Micro Final Exam Ch 23 & 25 Part A

Front 1

Functions of the cardiovascular system

Back 1

heart, blood vessels, and blood.

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circulate blood

**

deliver O2

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offload CO2

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Remove substances

Front 2

Blood components

Back 2

Plasma, in which the blood cells are suspended, ******

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) - carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.

******

White blood cells (leukocytes) - help fight infections and aid in the immune process.

Front 3

Functions of the lymphatic system

Back 3

Immunity:

**

colorless liquid

**

Lymph follows thru lymphatic vessels

**

Lymph node: B cells, T cells, phagocytes

Front 4

Lymph components

Back 4

derived from the interstitial fluid,

*****

its composition continually changes as the blood and the surrounding cells continually exchange substances with the interstitial fluid.

*******

Lymph returns proteins and excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream.

Front 5

Lymph nodes and function

Back 5

lymph node is an oval-shaped organ of the lymphatic system, distributed widely throughout the body including the armpit and stomach

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major sites of B and T cells.

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Lymph nodes are important for the proper functioning of the immune system, acting as filters for foreign particles and cancer cells.

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Lymph nodes do not deal with toxicity, which is primarily dealt with by the liver and kidneys.

Front 6

Bacterial infections

Back 6

Infections of the bloodSepticemia (sepsis), lymphangitis, severe sepsis, septic shock

****Infections of the heart

Subacute bacterial endocarditis (α-hemolytic streptococci, enterococci, and staphylococci) Actue bacterial endocarditis (Staphylococcus aureus) Rheumatic fever (Streptococcus pyogenes)

***

Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae) Plague (Yersinia pestis) Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii)

Front 7

Infections of the blood

Back 7

Septicemia (sepsis),

lymphangitis,

severe sepsis,

septic shock

Front 8

Infections of the heart

Back 8

Subacute bacterial endocarditis (α-hemolytic streptococci, enterococci, and staphylococci)

**

Actue bacterial endocarditis (Staphylococcus aureus)

**

Rheumatic fever (Streptococcus pyogenes)

**

Front 9

Cat scratch disease

Back 9

Bartonella henselae

**

organism: Bartonella henslae

**

= 50% of cats

**

transmission: bites / scratch / flea bite

**

symptoms: flu-like / self limiting

Front 10

Plague

Back 10

organism: Yersinia pestis from bacillus

**

transmission: bite of infected rat flea: rat poop

**

pathogenesis: bacteria-----bloodstream---reproduces in phagocytes----lymphnodes -----lymph nodes swell----- fever----2 types of plague

1. Bubonic Plague

2. Pneumonic Plague

Front 11

Lyme Disease

Back 11

Described in 1975

Organism: Borrelia burgdorferi

vector: Tick

sign: bulls eye rash (70% of people)

symptoms: flu like : high fever

If untreated: irregular heartbeat, facial paralysis (encephylitis, arthritis) must be treated very early, within weeks to insure no long term effects

Front 12

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Back 12

Organism: Rickettsia rickettsii

more common than Lyme in carolinas

Vector: Tick

symptoms: rash, (not at site / bottom of feet / hands: 1 week post tick bite) flu-like

***

if untreated : kidney & heart damage

Front 13

Viral Diseases

Back 13

A. Infectious mononucleosis

***

particle: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV); =

Human Herpesvirus 4

B. Cytomeagalovirus (CMV) Human Herpesvirus 5

Front 14

Infectious mononucleosis

Back 14

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV); = Human Herpesvirus 4

20 % of adults carry EBV in oral secretions

age group: 15 to 25 peak incidence

15% of college students get mono

Infected B cells have a lobed nucleus

transmission: saliva transfer

symptoms: fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, fatigue

EBV remains dormant in the body in the mouth and throat (dormant in B cells)

Front 15

Cytomeagalovirus (CMV)

Back 15

Human Herpesvirus 5

particle: Cytomegalovirus (underline)

transmission: shed in body secretions: saliva, milk, semen

Spread by: sex, transfusions, nursing baby

-- 80% carry CMV in U.S.

-- symptoms: asymtomatic / or mild case of mono

Front 16

Protozoan Diseases

Back 16

1. American Trypanosomiasis (Chaga’s Disease)

organism: Trypanosoma cruzi

-- endemic to central and S. America & Mexico

vector: kissing bug: feeds on body fluids around the mouth:::: bug defecates on peoples skin and the people scratch

another course: Blood transfusion

Pathogens: T. cruzi cysts are deposited into feces------cysts are rubbed into skin at bite site

Trypanosoma cruzi life cycle

2. Malaria

Plasmodium falciparum : life cycle

transmission: bite of Anopheles mosquito the vector.

symptoms: chills , fever, vomit, severe headache: 2 to 3 days

asymptomatic few weeks:::: then symptoms come back

death threat: dehydration

pathogenesis: Mosquito injects Plasmodium sporozoites (tiny infectious cells)

these sporozoites spread to liver------and produce merozoites------and merozoites parasitize RBC

*****

Mosquito feeds on blood and collects merozoites----------- mosquito develops into sporozoites-----pass on the disease (cyclic)

Front 17

Helminthic Diseases

Back 17

Hint: All these S's look like worms::::

****

Schistosomiasis Schistosoma life cycle

*

world wide 250 million

*

Schistosoma (fluke)

*

Phylum: platyhelminths

*

class: Trematoda

*

pathogenesis: Adult Flukes in human intestine------Female fluke produce eggs---------eggs passed in host feces & urine---------egg enters water supply------eggs hatch/miracidium....... emerges-------burrows into body of intermediate host-------reproduces (snail) and forms cercariae------cercariae emerges and penetrates to human skin----moves into human intestine matures into adult fluke

Front 18

Malaria

Back 18

M-A-M (Malaria-Anopheles-Mosquito)

2. Malaria Plasmodium falciparum : life cycletransmission: bite of Anopheles mosquito the vector.symptoms: chills , fever, vomit, severe headache: 2 to 3 days asymptomatic few weeks:::: then symptoms come back ***

death threat: dehydration

**

pathogenesis: Mosquito injects Plasmodium sporozoites (tiny infectious cells)these sporozoites spread to liver------and produce merozoites------and merozoites parasitize RBC*****Mosquito feeds on blood and collects merozoites----------- mosquito develops into sporozoites-----pass on the disease (cyclic)

Front 19

Chapter 23: Microbial Infections of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System

Back 19

Bacterial infections

**

viral diseases

**

Protozoan Diseases

**

Helminthic Diseases

Front 20

Chapter 25: Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System

Back 20

Second most common diseases in the U.S.

*

Bacterial Diseases

**

Viral Diseases

**

Protozoan Diseases

**

Helminthic Diseases

Front 21

Structure of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Back 21

Introduction: GI tract:

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Front 22

function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Back 22

macromolecules-------monomers------digested for energy

Front 23

Bacterial Diseases of the Digestive System

Back 23

Dental caries (Streptoccus mutans)

* Staphylococcal Enterotoxicosis (Staphylococcus aureus)

*

Shigellosis (Shigella spp.)

*

Salmonellosis (Salmonella enterica)

*

Typhoid Fever (Salmonella typhi)

*

Cholera (Vibrio cholera)

*

Noncholera Vibrios (Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus)

*

Gastroenteritis: (many)

Front 24

dental carries

Back 24

streptococcus mutans

Front 25

staphylococcal enterotoxicosis

Back 25

staphylococcus aureus

Front 26

shigellosis

Back 26

shigella spp.

Front 27

salmonellosis

Back 27

Salmonella enterica

Front 28

Typhoid Fever

Back 28

Salmonella typhi (means rod)

Front 29

Cholera

Back 29

Vibrio cholera

Front 30

Noncholera Vibrios

Back 30

Vibrio parahaemolyticus,

Vibrio vulnificus

Front 31

Gastroenteritis

Back 31

1Escherichia coli (2 subunits)

2 Campylobacter jejuni

3 Clostridium perfringens

4 Bacillis cereus

5 Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea

**

Hint: B Cerious, I got E.coli at Camp Jejuni, closed poor fingers, Prayed to C-Differently

Front 32

Escherichia coli

Back 32

1. Traveler's Diarrhea

a. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

b. Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)

2. Shiga Toxin producing E. coli (STEC)

a. = Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

Hemorrhagic colitis and Hemolytic uremic syndrome

Front 33

Viral Diseases

Back 33

1. Mumps virus (Paramyxoviridae)

2. Hepatitis (A through E)

3. Viral Gastroenteritis

a. Rotavirus

b. Norovirus

Front 34

Protozoan Diseases

Back 34

Giardiasis (Giardia lamblia)

***

Amoebic Dysentery – Amoebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica)

Front 35

Helminthic Diseases

Back 35

Tapeworms

**

Nematodes

**

Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides)

**

Trichinellosis (Trichinella spiralis)

Front 36

Tapeworms

Back 36

(Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, Diphyllobothrium latum)

**

Taeniasis, Cysticercosis

**

Hydatid Disease (Echinococcus granulosus)

Front 37

Nematodes

Back 37

Pinworms (Enterobius vericularis)

**

Hookworms (Necator americanus)

Front 38

chapters 23 and 25

Back 38

know:::

microbial species:

symptoms:::

pathogenesis:::

transmission:::

treatment::::

if given during lecture

Front 39

Dental caries

Back 39

Streptococcus mutans

*

sucrose = glucose + fructose

*

S. mutans produce glycossyl transferees which covately connects glucose.

*

Sucrose used by S. mutans is converted by dextran sucrose into fructose & fructose fermented by S. mutans creating lactic acid which disolves _____ converted into dextran by use of glycosol transfuse

*

dextran is a polysaccharide of glucose

polymer.......................................monomer

Front 40

prevention of dental caries

Back 40

reduce sucrose intake

*

remove plaque

*

clean teeth regularly

Front 41

Staphylococcal Food Poisoning

Back 41

AKA: Staphylococcal enterotoxicosis

*

organism: Staphylococcus aureus

*

caused by ingesting of enterotoxins produced in improperly prepared of handled food

*

Pathogenesis:

*

S.aureus is inoculated when the food is prepared---------sits around and growth occurs at room temperature---------& produces enterotoxins--------food is consumed------1 - 6 hours later nausea, vomitting & diarrhea------lasts for 24 hours

*

common contaminated foods: rice, mashed potatoes, foods high in [solute] (very salty or very sweet) like cream pie or baked ham

Front 42

Shigellosis

Back 42

AKA: bacillary dysentery

*

organism: Shigella dysenteriae

*

Enteric Gram negative bacillus

*

symptoms: dysentery, cramping, fever

Front 43

Salmonellosis

Back 43

AKA: salmonella gastroenteritis

*

Organism: Salmonella enterica

*

enteric: gram negative bacillus

*

transmission : animal to human

Front 44

Normal Flora

Back 44

abundant in the mouth and colon

*

up to 40% of fecal mass can be microbial cells

Front 45

Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System Ch 25

Back 45

Bacterial Diseases

*
viral diseases
*
Protozoan diseases
*
Helminthic diseases

Front 46

Microbial Infections of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic system Ch 23

Back 46

bacterial infections

*
viral diseases
*
Protozoan diseases
*
Helminthic diseases

Front 47

bacterial infections of the blood: cardiovascular & lymph systems

Back 47

septicemia (sepsis)

*
lymphangitis
*
severe sepsis
*
septic shock

Front 48

Bacterial infections of the heart:cardiovascular & lymph systems

Back 48

***Subacute bacterial endocarditis(a–helolytic streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci)

slow inflammation of the covering of the heart and heart valves.

pathogenesis: 1. microbes entering the blood from another site of infection----lodge in preexisting lesion------bacteria reproduce inside blood clots------ pieces of the clot break off and block flow
***Acute bacterial endocarditis (Staph. aureus)
***Rheumatic fever(Strep. pyogenes)

Front 49

cat scratch disease803-368-8150

Back 49

Bartonella henselae

Front 50

cPlague

Back 50

Yersinia pestis

Front 51

Lyme Disease

Back 51

Borrelia burgdorferi

Front 52

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Back 52

Rickettsia rickettsii

Front 53

All Bacterial Infections of cardio & lymph

Back 53

BLOOD:septicemia (sepsis)
lymphangitis,
severe sepsis, septic shock
HEART:
1.Subacute bacterial endocarditis
a. a–hemolytic streptococci
b. enterococci
c. staphylococci
2. Acute bacterial endocarditis (Staph aureus)
3. Rheumatic Fever (Strep. pyogenes)
OTHER:
Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae)
cdio Plague (Yersinia pestis)
Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii)

Front 54

Viral Diseases of Cardiovascular & lymphatic

Back 54

1. Infectious mononucleosisa. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)
b. Human Herpesvirus 4
2. Cytomeagalovirus (CMV)
a. Human Herpesvirus 5

Front 55

Protozoan diseases of the cardio & lymph sys.

Back 55

1 American Trypanosomiasis (Chaga's Disease)a. Trypanosoma cruzi life cycle
2 Malaria
a. Plasmodium life cycle
b. Anopheles mosquito

Front 56

Helminthic Diseases of the cardio & lymph sys.

Back 56

SchistosomiasisSchistosoma life cycle

Front 57

Infectious Mono

Back 57

the disease caused by EBV

- usually self limiting

- seldom fatal

Front 58

Salmonella

Back 58

symptoms: nausea / vomit / diarrhea

motality rate : 1 %

prevention: proper handling and cooking of meat

Front 59

sepsis

Back 59

septicemia

*

infection of the blood

*

foreign particles in blood -------- lymphangitis

*

lymphangitis: inflamed lymphatic vessels

*

symptoms: fever, chills, increased HR, lymphangitis:

Front 60

severe sepsis

Back 60

decreased BP, failure of one organ

Front 61

septic shock

Back 61

decreased BP, cannot be controlled, multiple organ failure

Front 62

Sepsis organisms

Back 62

Staphylococcus aureus

Streptococcus pyogenes

Front 63

acute bacterial endocarditis

Back 63

Rapid inflammation

*

organism: Staphylococcus aureus

*

clotting

----thin----tissue damage / heart valves rapidly destroyed

Front 64

Rheumatic fever

Back 64

-- acute inflammatory disease of the joints, skin, heart

((

usually in children

**fever, sore throat,

** organism: Streptococcus pyogenes (B-hemolytic Stretococcal Group A Strep.)

**

often follows a steptococcal throat infection like strep throat

**

disease begins with arthritis and fever

**

inflammation of heart valves

**

leading cause of heart disease in developing countries / mostly children

Front 65

Bubonic plague

Back 65

inflammed lymph node

*

50% to 75% mortality

*

death within one week

Front 66

Pneumonic plague

Back 66

near 100% mortality

*

death within 3 days

Front 67

Protozoan Diseases

Back 67

American Trypanosomiasis (Chaga’s Disease) Trypanosoma cruzi life cycle*****Malaria Plasmodium life cycle Anopheles mosquito

Front 68

Helminthic diseases

Back 68

Schistosomiasis Schistosoma life cycle*world wide 250 million*Schistosoma (fluke)*Phylum: platyhelminths*class: Trematoda*pathogenesis: Adult Flukes in human intestine------Female fluke produce eggs---------eggs passed in host feces & urine---------egg enters water supply------eggs hatch/micro....... emerges-------???????

Front 69

Malaria

Back 69

Plasmodium life cycle

***

Anopheles mosquito

***

M-A-M

Front 70

Bacterial Diseases of the digestive system

Back 70

Dental caries (Streptoccus mutans)* Staphylococcal Enterotoxicosis (Staphylococcus aureus)*Shigellosis (Shigella spp.)*Salmonellosis (Salmonella enterica)*Typhoid Fever (Salmonella typhi)*Cholera (Vibrio cholera)*Noncholera Vibrios (Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus)*Gastroenteritis: (many)

Front 71

Bacterial infections of the heart:cardiovascular & lymph systems

Back 71

***Subacute bacterial endocarditis(a–helolytic streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci)***Acute bacterial endocarditis (Staph. aureus)***Rheumatic fever(Strep. pyogenes)

Front 72

pathogenesis of the infection of heart

Back 72

first micro enters blood from another site of infections-------lodges in pre-existing lesion-----bacteria reproduces inside the blood clot-----pieces of the blood clot break off and block circulatory flow