Micro Chapter 8

Front 1

What are the 3 categories of genes?

Back 1

1. Structural genes

2. Genes that code for RNA machinery

3. Regulatory genes

Front 2

What is the sum off all gene types that gives rise to an organisms distinctive genetic makeup

Back 2

Genotype

Front 3

What’s the expression of certain traits (hair/eye color, height)

Back 3

Phenotype

Front 4

The genotype codes for what?

Back 4

Phenotype

Front 5

What’s the basic unit of DNA structure?

Back 5

Nucleotide (which are the building blocks of DNA-they come together to form a strand of DNA)

Front 6

What are the 3 types of Nucleotides

Back 6

1. Sugar

2. Nitrogen base

3. Phosphate

Front 7

What are the 4 nitrogen bases?

Back 7

1. Adenine

2. Thymine

3. Guanine

4. Cytosine

Front 8

What does adenine pair with?

Back 8

Thymine

Front 9

What does guanine pair with?

Back 9

Cytosine

Front 10

Antiparallel arrangement (definition)

Back 10

One side of the helix runs in the opposite direction of the other

Front 11

DNA replicates in what kind of fashion?

Back 11

Semi-conservative

Front 12

Semi-conservative replication

Back 12

Taking parent DNA & splitting it into 2 identical daughter DNA

Front 13

What are the 2 steps to how DNA directs protein synthesis?

Back 13

1. Transcription

2. Translation

Front 14

Transcription

Back 14

Info in a DNA gene is copied into RNA

Front 15

Where does transcription happen for eukaryotes?

Back 15

The nucleus

Front 16

Translation

Back 16

The transcribed info gets translated into a protein

Front 17

Where does translation happen for eukaryotes?

Back 17

Cytoplasm

Front 18

What are the 3 steps to transcription?

Back 18

1 the promoter region

2. The coding region

3. The termination signal

Front 19

What takes place in the promoter region

Back 19

Transcription

Front 20

Initiation

Back 20

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter of a gene

Front 21

Which enzyme functions to make the messenger RNA

Back 21

RNA polymerase

Front 22

What does the coding region do?

Back 22

It dictates what kind of protein will be made (its the instruction manual)

Front 23

Elongation

Back 23

A growing stand of RNA is generated

Front 24

How does elongation work?

Back 24

RNA reads the template strand of DNA to create the messenger RNA & does that until step 3

Front 25

The termination signal does what?

Back 25

Stops transcription

Front 26

Stop codon

Back 26

The termination signal

Front 27

What happens during stop codon?

Back 27

RNA polymerase reaches the termination sequence, releases the completed RNA strand & detached from DNA

Front 28

T/F: translation has the same 3 steps as transcription

Back 28

True

Front 29

In general, what do operons do?

Back 29

They are a control mechanism that ensure that genes are only active when they are required (they regulate genes)

Front 30

Inducible operons

Back 30

Only produce the enzyme when the substrate is present

Front 31

Repressible operons

Back 31

Turned off by the products synthesized by the enzyme

Front 32

When does the lactose operon turn on?

Back 32

When there’s no glucose but lactose is available

Front 33

What are the 3 parts of the lactose operon

Back 33

1. Regulator

2. Promoter

3. Operator

Front 34

What does the lactose operon regulator do?

Back 34

It codes for the protein capable of repressing the operon (repressive)

It turn the operon on or off

Front 35

What does the lactose operon promoter do?

Back 35

Promotes the use of glucose or lactose- whichever is available.

Front 36

What does the lactose operon operator do?

Back 36

It’s the on/off switch

Front 37

Phase Variation

Back 37

Will result in a particular microorganism to turn on or off a series (a component of genes) that will lead to some kind of physical change

Ex: a rod shaped bacteria changing into a round shape