Chapter 8 Micro

Front 1

The complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism is referred to as the

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Genome

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Only viruses can have an RNA genome

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True

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Genomes of cells are composed of

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DNA

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Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of DNA and RNA

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False

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What are attributes of bacterial chromosomes

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Circular DNA molecules

Cells usually have one to 3 chromosomes

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Where are the chromosomes of yeast cells located

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In the nulceus

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Genetics

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The study of inheritance of living things

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Chromosomes

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Is a distinct cellular structure composed of a neatly packaged DNA molecule

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Structural gene

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Codes for proteins

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Genes

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That code for the RNA machinery used in protein production

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Genes

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That code for the RNA machinery used in protein production

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Gene

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Regulatory genes that’s control gene expression

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All DNA nucleotides contain

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The same nitrogenous base and phosphate but different sugars

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Phenotype

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Expression of a geneotype that creates structures or functions

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Genotype

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All the types of genes that make up an organism

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Genotype

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All the types of genes that make up an organism

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Nucleotide & chromosome

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Basic unit of DNA structure

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Genotype

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All the types of genes that make up an organism

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Nucleotide & chromosome

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Basic unit of DNA structure

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Each nucleotide is composed of

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A phosphate

Deoxyribose

A nitrogenous base

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Replication

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Process of duplicating DNA

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Transcription

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Messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis; the process by which a strand of RNA is produced against a DNA template

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Translation

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Protein synthesis; the process of deciding the messenger RNA code into a polypeptide

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RNA polymerase

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Enzyme that converts the DNA code to RNA

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Codon

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3 nucleotides

Dictates which amino acids is added to the growing peptide chain

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Intron

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Segments on split genes of eukaryote that do not code for polypeptides

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Exon

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A stretch of eukaryotic DNA coding for a corresponding portion of mRNA that is translated into peptides

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Operon

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Genetic operational unit that regulates metabolism by controlling mRNA production

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Recombination

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One bacterium donates DNA to another bacterium, genetic transfer

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Recombinant

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Any organism that contains genes that originated in another organism

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Horizontal gene transfer

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Any transfer of DNA that results in an organism acquiring new genes directly from parent organisms

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Conjugation

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Mode of genetic exchange in which a plasmid or other genetic material is transferred by a donor cell via a direct connection

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Conservative process of conjugation

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Donor bacterium generally retains a copy of genetic material being transferred

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Genetic code is

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The driving force of evolution

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Mutation

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Is any change to the nucleotides sequence in the genome

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Lethal mutation

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Mutation that has a harmful effect on the cell leading to cell dysfunction or death

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Neutral mutation

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Produce neither adverse or helpful changes

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Missense mutation

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Any change in a code that leads to placement of a diff. Amino acid

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Palindomes

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Enzymes that’s have a unique property of recognizing and clipping at the base sequence

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Ligase

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Enzyme necessary to seal the sticky ends together by rejoining the phosphate-sugar bonds cut by endonucleases

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Ligase

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Enzyme necessary to seal the sticky ends together by rejoining the phosphate-sugar bonds cut by endonucleases

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Reverse transcriptase (RT)

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Enzyme best known for role in the replication of the AIDS virus and other retroviruses

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Somatic gene therapy

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Changes are permanent in the individual who is treated but not passed to off spring

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Germ line therapy

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Genes are inserted into an egg, sperm, or early embryo

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CRISPR

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Clustered- regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

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CRISPR

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In bacteria and archaea they are short DNA w/repeating nucleotides

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If DNA molecule contains 15% adenine what % of cytosine does it contain

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35%

A-T& C-G the cell would contain 30% A-T and it would contain 70% C-G

Front 48

During ___ The DNA is duplicated prior to binary fission

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Replication

Front 49

Unlike DNA , RNA contains the nitrogenous base ____

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Uracil

Front 50

Unlike DNA , RNA contains the nitrogenous base ____

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Uracil

Front 51

3 major types of RNA

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tRNA

rRNA

mRNA

Front 52

2 subunits of the ____ comprise the site of protein synthesis

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Ribosomes_

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___ is the process of decoding the messenger RNA into a polypeptide

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Translation

Front 54

What are differences between eukaryotic and bacterial protein synthesis

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Transcription and translation are simultaneous in bacteria

First amino acid is slightly different

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What is the main event of translation termination?

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A stop codon is reached and the peptide is released from the ribosome

Front 56

A sequence of DNA in eukaryotic gene that does not code for protein is called ___

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Intron

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In eukaryotic genes, introns are interspersed between coding regions called ____ that will be translated into protein

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Exons

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____ gene transfer occurs when organisms acquire genes which did not come directly from a parent organism

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Horizontal gene transfer

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Which enzyme cleaves specific location on DNA and is used to splice genes in genetic engineering?

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Restriction endonuclease

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In the laboratory, ___ is used to renature DNA into its normal double stranded form

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Cooling

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____ ____ is the enzyme that can convert RNA into DNA

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Reverse transcriptase

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PCR importance

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Rapidly increases the amount of DNA in a sample

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Taq polymerase is used in PCR because

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Is stable at high temperatures

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____ ___ is a lab technique for separating DNA frag according to length by employing electricity to force the DNA through a gel like matrix

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Gel electrophoresis

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The exact order of nitrogenous bases in the DNA of a chromosome is termed the

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Genome sequence

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In high- throughput sequencing, many copies of the DNA to be sequenced are made by

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Polymerase chain reaction

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____ ____ technology, also known as genetic engineering, deliberately modified the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products or organisms

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Recombinant DNA

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The primary intent of ____ DNA technology is to combine the genetic material from two organisms

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Recombinant

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A genetic element such as a placid or a bacteriophage that is used to introduce genetic material into a cloning host during recombinant DNA experiments is called

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Vector

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Current diseases that might prove curable by gene therapy are those like

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Cystic fibrosis which is the result of a mutation in a single gene

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Changes to the genome of an individual that are passed onto off spring are ___ therapy

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Germline

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A region of some bacteria chromosomes that includes both a set of short repeated sequences and spacer DNA w/ reminants of bacteriophage and plasmid DNA is called ___

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CRISPR

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A region of some bacteria chromosomes that includes both a set of short repeated sequences and spacer DNA w/ reminants of bacteriophage and plasmid DNA is called ___

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CRISPR

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Process of CRISPR region in a bacterial chromosome is a ___ to the host because ____.

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advantage; it allows the microbe to keep a record of previous phage invasions

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3 reasons why CRISPR tech is very attractive to researchers

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Cheap, easy to perform, can be used in most organisms

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In the CRISPR technique, a guide RNA

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Targets the gene sequence to be modified

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An ethical concern about CRISPR is its use in a process called gene drive. This is used to ___

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Artificially cause an organisms offspring to accrue a mutation at an accelerated rate

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All genetic information within a cell

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Genome

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DNA does what 3 things

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Carries genetic code

Replication

Mutation( changes genetic code)

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Repressible operons

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Normally on

Transcribed until deactivated

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Repressible operons

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Normally on

Transcribed until deactivated

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Inducible operons

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Normally off

Activated by inducers

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Categories of mutations

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Point mutations

Frame shift

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Categories of mutations

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Point mutations

Frame shift

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Point mutations

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Missense mutations

Nonsense mutations

Silent mutation

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Frame shift

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Addition or deletion

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Frame shift

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Addition or deletion

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Missense mutations

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Change codon and single amino acid

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Frame shift

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Addition or deletion

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Missense mutations

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Change codon and single amino acid

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Nonsense mutation

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Changes a normal codon into a stop codon

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Frame shift

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Addition or deletion

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Missense mutations

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Change codon and single amino acid

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Nonsense mutation

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Changes a normal codon into a stop codon

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Silent mutations

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Alters a base but doesn’t change codon or overall structure

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Vertical gene transfer

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Genes go from parent to daughter

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Vertical gene transfer

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Genes go from parent to daughter

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Horizontal gene transfer

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Genes go from cell to cell