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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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allele |
version of a gene bacteria have one set of all their genes |
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how many alleles do bacteria have? |
one; haploid organisms |
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genome |
complete set of DNA |
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Lac operon |
metabolism of lactose in e.coli off until we turn it on: inducible lactose catabolism |
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tryptophan operon |
making tryptophan, repressible anabolism of tryptophan e. coli |
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horizontal/lateral gene transfer in bacteria |
for variability within the same generation |
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three mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer |
1. conjugation 2. transformation 3. transduction |
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conjugation (horizontal gene transfer) |
one bacterium with certain plasmid transfers across a pili -genes on the plasmid code for a conjugation pilus |
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transformation (horizontal gene transfer) |
stressed cells take up dead cells fragments after it is stressed out it could either be small pieces or the whole plasmid cell has to be competent able to accept genetic material |
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transduction |
virus infects host cells and take up part of the bacterial DNA and when it gets released it gives new host cells bacterial DNA |
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mutations |
change in the DNA most are spontaneous |
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wild type |
most frequently occurring version of a gene |
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imutant strain |
a change in a wild type |
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induced mutations |
Mutagens radiation: UV light x rays chemicals: 5-bromouracil |
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point mutation |
at one nucleotide there is a change |
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if you change just one nucleotide |
silent mutation: nucleotide changes but a.a doesnt missense mutation: nucleotide and a.a change nonsense mutation: nucleotide changes and a stop codon is created --> results in a short protein |
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frameshift mutation |
one or more bases are inserted or deleted |
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agent orange, ethidium bromide |
frameshift mutations |
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radiation |
UV light doesnt penetrate very far only kills microorganisms on surfaces with UV light pyrimidine dimers form |
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pyrimidine dimers |
typically with thiamine: thimine hydrogen bonds with eachother with UV light exposure |
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polymerase chain reaction |
lab technique for amplifying DNA segments DNA fragment of your choice replication in a tube |
