Micro Chapter 4 Flashcards

Front 1

What are growth factors?

Back 1

Nutrients not required from all living cells

Front 2

What are the 6 macronutrients?

Back 2

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Sulfur

Front 3

What is defined minimal media?

Back 3

Medium that contains compounds needed for an organism to grow

Front 4

An organism that fixes CO2 and assembles a sugar from it is called a what?

Back 4

Autotroph

Front 5

True or False?

Humans are heterotrophs

Back 5

True

Front 6

An organism that is a heterotroph and autotroph is called what?

Back 6

A mixotroph

Front 7

This type of organism obtains energy from chemical reaction triggered by light

Back 7

Phototroph

Front 8

This organism obtains energy from oxidation-reduction reactions

Back 8

Chemotroph

Front 9

Explain the proton motive force

Back 9

Hydrogenions move from the higher concentration outside the cell into the cell (wherethe concentration is lower) through ATP Synthase embedded in the membrane. Theflow of the ions causes ATP Synthase to spin and this spinning drives theconversion of APD+Pi to ATP. The ATP is stored for other uses.

Front 10

True or False?

Microbes are the only lifeform able to fix nitrogen.

Back 10

True

Front 11

Nitrogen Fixers convert ________ to __________.

Back 11

Nitrogen (N2); ammonium ions (NH4+)

Front 12

What enzyme do Nitrogen Fixers use to fix nitrogen?

Back 12

Nitrogenase

Front 13

Nitrifiers convert _______ to _______.

Back 13

Ammonia (NH4); Nitrate (NO3+)

Front 14

Denitrifiers convert ________ to ________.

Back 14

Nitrate (NO3); Nitrogen (N2)

Front 15

Explain the nitrogen cycle

Back 15

Nitrogen Fixers fix nitrogen to ammonium from N2 so that Nitrifiers can oxidize the ammonium to nitrate. Then, denitrifiers take the nitrate and convert it back to N2 for the Nitrogen Fixers.

Front 16

True or False?

Nitrogen Fixers are always within close distances to Nitrifiers and Denitrifiers in order to form a symbiotic relationship.

Back 16

False; they can be free-living

Front 17

Give an example of autotrophs

Back 17

Plants, algae

Front 18

Give an example of heterotrophs

Back 18

Humans, fungi

Front 19

What three ways are membranes selectively permeable?

Back 19

Substrate-specific carrier proteins (permeases)

Dedicated nutrient-binding proteins that patrol the periplasmic space

Membrane pores

Front 20

What is facilitated diffusion?

Back 20

Diffusion but with the aid of a protein to either guide a particle through an open pore OR to open the pore in membrane.

Front 21

True or False?

Facilitated Diffusion uses energy.

Back 21

False

Front 22

What is Active Transport?

Back 22

Movement that goes against the concentration gradient that uses energy.

Front 23

What are the 3 types of Active Transport?

Back 23

Coupled Transport Systems

ABC Transporters

Group Translocation

Front 24

What are the 2 types of Coupled Transport Systems?

Back 24

Symport

Antiport

Front 25

Explain what Symport is

Back 25

A type of coupled transport system that moves both the solute and driving ion in the same direction

Front 26

Explain what Antiport is

Back 26

A type of coupled transport system that moves the actively transported solute in the opposite direction of the driving ion

Front 27

What is a Coupled Transport System?

Back 27

A system in which energy is released by moving a driving ion down its gradient to move a solute up its gradient

Front 28

What are the two types of ABC Transporters

Back 28

Uptake ABC Transporters

Efflux ABC Transporters

Front 29

What are Uptake ABC Transporters used for?

Back 29

Transporting nutrients

Front 30

What are Efflux Transporters used for?

Back 30

Generally used as multidrug efflux (pumping things out of the cell)

Front 31

A process that uses energy to chemically substrate during its transport. What is this form of Active Transport called?

Back 31

Group Translocation

Front 32

Phototransferase System is a form of what kind of Active Transport?

Back 32

Group Translocation

Front 33

Explain the Phototransferase System

Back 33

Itallows glucose into the cell without the use of energy, but it does take energychanging it into Glucose-6 Phosphate. This alteration of glucose allows thecell to trick glucose from outside the cell to enter it, thus hoarding glucoseand energy

Front 34

This type of culture is a culture consisting of only one bacterial genome

Back 34

Pure culture

Front 35

What are the two main types of Growth Media?

Back 35

Liquid/Broth

Solid (agar gel)

Front 36

If you're trying to study the growing characteristics of a pure culture, what growth media would be best to use?

Back 36

Liquid media

Front 37

What is solid, agar gel best used for?

Back 37

For trying to separate mixed culture from clinical specimens or natural environments

Front 38

What type of media is this?

Nutrient rich but poorly defined; beef broth, yeast extract.

Back 38

Complex Media

Front 39

What type of media is this?

Media made with specific nutrients/salts and in certain concentrations to grow certain cultures

Back 39

Synthetic Media

Front 40

What type of media is this?

Complex Media, but with added nutrients (such as blood and/or serum) that the organism needs

Back 40

Enriched Media

Front 41

What type of media is this?

This media grows only certain types of microbes

Back 41

Selective Media

Front 42

What type of media is this?

This media exploits differences between two species that grow equally well. It is also used to find out what type of microbes are present

Back 42

Differential Media

Front 43

What is Dilution Streaking?

Back 43

Dipping a loop into a cultured broth and streaking a corner of an agar plate. Streaking more and more from the initial streak while sterilizing between each streak.

Front 44

What are the pros and cons of Dilution Streaking?

Back 44

Pros: Fastest method to get a pure culture

Cons: Can be ineffective

Front 45

What is "Spread Plating"?

Back 45

Tenfold serial dilutions done on a liquid culture then a small amount of each dilution is streaked

Front 46

What are the pros and cons of "Spread Plating"?

Back 46

Pros: Very accurate

Cons: Takes a long time with more resources

Front 47

What would be the quickest method to grow a pure culture?

Back 47

Dilution streaking

Front 48

What would be the most accurate method to grow a pure culture?

Back 48

Spread plating

Front 49

What are two methods used to count bacteria?

Back 49

A Petroff-Hausser counting chamber

A Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorter (FACS)

Front 50

How do Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorters (FACS) work?

Back 50

Cells are passed through a small hole and through a laser. Detectors measure light scatter in the forward direction and to the side

Front 51

What does forward detection measure in a FACS?

Back 51

Particle size

Front 52

What does side detection measure in a FACS?

Back 52

Shape or granularity

Front 53

Cells that are capable of replicating and forming a colony in a solid medium are called what?

Back 53

Viable Bacteria

Front 54

Explain the Pour Plate Method

Back 54

Method of culturing and counting bacteria by adding diluted bacterial broth into an empty petri dish. Then adding melted nutrient agar and mixed together.

Front 55

How can bacteria be counted indirectly?

Back 55

Through biochemical assays of cell mass, protein content, or metabolic rate

Front 56

How do most bacteria divide?

Back 56

Through binary fission

Front 57

What is Growth Rate?

Back 57

The rate of increase in cell numbers or biomass, is proportional to the population size at a given time

Front 58

What is Generation Time?

Back 58

The time it takes for a population to double

Front 59

What's a Batch Culture and what is it used for?

Back 59

Batch Culture is a liquid medium within a closed system.

It's a simple way to model the effects of changing environment

Front 60

True or False?

A change in conditions in a batch culture greatly affects bacterial physiology and growth.

Back 60

True

Front 61

Explain a Continuous Culture

Back 61

A state where all cells in a population achieve a steady state which allows for detailed study

Front 62

What does a Chemostat do?

Back 62

Ensures logarithmic growth by continuously adding media/nutrients and discarding dead material.

Front 63

Bacteria formed into a specialized surface-attached communities are called what?

Back 63

Biofilms

Front 64

When and how to Biofilms spread?

Back 64

Biofilms spread when nutrients become depleted by ways of individual microbes detaching and seeking nutrients elsewhere.

Front 65

What two species of bacteria form endospores?

Back 65

Clostridium and Bacillus species

Front 66

When do bacterial endospores form?

Back 66

They form in order to combat heat or other unfavorable conditions.

Front 67

What are heterocysts?

Back 67

Normalized cells morphed into an entirely different type of cell used to fix nitrogen when oxygen becomes scarce.