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87 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
One liter of seawater contains more than ____________ different bacteria species.
25,000
The majority of the marine microbes are ________________ , which are floating communities of cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae
phytoplankton
phytoplankton accounts for _____% of the photosynthesis on earth and, in so doing, supply about half the oxygen we and other organisms breathe.
50
__________is the smallest and most abundant marine photosynthetic organism yet discovered
Prochlorococcus
The success of prochlorococcus is due, in part, to the presence of different ___________ inhabiting different ocean depths
Ecotypes
the ecotypes that survive in the deeper ocean depths where there is less light they ____________ the amount of cellular chlorophyll that can capture the available light.
increase
Microbial ecologists study how the phytoplankton communities help in the natural recycling and use chemical elements such as _____________
nitrogen
Bacterial and Archaeal organisms exhibit every complex feature, or emerging property, common to all living organisms. These include:
1-DNA
2-Complex biochemical patterns of growth and energy conversions
3-complex responses to stimuli
4-reproduction to produce offspring
5- adaptation from one generation to the next.
the activities all cells carry out for the continued survival of the cell (and organism)
Cellular Process
bacteria cells carry out many of the same cellular process as eukaryotes only WITHOUT the need for an elaborate, visible structural organization
true
the abiliti to adjust yet maintain a relatively steady internal state
homeostasis
Cell must cooperate with one another
True or false
True
99% of bacterial species live in a communal association called _________________
bioflims
in the biofilm survival requires _________ _________ and _______ between cells
chemical communication
cooperation
as a biofilm forms the cells become embedded ina matrix of __________ __________ ________ produced by the bacterial cells.
excreted polymeric substances
The sticky substance in the biofilm is composed of ________ and _______ polysaccharides that hold the biofilm together
charged
neutral
the mature fully functioning biofilm is like a _________ tissue with a primitive __________ system made of ________channels to bring in __________ and eliminate _______.
living
circulatory
water
nutrients
wastes
a biofilm is made up of peacefully coexisting _________
species.
it is during the colonization of biofilm that the cells are able to "speak to each other" and cooperate through ___________ __________
chemical communication
the process involving the ability of bacteria to sense their numbers and then to communicate and coordinate behavior, including gene expression, via signaling molecules is called
Quorum sensing
examples of infections caused by biofilms include
cystic fibrosis
tooth decay
middle ear infection
name the biofilms on pg 68
tooth decay
staph
________ and ________ developed part of the cell theory by demonstrating that all plants and animals are composed of one or more cells, making the cell the fundamental unit of life
Schleiden and Schwann
the tenet that all organisms are made of cells and arise from preexisting cells
cell theory
Structurally most bacteria have a _______, ________ DNA molecule without an _________ ________. Eukaryotic cells, however have multiple linear chromosomes enclosed by the membrane envelope of the cell nucleus.
single circular
enclosing membrane
all cells are surrounded by a ______ ______ (known as a _______ _______ in the eukaryotes) where the phospholipids form the impermeable boundary to solutes while membrane proteins are the gates through which the exchnge of solutes and wastes occurs and across which chemical signals are communicated.
Cell Membrane
plasma membrane
be able to label the prokaryotic cell
page 70
Cell membrane
DNA
Cell wall
cytoplasm
ribosomes
all the chemical reactions occurring in an organism or cell
Metabolism
the internal environment in which chemical reactions occur are in the _________
cytoplasm
ALL organisms must make proteins
true
an RNA protein machine that cranks out proteins based on the genetic instructions it receives from the DNA
Ribosomes
a specialized compartment in cells that has a particular function
Organelles
bacteria lack a endomembrane system yet they are capable of manufacturing and modifying proteins and lipids just as their eukaryotic relatives do
true
a region in some bacterial cells surrounded by a protein shell. They represent a type of organelle since the shell proteins can control transport similar to membrane enclosed organelles.
microcompartment
all cells convert chemical energy into cellular energy for cellular work.
cellular respiration
cellular respiration occurs in the eukaryotic cell in the _______ and in membrane enclosed organelles called _________
cytosol
mitochondria
Bacteria cells lack ________ they use the cytosol and cell membrane to complete the energy converting process
Mitochondria
table 3.1 page 72
see table
conversion of light energy to chemical energy
photosynthesis
a double membrane enclosed compartment in algae that contains chlorophyll and other pigments for photosynthesis
chloroplast
bacteria use ______ for mobility
eukaryotic cells use _______ or ________
flagella
flagella or cilia
the _____ ______ helps cells Bacterial and eukaryotic resis the pressure exerted by internal water pressure and helps provide support , and give the cells shape
cell wall (none in human cells only plant and bacterial)
there are ____ pairs of chromosomes in our DNA
23
__________ break down things in the body ( the reason we decompose)
Lysosomes
metabolism happens in the ___________ of a cell
cytoplasm
produce protein
ribosomes
the cell wall is made of
peptidoglycan
antibiotics defeat bacteria cells in what way?
they punch through the cell walls
_____ are located on the outside of bacteria and help them with movement and can help them grab on to things
pilli
there are about __ phyla of bacteria
18
the majority of bacterial phyla play a positive role in nature. give examples
1- digest sewage into simple chemicals
2-extract nitrogen from the air and make it available to plants for protein production
3-break down the remains of all that die and recycle the carbon and other elements
4- produce oxygen gas that we and other animals breathe
bacterial species and archaea are estimated to outweigh the mass of all plants and animals combined
true
a phylum of gram-negative that are defined primarily in terms of their ribosomal (RNA) sequences. examples are e-coli, salmonella, and rickettsiae
proteobacteria
animals having jointed appendages and segmented bodies.
anthropods
extreme halophiles have been found in lakes where the ph is greater than __
11
group of archaea that grow optimally at high temps approachin or surpassing 100 degrees celcius
hyperthermophiles
which has a nucleus? bacteria, archaea, eukarya
eukarya
chromosomes form in a single circular shape? bacteria, archaea, eukarya
bacteria and archaea
Eukarya have multiple linear chromosomes
which have histone preteins present? bacteria, archaea, eukarya
bacteria
which have peptidoglycan cell walls
bacteria
bacteria, archaea, eukarya all have ester-linked membrane lipids
true
which have chlorophyll based photosynthesis? bacteria, archaea, eukarya
bacteria (cyanobacteria) and eukarya (algae)
can have growth above 80 degrees celcius. bacteria, archaea, eukarya
bacteria and archaea
can have growth above 100 degrees celcius
archaea
rod shaped cells
bacillus
sphere shaped cells
coccus
spiril shaped cells
spiral
study the picture on page 107
see pic
when a cell uses its flagella to move towards chemical nutrients it needs to survive
chemotaxis
the ______ protects against desiccation, attaches cells to surfaces, and helps pathogens evade the immune system. It is located on the outer layer of the cell wall. it also has a high water content.
Glycocalyx
a process whereby certain white blood cells (phagocytes) engulf foreign matter and often destroy microorganisms
phagocytosis
a complex structure that forms the "two wrappers" the cell wall and the cell membrane.
cell envelope
the _____ _____ is very porous to the movement of substances. It also acts as an exoskeleton to protect the cell from injury and damage.
cell wall
the _____ _______ regulates transport of nutrients and metabolic products.
cell membrane
the bacteria cell wall contains _______________ which is a network of disaccharide chains cross linked by short peptides.
peptidoglycan
gram-________- bacterial cells have a very thick rigid peptidoglycan cell wall. The abundance of the material may be one reason why they retain they crystal violet in the gram stain.
positive
gram-________bacterial cells loose the crystal violet dye during the gram stain.
Negative
a universal structure that separates external from internal environments, preventing soluble materials from simply diffusing into and out of the cell
cell (or plasma) membrane
facilitate movement from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration
facilitated diffusion
movement from an area of lower concentration to one of higher concentration
active transport
the complete set of genes in an organism
genome
the chromosome region in bacterial and archaeal cells appears as a diffuse mass called
nucleoid
a small, closed-loop molecule of DNA apart from the chromosome that replicates independently and carries nonessential genetic information
plasmid
a cellular structure made of RNA and protein that participates in protein synthesis
ribosome
a region in some bacterial cells surround by a protein shell
microcompartments
1)a granule-like storage structure found in the prokaryotic cell cytoplasm.
2) a virus in the cytoplasm or nucleus of an infected cell
inclusion
the first protein discovered was a ______ of the eukaryotic protein tubulin, which forms filaments that assemble into microtubules.
homolog