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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition: the study of the nature of disease, or describes the condition produced by disease as well as the appearance, progression and expected outcome |
pathogen |
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Definition: a process resulting in abnormal changes in the structure or function of cells, tissues, organs or systems |
disease |
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Definition: the study of the cause or causes of disease |
etiology |
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Definition: the origin and development of a disease; also refers to the progression of a disease from one stage to another |
pathogenesis |
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definition: deals with prediction of the course and end of a disease as well as an estimate of the chance for recovery |
prognosis |
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definition: a defined area of pathologicically altered tissue that refers to an injury or wound |
lesion |
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what type of lesion is associated with disease such as: vesicles, chancres and tubercules |
primary lesion |
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what type of lesion includes scars or ulcers |
secondary lesions |
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what is the term used to describe blood that has leaked out of blood vessels and pooled in tissues |
extravasated blood |
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what is caused by extravasated blood? |
Hemorrhagic Lesions (purpura) |
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What is the treatment for hemorrhagic lesions (purpura) |
No treatment: they fade over time |
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What are the three types of hemorrhagic lesions? |
1- petechiae 2- ecchymoses 3- hematoma (tumor) |
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what type of hemorrhagic lesion appears a small, pinpoint non-raised spot on the skin or mucosa |
Petechiae |
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What colour do petechia hemorrhagic lesions appear as |
reddish-purple in colour |
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what is the most common location for a petechia hemorrhagic lesion |
soft palate |
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What might petechia hemorhagic lesions be a sign of |
mononucleosis or leukemia |
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What are petechia hemorrhagic lesions caused by ? |
rupture of palatal capillaries as a result of coughing, sneezing or vomitting |
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What hemorrhagic lesion appears as an area of skin discoloration consisting of large, irregularly shaped hemorrhagic areas |
Ecchymoses |
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What is the correct term used to describe a common bruise which ranges from blue-black to greenish brown or yellow |
ecchymosis |
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Why do ecchymosis turn colours and bruise |
because the hemoglobin in the tissues break down over time |
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ecchymoses is due to the movement of blood from the blood vessels into the skin or mucous membranes, what does this result from? |
mechanical trauma, clotting disorders, cancer, or anticoagulant drugs
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what is an example of an anticougulant drug |
aspirin |
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what type of hemorrhagic lesion involves the swelling or mass of blood confined to an organ, tissue or space |
Hematoma (tumor) |
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What causes a hematoma |
a break in a blood vessel |
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How might a hematoma be caused from in order for a blood vessel to break? |
Blow to the face, tooth eruption or rupture of a blood vessel |
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What inflammatory condition affecting Orofacial structure involves the inflammation of the mouth |
stomatitis |
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What inflammatory condition affecting Orofacial structure involves the inflammation of the gingivae |
gingivitis |
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What inflammatory condition affecting Orofacial structure involves the inflammation of the parotid salivary glands |
parotitis |
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What inflammatory condition affecting Orofacial structure involves the inflammation of the connective tissues |
cellulitis |
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What inflammatory condition affecting Orofacial structure involves the inflammation of the tongue |
glossitis |
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What inflammatory condition affecting Orofacial structure involves the inflammation of the dental pulp |
pulpitis (endodontitis) |
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What is one of the most common pathological conditions, which causes patients to seek dental treatment |
Pulpitis |
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What is a term that describes minimal inflammation with edema and infiltration that causes extreme pressure/pain because of the lack of space in the pulp cavity |
pulpalgia |
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what does pulpalgia result from |
entry of microorganisms |
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What are some portals of entry for microorganism to attack |
1- Carious cavity/ dental fillings 2- tooth fratcure 3- traumatic exposure 4- periodontal membranes 5- bloodstream |
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What may occur of the jaw after pulpalgia |
osteomyelitis |
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What are the two types of pulpitis |
acute or irreversible pulpitis AND chronic or reversible pulpitis |
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What do the two types of pulpitis differ in? |
the stimulus that triggers pain, speed of onset, viability of the pulp tissue, treatment |
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What is the onset of Acute or Irreversible pulpitis |
sudden onset |
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what is the pain stimulus of Acute or Irreversible pulpitis |
-pain may be spontaneous -no specific stimulus -removal of heat or cold does not relieve pain |
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What is the Pain of Acute or Irreversible pulpitis |
Constant severe pain or of short duration
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what is the infiltration of pulp of Acute or Irreversible pulpitis |
neutrophils and macrophages |
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what is the viability of pulp of Acute or Irreversible pulpitis |
Necrotic (tissue death) |
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what are the complications of of Acute or Irreversible pulpitis |
possible loss of tooth |
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what is the treatment for Acute or Irreversible pulpitis |
-removal of necrotic pulp -antimicrobial therapy -endodontic therapy |
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what is the reversibility of Acute or Irreversible pulpitis |
irreversible (due to necrotic pulp) |
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What is the onset of Chronic or Reversible pulpitis? |
slower onset |
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what is the pain stimulus of Chronic or Reversible pulpitis? |
-heat or cold |
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what is the pain of Chronic or Reversible pulpitis? |
-milder, duller pain lasting for a longer period of time |
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what is the infiltration of pulp of Chronic or Reversible pulpitis? |
lymphocytes
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what is the viability of pulp of Chronic or Reversible pulpitis? |
most of the pulp remain viable(capable of working successfully) |
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what are the complications of Chronic or Reversible pulpitis? |
dentoalveolar abscess |
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what is the treatment of Chronic or Reversible pulpitis? |
removable or repair of he causative factors |
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what is the reversibility of Chronic or Reversible pulpitis? |
reversible- if treated |
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What might the outcome of pulpitis follow |
septic or aseptic pulpitis |
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what outcome of pulpitis is due to the presence of infectious microorganisms |
septic pulpitis |
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what outcome of pulpitis are due to causes other than microorganisms, such as tooth fracture or traumatic exposure |
aseptic pulpitis |
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What are three common lesions of pulpitis |
1- periapical granulomas 2- periapical cysts 3- periapical abscesses |
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What lesion involves inflammatory cells surrounded by granulation tissue consisting of fibeoblasts |
Periapical Granuloma (dental granuloma) |
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What are periapical granulomas associated with |
chronic inflammation |
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What might periapical granulomas result from |
septic or aseptic chronic pulpitis |
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Where does inflammation of periapical granulomas spread to |
surrounding alveolar bone, which is replaced by granulation tissue |
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what is granulation tissue formed by |
fibroblasts |
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Do periapical granulomas heal without treatment |
no |
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What is the infected periabical granuloma sensitive to |
percussion |
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How are periapical granulomas detected on a radiograph |
alveolar bone |
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What is the treatment of a periapical granuloma |
root canal therapy, tooth extraction |
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What happens after treatment of a periapical granuloma |
affected area heals and new bone growth occurs |
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definition: a closed cavity or sac, lined by epithelial tissue containing a liquid or semiliquid material |
cyst |
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definition: usually Asymptomatic or produces mild symptoms only |
periapical cyst |
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Are periapical cysts sensitive to percussion |
some sensitivity |
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How might a periapical cyst develop from |
untreated periapical granuloma |
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What do the cells in the central core of a periapical cyst become |
necrotic; replacing the alveolar bone |
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What might be visible on an x-ray film when detecting a periapical cyst |
drainage tract from the cyst |
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what is the treatment for a periapical cyst |
root canal therapy, tooth extraction, or surgical removal of the cyst |
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What happens after the treatment of a periapical cyst |
bone usually regenerates but scar tissue remains |
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what occurs from the collection of pus, burried in tissues, organs, or confined spaces |
Periapical Abscess |
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definition: a collection of phagocytic leukocytes, dead and dying microorganisms and cellular debris |
Pus |
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What are periapical abscess caused by |
suppurative (pus-producing) infections |
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How do periapical abscesses occur from |
untreated dental caries |
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What is the origin of periapical abscesses |
endogenous |
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What type of pulp occurs when AEROBIC streptococcal organisms predominate |
Living or Vital pulp |
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what type of pulp occurs when ANAEROBIC organisms predominate |
Necrotic or Nonvital pulp |
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what type of aerobic streptococcal organisms are found in living or vital pulp |
-streptococcus -actinomyces |
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What type of anaerobic organisms are found in necrotic or nonvital pulp |
-porphyromonas gingivalis -fusobacterium nucleatium |
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what type of conditions can appear in the pulp as a result of severe ischemia or interrupted blood flow, resulting from the build up of pressure |
anaerobic conditions |
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where does pain result from for an individual with a periapical abcess |
edema and pus at the root |
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How might a periapical abscess be seen on a radiograph |
there may be no indication |
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what is the treatment for a periapical abscess |
endodontic procedures, tooth extraction or antimicrobial therapy |
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What type of lesion is a nodule or papule where pus escapes due to an untreated periapical abscess |
Parulis (gum boil) |
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Abscess must be drained, otherwise pus burrows through the alveolar bone forming a channel, known as what? |
Fistula or Sunus Tract (which produces the parulis) |
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How does cellulitis spread from one location to another through |
fascial spaces |
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What allows the inflammation infection or both to spread widely and into deeper tissues |
fascial spaces |
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definition: a thin, connective tissue sheet that's found between muscles and other structures |
fascia |
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What does cellulitis occur as an outcome to |
periapical infection |
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What are some symptoms of cellulitis |
swelling, severe pain, fever, malaise |
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What can untreated cellulitis lead to? |
Ludwig's Angina or osteomyelitis of the jaw bones |
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What is the life-threatening, cellulitis of the floor of the mouth involving a suppurative inflammation of subcutaneous connective tissue, next to the submaxillary glands |
Ludwig's Angina |
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Is Ludwig's Angina a unilateral or bilateral infection of sublingual or submandibular spaces |
bilateral |
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what is Ludwig's Angina a complication of |
cellulitis of the fascial spaces |
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What is Ludwig's Angina caused by |
a dental or post-extraction infection |
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Airway maintenance and high-dose antibiotic therapy is required to minimize risks, such as: |
1- airway obstruction 2- spread of infection 3- death due to asphyxiation |
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what type of infection causes inflammation of bone marrow |
suppurative osteomyelitis |
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What are the sources of Suppurative Osteomyelitis |
dental caries, periapical or periodonal disease, or injury |
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What can untreated osteomyelitis lead to |
necrosis of bone, severe pain, swelling and loose teeth |
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what is the treatment for suppurative osteomyelitis |
surgical removal of necrotic bone, removal of surrounding necrotic tissue, reconstructive surgery, antimicrobial therapy |
