Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what is puerperal sepsis
|
an infection of the uterus in which many women got before 1848 until Ignatz Semmelweis found a way to prevent it
|
|
|
what is sterilization
|
the destruction of all forms of microbial life, including endospores
|
|
|
what is commercial sterilization
|
the destruction of the endospores of Clostridium botulinum in canned food, but not necessarily all endospores.
|
|
|
what is disinfection
|
the destruction of growing pathogens
|
|
|
what is antisepsis
|
the destruction of growing pathogens on living tissue
|
|
|
what is degerming
|
the removal of microbes from a limited area, such as injection sites on skin
|
|
|
what is sanitization
|
the lowering of microbes on eating and drinking utensils to safe levels
|
|
|
what is germicide
|
a chemical that rapidly kills growing cells but not necessarily endospores
|
|
|
what is bacteriostasis
|
a condition in which bacterial growth and multiplication are inhibited, but the bacteria are not killed
|
|
|
what is asepsis
|
the absence of microorgansims from an object or area what is
|
|
|
what is sepsis
|
the presence of bacterial contamination
|
|
|
what is denaturation
|
the destruction of the shape of a protein by antimicrobial species to kill the microbe
|
|
|
what are critical items
|
instruments that penetrate skin or mucous membranes that have great potential for causing an infection so they must be clean and sterile
|
|
|
what are some physical methods for controlling microbial growth
|
high temperatures, low temperatures, desiccation, filtration, osmotic pressure, radiation
|
|
|
what is the thermal death point
|
the lowest temperature that will kill all of the microbes in a liquid suspension in 10 minutes
|
|
|
what is thermal death time
|
the minimum time it takes to kill all the microbes in a liquid suspension at a set temperature
|
|
|
what is the decimal reduction time
|
the time it takes to kill 90% of a microbial population at a set temperature
|
|
|
what is autoclaving
|
the application of moist heat in the form of steam under pressure in a close device called an autoclave
|
|
|
what is pasteurization
|
the mild heating of beverages or food to kill pathogens and vegetative microbes that cause food to spoil
|
|
|
what does lyophilization do
|
removes water directly from a frozen solution by sublimation under a vacuum
|
|
|
what is plasmolysis
|
creating a hypertonic environment that draws water out of microbial cells causing their cytoplasm to shrink
|
|
|
what is particulate radiation
|
the release of high speed subatomic particles by decomposing atoms in some natural elements and cathode ray tubes
|
|
|
Electromagnetic radiation
|
energy without mass that is given off as waves by decomposing atoms in stars and some natural elements
|
|
|
what is ionizing radiation
|
high energy radiation that dislodges electrons from molecules creating unstable ions
|
|
|
how do chemical anti-microbial agents kill microbes.
|
by damaging their cytoplasmic membrane, proteins, DNA or cell walls
|
|
|
What are antimicrobics
|
semi-synthetic antibiotics and synthetic chemicals that are used to control microbial growth in the body of a host
|
|
|
what is the current standard for evaluating the efficacy of disinfectants
|
use-dilution method
|
|
|
what is the use-dilution test
|
use rings and dump them in bacteria cultures and place in dilutions of disinfectants and test to see if microbes are still present
|
|
|
what is filter paper disk diffusion methods
|
dipping a filter paper disk into a solution of an antimicrobial agent and then placing the disk onto the surface of an agar medium inoculated with a test microbe
|
|
|
what are phenolics
|
intermediate to low level disinfectants that are less irritating and less toxic than phenol. kill cells by damaging their plasma membrane and denaturing proteins
|
|
|
what are bisphenols
|
derivatives of phenol that contain two phenolic groups. intermediate to low level disinfectants.
|
|
|
what are the two types of bisphenols
|
hexachlorophene- good at killing streptococcus and staphylococcus triclosan-commercial antibacterial (tooothpaste soap ect.)
|
|
|
what are biguanides
|
low level disinfectants that are used to disinfect skin and mucous membrane such as chlorhexidine which kills vegetative microbes by disrupting their plasma membrane and is effective in killing staphylococci and streptococci
|
|
|
how is iodine used for controlling microbe growth
|
it is an antiseptic for skin and wounds. kills microbes by combining with tyrosine groups in proteins which inactivates the protein
|
|
|
what is an iodophor
|
an organic molecule -iodine complex that releases I2 slowly
|
|
|
what are Betadine and Isodine
|
iodophors that are commonly used for skin disinfection
|
|
|
What are Wescodyne, IodoFive and Biocide
|
iodophors that are used for disinfection of hard surfaces
|
|
|
What are chlorine and chlorine compounds
|
highly effective intermediate level disinfectants capable of high level disinfection
|
|
|
how does hypochlorous acid kill microbes
|
it is a potent oxidizing agent that destroys proteins lipids and nucleic acids
|
|
|
what is calcium hypochlorite
|
lime water
|
|
|
what is sodium dichloroisocyanurate
|
organic compound that slowly releases chlorine. used with sodium bromine to clean hot tubs and pools
|
|
|
what is chlorine dioxide
|
a highly reactive gaseous form of chlorine that is used to disinfect large objects in a sealed chamber
|
|
|
what are chloramines
|
stable ammonia and chlorine compounds that release chlorine slowly. used as hospital disinfectants and to disinfect drinking water
|
|
|
how do alcohols kill microbes
|
by denaturing proteins, dissolving lipids and disrupting membranes. they are used to disinfect hard surfaces and skin but not on wounds
|
|
|
what are tinctures
|
alcohol-antimicrobial solutions
|
|
|
why are some heavy metals germicidal
|
they denature proteins
|
|
|
what are surfactants
|
surface-active agents such as soaps, anionic detergents and cationic detergents that decrease the surface tension properties of water
|
|
|
what are quaternary ammonium compounds
|
cationic detergents called quats that have a cationic quaternary ammonium group at one end of a long hydrocarbon chain
|
|
|
what is sulfur dioxide used for
|
to disinfect bottles and equipment for making wine and to kill wild yeasts in freshly pressed grape juice
|
|
|
what is sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate used for
|
to preserve processed meats such as hot dogs and lunch meats
|
|
|
what is formaldehyde
|
a water soluble gas sold as formalin used to preserve biological specimens and cadavers
|
|
|
what are gaseous chemosterilizers
|
gases such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, propiolactone and chlorine dioxide that can sterilize items in a closed chamber at room temperature
|
|
|
what is the lytic cycle
|
how bacteriophages multiply and produce many new bacteriophages and result in the lysis and death of the host cell
|
|
|
what is induction
|
excision of a prophage form its host chromosome
|
|
|
how do animal viruses attach to their host cell
|
by binding to a complementary receptor
|
|
|
what are the 3 methods which an animal virus ataches to its host cell
|
direct penetration fusion and phagocytosis
|
|
|
what is the difference between the synthesis of animal DNA viruses and RNA viruses
|
DNA replicate in the nucleus of the host cell while RNA occurs in the cytoplasm of the host cell
|
|
|
what are oncogenes
|
genes that can transform normal cells into cancer cells
|
|
|
how can proto-oncogenes be activated to become cancer genes
|
mutagenic chemicals, high energy radiation, UV light and oncogenic viruses
|
|
|
what are latent animal virus infection
|
viral infection in which the virus remains in host cells for hong periods without active infection
|
|
|
what are slow viral infections
|
persistent viral infections that occur over a long period of time.
|
|
|
what are prions
|
infectious proteins
|
|
|
what is etiology
|
the cause of diesease
|
|
|
what is pathogenesis
|
the way disease develops in the host and its effects on the body
|
|
|
what are transients
|
microbes that colonize the body for short periods of time and then are eliminated from the host
|
|
|
what is commensalism
|
one organism benefits and the other is unaffected when they are in symbiosis
|
|
|
what is mutualism
|
when both organisms benefit in symbiosis
|
|
|
what is parasitism
|
one organism benefits at the expense of the other in symbiosis
|
|
|
what is microbial antagonism
|
the competition among bacteria for nutrients and attachment space on the host has the effect that normal flora suppress the growth of more pathogenic bacteria
|
|
|
what are communicable diseases
|
diseases spread directly or indirectly form one host to another
|
|
|
what are contagious diseases
|
diseases spread easily from one person to another
|
|
|
what are noncommunicable diseases
|
diseases not spread from one host to another. caused by opportunistic normal flora
|
|
|
what is a sporadic disease
|
disease that occurs only occasionally in a population
|
|
|
what is an endemic disease
|
disease that is constantly present in a population
|
|
|
what is an epidemic disease
|
a disease that occurs at a much higher frequency than usual in a given area or population
|
|
|
what is an acute disease
|
develops rapidly and lasts a short period of time
|
|
|
what is a chronic disease
|
develops slowly and lasts a long time
|
|
|
what is a subacute disease
|
intermediate between acute and chronic
|
|
|
what is a latent disease
|
one in which the etiologic agent in inactive for a period of time
|
|
|
what is a local infection
|
infection limited to a small area of the body
|
|
|
what is a systemic infection
|
spreads throughout the body via the circulatory system
|
|
|
what is a focal infection
|
a local infection that spreads microbes to other parts of the body via the bloodstream and lymphatic system
|
|
|
what is bacteremia
|
presence of bacteria in blood
|
|
|
what is septicemia
|
the unchecked multiplication of bacteria in blood
|
|
|
what is viremia
|
the presence of viruses in the blood
|
|
|
what is toxemia
|
the presence of toxins in the blood
|
|
|
what is a primary infection
|
an acute infection that causes an initial illness
|
|
|
what is a secondary infection
|
an infection caused by an opportunist after a primary infection
|
|
|
what is a subclinical infection
|
an infection that does not cause any noticeable illness
|
|
|
what does incubation period depend upon
|
nature and virulence of the pathogen, infective does, the state of the hosts immune system the generation of the pathogen and the site of the infection
|
|
|
what is a predisposing factor
|
something that makes the body more susceptible to developing a disease or alters the course of a disease
|
|
|
what are reservoirs of infection
|
continuous sources of a pathogen
|
|
|
what are zoonoses
|
diseases that occur primarily in wild or domestic animals but which can be transmitted to humans
|
|
|
what is contact transmission
|
the spread of an infectious agent to a susceptible human host by direct, indirect or droplet contact with a human or animal reservoir of infection
|
|
|
what is a fomite
|
contaminated intermediate nonliving object that is the cause of indirect contact transmission of a pathogen
|
|
|
what is vehicle transmission
|
the spread of a pathogen to new hosts by a contaminated medium such as food water air body fluids blood or products
|
|
|
what are micronuclei
|
dry airborne particles that keep pathogens suspended in air
|
|
|
what is vector transmission
|
the spread of a pathogen from an infected host to a new host by an intermediate animal called a vector that acquires the pathogen from the infected host and transmits it to the new host
|
|
|
what is biological vector transmission
|
the transfer of a pathogen to a new host through a vectors bite
|
|
|
what is mechanical vector transmission
|
the transfer of a pathogen to a new host or the hosts food through the feet or body of the vector
|
|
|
what is descriptive epidemiology
|
the tabulation of data concerning a disease and its hosts. one of its goals is to identify the index cast of a disease
|
|
|
what is analytical epidemiology
|
seeks to determine the probable cause and mode of transmission of an infectious disease and develop methods for its prevention
|
|
|
what is experimental epidemiology
|
involves testing a hypothesis concerning the cause of a disease (kochs)
|
|
|
what are nosocomial infections
|
infections acquired during hospitalization
|
|
|
what is pathogenicity
|
the ability of a microbe to cause an infectious disease
|
|
|
what is virulence
|
the degree of pathogenicity of a microbe
|
|
|
what is toxigenicity
|
the ability to produce toxic substances
|
|
|
what is invasiveness
|
the ability to enter host tissues multiply and spread
|
|
|
what are bacterial adhesins
|
fimbriae and the glycocalyx
|
|
|
what are viral adhesins
|
capsid proteins in the case of naked viruses and glycoprotein spikes in lipid envelope in case of enveloped viruses
|
|
|
what are lectins
|
adhesins that bind to specific sugars on glycoproteins
|
|
|
what are portals of entry
|
sites whereby microbes enter the body of a host
|
|
|
what are the 4 major portals of entry
|
mucous membranes of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts and conjunctive, the skin, the parenteral route and the placenta
|
|
|
what is the parenteral route portal of entry
|
the direct deposition of microbes under skin or mucous membranes by injection or injury
|
|
|
what is the infective dose
|
the number of invading microbes that enter into host tissue
|
|
|
what is ID50 and LD50
|
ID50 causes infection in 50% of hosts and LD50 causes death in 50% of hosts
|
|
|
what are anti-phagocytic factors
|
structural components that interfere with phagocytosis by phagocytic cells
|
|
|
what are the major anti-phagocytic components produced by pathogens
|
capsules and cell wall proteins
|
|
|
what are leukocidins
|
proteins that kill white blood cells
|
|
|
what are hemolysins
|
proteins that destroy red blood cells
|
|
|
what are coagulases
|
enzymes that cause blood clot
|
|
|
what are kinases
|
enzymes that dissolve blood clots. they allow surface bacteria to invade injured tissue plugged with a clot because they dissolve the clot allowing bacteria to enter the wounded tissue
|
|
|
what are hyaluronidase
|
an enzyme that dissolves hyaluronic acid which is the major component of the intercellular matrix that holds connective tissue cells together
|
|
|
what is collagenase
|
an enzyme that dissolves collagen the major structural protein in connective tissues. it allows bacteria to spread through connective tissue by dissolving the fibrous matrix of the tissue
|
|
|
what is lecithinase
|
an enzyme that breaks down lecithin a common phospholipid in mammalian cell membranes
|
|
|
what is proteases
|
enzymes that degrade proteins
|
|
|
what are phosphatases
|
remove phosphate groups from proteins and other substrates. they can disrupt cell signaling pathways, microtubules and microfilament formation
|
|
|
how can pathogens damage host cells and tissue
|
causing direct damage at the site of invasion, producing poisonous substances called toxins that can get into the hosts circulation and damage cells and tissue far removed from the site of the bacterial invasion and replication, and by activating harmful host immune responses called hypersensitivity reactions
|
|
|
what are exotoxins
|
metabolic products that are produced and secreted by growing cells
|
|
|
what are endotoxins
|
an integral part of the outer cell wall of gram negative bacteria. they are released from the cell wall primarily when gram negative cells die
|
|
|
what are toxoids
|
inactivated exotoxins that are used as vaccines to produce immunity to the toxin
|
|
|
what are cytotoxins
|
exotoxins that kill or seriously damage many types of host cells
|
|
|
what are neurotoxins
|
exotoxins that interfere with nerve transmission by nerve cells
|
|
|
what are enterotoxins
|
exotoxins that act on the cells in the gastrointestinal tract, causing diarrhea and vomiting
|
|
|
what are A-B toxins
|
toxins composed of two polypeptide chains called the a and b chain
|
|
|
what are superantigens
|
toxins that non-specifically activate T lymphocytes to produce cytokines that cause life-threatening inflammation and shock
|
|
|
What are the oxidizing agents used as chemical methods for controlling microbes
|
hydrogen peroxide-contact lenses and surfaces
ozone-disinfect water benzoyl peroxide-acne medicine peracetic acid- sterilize medical equipment |
|
|
how are animal viruses named
|
Family name end in viridae and genus name is italicized and end in virus
|
|
|
what is lysogeny
|
formation of a latent prophage in a host cell chromosome in the lysogenic cycle
|
