexing motion
2. what kind of bacteria use axial filaments
3. what is the fine, hair-like bristles from the cell surface? function?
4. what is the pili's function?
5. 2 types of glycocalyx?

Back 5

1. axial filaments
2. spirochetes
3. fimbrae; adhesion to other cells and surfaces
4. join bacterial cells for partial DNA transfer (conjugation)
5. slime layer (loosely organized) and capsule (highly organized, tightly attached

Front 6

1. function of the glycocalyx
2. what is the purpose of a cell wall?
3. what is the primary component in cell walls
4. how thick in the Gram (+) sheath of peptidoglycan?
5. What does the gram (+) cell wall also have? what are their function?

Back 6

1. protect cells from dehydration, inhibit kiling from WBC formation of biofilms
2. determines cell shape and prevents lysis or collapsing
3. peptidoglycan
4. 20-80nm thick (very thick)
5. teichonic acid and lipotrichoic acid; cell wall maintenance and enlargement during cell division

Front 7

1. how is the gram (-) wall different than the gram (+) wall?
2. what does the outermost layer contain?
3. Where is the peptidoglycan layer?
4. where is the periplasmic space?
5. in the wall, what may function as receptors and blocking the immune response and also may become toxic when released during infection?

Back 7

1. it is composed of an outer membrane like the cell membrane bilayer and a thin peptidoglycan layer.
2. lipopolysacchrides and lipoproteins (LPS) and porin proteins (regulate molecules in an out of cell)
3. at the bottom
4. above and below the peptidoglycan
5. endotoxin

Front 8

1. what makes up the lipopolysaccharides in the outer layer of a gram (-) wall? which part is toxic?
2. how many periplasmic spaces are there in the gram (-)? gram (+)?

Back 8

1. O-antigen, core polysaccharides, and Lipid A; lipid A
2. 2; 1

Front 9

1. what is the chemical composition of gram (+), gram (-)
2. which one has an outer membrane?
3. which bacteria wall is the most penetrable?
4. when gram (+) bacteria has a cell wall that contains mycolic acid (cord factor) what happens? how do u diagnosis infections with these organisms?

Back 9

1. peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, lipoteichoic acid; LPS, lipoprotein, peptidoglycan, porin proteins
2. gram (-)
3. gram (+)
4. pathogenicity and high degree of resistance to certain chemiclals and dyes.; acid fast stain

Front 10

1. if a bacteria has no cell wall how is it stabilized?
2. what is a characteristic of this type of bacteria?
3. when a gram (+) lose their cell wall during their life cycle, the L form is called..gram (-)?
4. the cell membrane is called the ____ structure.. function?
5. the cytoplasm is made of? function?

Back 10

1. sterols in cell membrane
2. pleomorphics
3. protoplast...spheroplast (the outer membrane is still intact
4. fluid mosaic.. site for energy reactions, nutrient processing, transport into and out of the cells
5. 70-80% water; serves for material used in all cell functions

Front 11

1. the most single, circular, doublestranded DNA is __
2 the dense area that has the DNA is called__.
3. under normal circumstances, the DNA is in what shape?

Back 11

1. chromosome
2. nucleiod
3. tightly coiled

Front 12

1. what si the small ciruclar DNA?
2. purpose?
3. ribosomes are made up of.
4. how does prokaryotic and eukarayotic ribosomes differ?
5. purpose of ribosomes

Back 12

1. Plasmids?
2. duplicated and passed on the offspring; not essential for bacterial growth, used in genetic engineering
3. ribosomal RNA and protein
4. size
5. protein synthesis

Front 13

1. what type of ribosomes does bacteria have?
2. what is the purpose of inclusions? ex?
3. internal network of protein polymers are called
4. the formation of endospores is called; purpose?
5. when a bacteria returns to vegetative growth, that is called

Back 13

1. 70S
2. intracellular storage bodies, glycogen
3. cytoskeleton
4. sporualation; protection of infromation-dormant, NOT a means of reproduction.
5. germination

Front 14

1. Bacillus anthracis causes
2. clostridium tetani causes
3. clostridium botulinus causes
4. when bacteria is spherical, they are
5. when bacteria is rod shaped, they are

Back 14

1. anthrax
2. tetanus
3. botulism
4. coccus
5. bacillus

Front 15

1. when bacteria is very short and plump they are called
2. when bacteria is gently curved then they are called
3. when bacteria is helical, comma, twisted rod w/flagella they are
4. when bacteria is spring-like they are
5. what does strepococcus mean?
6. what does the tetrad mean?
7. what does sarcina mean?

Back 15

1. coccobacillus
2. vibrio
3. spirillum
4. spirochete
5. a chain of round bacteria
6. 4 stuck 2gether
7. a cube shape 8-64 cells

Front 16

1. classification based on genetic infromation is called
2. how many major subgroups are there ?
3. a collection of bacterial cells that share an overal similar pattern of traits is called
4. a subspecies that can show diff in antigentic make up is called? diff in susceptibilty to bacterial viruses?
5. what type of bacteria uses photosynthesis and can make required nutrients from inorganic compounds (ex)

Back 16

1. phylogenetic
2. 5
3. species
4. serotype, phagetype
5. photosyntheic (cyanobacteria and green and purple sulfer bacteria)

Front 17

1. what type of pigment does cyanobacteria use?
2. what type of pigment does green and purple sulfur bacteria use?
3. example of a obligate intracelluar parasite

Back 17

1. chlorophyll
2. bacteriochlorophyll; DOESNT GIVE OFF OXYGEN!!!!!
3. rickettsias and chlamydias

Front 18

1. rickettsia rickettisii causes
2. rickettsia typhi causes
3. chlamydia trachomatis causes
4. chlamydia pneumoniae causes
5. where does staphylococci live?
6. how are they arranged?
7. Gram ?
8. what do they have? dont have?

Back 18

1. rocky mountain spotted fever
2. endemic typhus
3. eye infection and STI
3. lung infections
5. skin and mucose membranes
6. round cells in irregular clusters
7. positive
8. capsules; spores and flagella

Front 19

1. how does S. aureus grow?
2. optimum temp?
3. how is s. aureus resistant?
4. what does coagulase do?
5. hyaluronidase?
6. staphylokinase?
7. DNase?
8. lipase?

Back 19

1. large, round colonies
2. 37
3. withstands high salt and extremes in pH and temp (VERY RESISTANT)
4. coagulates plasma and blood
5. digests connective tissue
6. digest blood cells
7. digests DNA
8. digest oils which enhances colonization on the skin

Front 20

1. what does hemolysins do?
2. leukocidin?
3. enterotoxin?
4. exfoliative toxin?
5. toxic shock syndrome? (caused by staph aureus)

Back 20

1. breaks red blood cells
2. breaks phagocytes (2 types:neurophils and macrophages)
3. induce gastrointestinal distress
4. separates the epidermis from the dermis
5. induces shock (fever, vomiting, organ damage)

Front 21

1. the carriage rate of S. aureus in humans is
2. its found mostly where?
3. what is MRSA?
4. what can invade the skin through wounds, follicles or glands?
5. 4 types?

Back 21

1. 20-60%
2. nose.... skin
3. meticillin resistant staph aureus
4. localized cutaneous infection
5. impetigo, carbuncle, furuncle, folliculitis

Front 22

1. what infection is a boil?
2. what infection is a bubble like swelling that can break and peel away?
3. what infection is a larger and deeper lesion created by aggregation and interconnection of a cluster of furuncles?
4. what infection is a superfilcial inflamation of the hair follicle

Back 22

1. furuncle
2. impetigo
3. carbuncle
4. folliculitis

Front 23

1. what systemic infection is established in the metaphysis where an abscess forms
2. what systemic infection is where the primary origin is bacteria from another infected site or medical devices? ex?

Back 23

1 osteomyelitis
2. bacteremia

Front 24

1. what toxigenic disease is when toxemia that lead to shock and organ failure?
2. what toxigenic disease is when the toxin induces bright red flush, blisters then the shredding of outer layers of the skin
3. what toxigenic disease is when the ingestion of heat stable enterotoxins, gastrointestinal distress
4. how can staph be isolated?

Back 24

1. TSS
2. staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
3. food intoxication
4. from pus, tissue, urine and blood

Front 25

1. describe host defense
2. describe adaptive immunities
3. to protect the body against pathogens, the immune system relies on what
4. the functions of a healthy functioning immune system is
5. a group of cells of the immune system fighting foreign material

Back 25

1. present at birth and provide non specific resistance to infection
2. specific and must be acquired
3. physical barriers, immunologically active cells and variety of chemicals
4. surveillance, recognition and destruction
5. WBC

Front 26

1. molecules shared by microorganisms
2. receptors on WBC's for PAMPS
3. what are the general activites of phagocytes
4. 2 major types of immunity cells
5. what type of molecules interact with those cells?

Back 26

1. pathogen-associated patterns
2. pathogen recognition receptors
3. to survey tissue compartments, ingest and eliminate these materials, to extract info from foreign matter to help for recognition later
4. B and T lymphocytes
5. antigen

Front 27

1. 2 features that characterize specific immunity
2. what does the b-cell look like?
3. what is at the end of the forks/
4. what type of T cell is the most prevalent type of cell and regulates immune reaction to antigens
5. What T cell destory foreign or abnormal cells
6. what cells lack speificity

Back 27

1. specificity and memory
2. 4 polypeptide chains, 2 identical heavy ones and 2 light (y shaped arrangement)
3. antigen binding sites (2 types: variable and constant)
4. T helper cells
5. cytotoxic T cells
6. natural killer cells

Front 28

1. what is a superantigen?
2. what do they do?
3. what is it called when immune individuals will not harbor the bug and it reduces the occurrence of pathogens

Back 28

1. form of a virulence factor of certain microbes
2. provoke overwhelming immune response by large numbers of T cells
3. herd immunity

Front 29

1. what is passive immunity?
2. what is it called when you are deliberately exposed to a material that is not antitenic but not pathogenic
3. what does cell-mediated immunity require?
4. sensitized T cells proliferate into

Back 29

1. when ur injected w/ the antibodie of someone else
2. active immunity
3. the direct involvement of T lymphocytes
4. long lasting memory T cells