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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
One liter of seawater contains more than ____________ different bacteria species.
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25,000
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The majority of the marine microbes are ________________ , which are floating communities of cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae
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phytoplankton
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phytoplankton accounts for _____% of the photosynthesis on earth and, in so doing, supply about half the oxygen we and other organisms breathe.
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50
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__________is the smallest and most abundant marine photosynthetic organism yet discovered
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Prochlorococcus
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The success of prochlorococcus is due, in part, to the presence of different ___________ inhabiting different ocean depths
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Ecotypes
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the ecotypes that survive in the deeper ocean depths where there is less light they ____________ the amount of cellular chlorophyll that can capture the available light.
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increase
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Microbial ecologists study how the phytoplankton communities help in the natural recycling and use chemical elements such as _____________
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nitrogen
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Bacterial and Archaeal organisms exhibit every complex feature, or emerging property, common to all living organisms. These include:
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1-DNA
2-Complex biochemical patterns of growth and energy conversions 3-complex responses to stimuli 4-reproduction to produce offspring 5- adaptation from one generation to the next. |
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the activities all cells carry out for the continued survival of the cell (and organism)
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Cellular Process
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bacteria cells carry out many of the same cellular process as eukaryotes only WITHOUT the need for an elaborate, visible structural organization
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true
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the abiliti to adjust yet maintain a relatively steady internal state
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homeostasis
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Cell must cooperate with one another
True or false |
True
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99% of bacterial species live in a communal association called _________________
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bioflims
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in the biofilm survival requires _________ _________ and _______ between cells
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chemical communication
cooperation |
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as a biofilm forms the cells become embedded ina matrix of __________ __________ ________ produced by the bacterial cells.
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excreted polymeric substances
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The sticky substance in the biofilm is composed of ________ and _______ polysaccharides that hold the biofilm together
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charged
neutral |
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the mature fully functioning biofilm is like a _________ tissue with a primitive __________ system made of ________channels to bring in __________ and eliminate _______.
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living
circulatory water nutrients wastes |
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a biofilm is made up of peacefully coexisting _________
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species.
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it is during the colonization of biofilm that the cells are able to "speak to each other" and cooperate through ___________ __________
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chemical communication
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the process involving the ability of bacteria to sense their numbers and then to communicate and coordinate behavior, including gene expression, via signaling molecules is called
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Quorum sensing
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examples of infections caused by biofilms include
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cystic fibrosis
tooth decay middle ear infection |
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name the biofilms on pg 68
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tooth decay
staph |
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________ and ________ developed part of the cell theory by demonstrating that all plants and animals are composed of one or more cells, making the cell the fundamental unit of life
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Schleiden and Schwann
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the tenet that all organisms are made of cells and arise from preexisting cells
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cell theory
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Structurally most bacteria have a _______, ________ DNA molecule without an _________ ________. Eukaryotic cells, however have multiple linear chromosomes enclosed by the membrane envelope of the cell nucleus.
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single circular
enclosing membrane |
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all cells are surrounded by a ______ ______ (known as a _______ _______ in the eukaryotes) where the phospholipids form the impermeable boundary to solutes while membrane proteins are the gates through which the exchnge of solutes and wastes occurs and across which chemical signals are communicated.
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Cell Membrane
plasma membrane |
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be able to label the prokaryotic cell
page 70 |
Cell membrane
DNA Cell wall cytoplasm ribosomes |
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all the chemical reactions occurring in an organism or cell
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Metabolism
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the internal environment in which chemical reactions occur are in the _________
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cytoplasm
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ALL organisms must make proteins
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true
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an RNA protein machine that cranks out proteins based on the genetic instructions it receives from the DNA
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Ribosomes
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a specialized compartment in cells that has a particular function
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Organelles
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bacteria lack a endomembrane system yet they are capable of manufacturing and modifying proteins and lipids just as their eukaryotic relatives do
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true
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a region in some bacterial cells surrounded by a protein shell. They represent a type of organelle since the shell proteins can control transport similar to membrane enclosed organelles.
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microcompartment
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all cells convert chemical energy into cellular energy for cellular work.
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cellular respiration
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cellular respiration occurs in the eukaryotic cell in the _______ and in membrane enclosed organelles called _________
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cytosol
mitochondria |
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Bacteria cells lack ________ they use the cytosol and cell membrane to complete the energy converting process
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Mitochondria
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table 3.1 page 72
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see table
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conversion of light energy to chemical energy
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photosynthesis
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a double membrane enclosed compartment in algae that contains chlorophyll and other pigments for photosynthesis
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chloroplast
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bacteria use ______ for mobility
eukaryotic cells use _______ or ________ |
flagella
flagella or cilia |
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the _____ ______ helps cells Bacterial and eukaryotic resis the pressure exerted by internal water pressure and helps provide support , and give the cells shape
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cell wall (none in human cells only plant and bacterial)
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there are ____ pairs of chromosomes in our DNA
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23
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__________ break down things in the body ( the reason we decompose)
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Lysosomes
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metabolism happens in the ___________ of a cell
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cytoplasm
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produce protein
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ribosomes
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the cell wall is made of
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peptidoglycan
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antibiotics defeat bacteria cells in what way?
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they punch through the cell walls
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_____ are located on the outside of bacteria and help them with movement and can help them grab on to things
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pilli
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there are about __ phyla of bacteria
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18
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the majority of bacterial phyla play a positive role in nature. give examples
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1- digest sewage into simple chemicals
2-extract nitrogen from the air and make it available to plants for protein production 3-break down the remains of all that die and recycle the carbon and other elements 4- produce oxygen gas that we and other animals breathe |
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bacterial species and archaea are estimated to outweigh the mass of all plants and animals combined
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true
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a phylum of gram-negative that are defined primarily in terms of their ribosomal (RNA) sequences. examples are e-coli, salmonella, and rickettsiae
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proteobacteria
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animals having jointed appendages and segmented bodies.
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anthropods
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extreme halophiles have been found in lakes where the ph is greater than __
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11
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group of archaea that grow optimally at high temps approachin or surpassing 100 degrees celcius
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hyperthermophiles
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which has a nucleus? bacteria, archaea, eukarya
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eukarya
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chromosomes form in a single circular shape? bacteria, archaea, eukarya
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bacteria and archaea
Eukarya have multiple linear chromosomes |
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which have histone preteins present? bacteria, archaea, eukarya
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bacteria
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which have peptidoglycan cell walls
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bacteria
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bacteria, archaea, eukarya all have ester-linked membrane lipids
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true
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which have chlorophyll based photosynthesis? bacteria, archaea, eukarya
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bacteria (cyanobacteria) and eukarya (algae)
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can have growth above 80 degrees celcius. bacteria, archaea, eukarya
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bacteria and archaea
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can have growth above 100 degrees celcius
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archaea
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rod shaped cells
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bacillus
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sphere shaped cells
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coccus
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spiril shaped cells
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spiral
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study the picture on page 107
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see pic
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when a cell uses its flagella to move towards chemical nutrients it needs to survive
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chemotaxis
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the ______ protects against desiccation, attaches cells to surfaces, and helps pathogens evade the immune system. It is located on the outer layer of the cell wall. it also has a high water content.
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Glycocalyx
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a process whereby certain white blood cells (phagocytes) engulf foreign matter and often destroy microorganisms
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phagocytosis
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a complex structure that forms the "two wrappers" the cell wall and the cell membrane.
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cell envelope
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the _____ _____ is very porous to the movement of substances. It also acts as an exoskeleton to protect the cell from injury and damage.
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cell wall
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the _____ _______ regulates transport of nutrients and metabolic products.
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cell membrane
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the bacteria cell wall contains _______________ which is a network of disaccharide chains cross linked by short peptides.
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peptidoglycan
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gram-________- bacterial cells have a very thick rigid peptidoglycan cell wall. The abundance of the material may be one reason why they retain they crystal violet in the gram stain.
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positive
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gram-________bacterial cells loose the crystal violet dye during the gram stain.
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Negative
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a universal structure that separates external from internal environments, preventing soluble materials from simply diffusing into and out of the cell
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cell (or plasma) membrane
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facilitate movement from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration
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facilitated diffusion
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movement from an area of lower concentration to one of higher concentration
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active transport
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the complete set of genes in an organism
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genome
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the chromosome region in bacterial and archaeal cells appears as a diffuse mass called
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nucleoid
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a small, closed-loop molecule of DNA apart from the chromosome that replicates independently and carries nonessential genetic information
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plasmid
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a cellular structure made of RNA and protein that participates in protein synthesis
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ribosome
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a region in some bacterial cells surround by a protein shell
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microcompartments
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1)a granule-like storage structure found in the prokaryotic cell cytoplasm.
2) a virus in the cytoplasm or nucleus of an infected cell |
inclusion
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the first protein discovered was a ______ of the eukaryotic protein tubulin, which forms filaments that assemble into microtubules.
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homolog
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