Micro Chapter 17 Flashcards

Front 1

What are the 3 fundamental conditions needed for the FIRST CELLS to evolve?

Back 1

Essential Elements

Continual Source Energy

Temperature Allowing Liquid Water

Front 2

What is the sum total of all life on Earth called?

Back 2

The Biosphere

Front 3

What eon did the Earth's first existence occur?

Back 3

Hadean Eon

Front 4

In what eon is there evidence the earliest life existed?

Back 4

Archaean Eon

Front 5

What era are we currently in?

Back 5

Cenozoic

Front 6

What is the geological evidence for early life? (Name three)

Back 6

Stromatolites

Microfossils

Biosignatures

Front 7

What are biosignatures?

Back 7

Chemical indicators of life

Front 8

What are two biosignatures used to ID life?

Back 8

Isotope ratios

Cyanobacterial hapanoids

Front 9

Layers of iron oxide suggest periods of oxygen-rich and anoxic conditions. What are these layers called?

Back 9

Banded iron formations (BIFs)

Front 10

What are three ways early life forms metabolize without oxygen?

Back 10

Anaerobic redox reactions

Light-driven ion pumps

Methanogensis

Front 11

What are the two early models for life?

Back 11

Prebiotic soup

RNA based world

Front 12

Explain how lightning made biomolecules.

Back 12

Lightning struck simple reduced chemicals, the electric discharge caused them to form into complex molecules and so on.

Front 13

Why is RNA thought to have existed before DNA?

Back 13

RNA is used by viruses

Uracil is a precursor for thymine

RNA processes catalytic properties as ribozyme

Front 14

What are clades?

Back 14

Branching groups of related organisms

Front 15

True of False?

Each clade is a monophyletic group.

Back 15

True

Front 16

The full description of branching divergence of a species is called its _________.

Back 16

Phylogeny

Front 17

What are the three fundamental mechanisms for evolution?

Back 17

Random mutations

Natural selection & Adaptation

Reductive Evolution

Front 18

The _________ is the chronological information contained in a macromolecular sequence.

Back 18

Molecular clock

Front 19

What is the most widely used molecular clock?

Back 19

The gene that encodes the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA)

Front 20

The 16s rRNA belongs to ____________, the 18s rRNA belongs to ___________.

A. Humans; bacteria

B. Bacteria; prokaryotes

C. Eukaryotes; Prokaryotes

D. Bacteria; Eukaryotes

Back 20

D. Bacteria; Eukaryotes

Front 21

What are the three main domains of life?

Back 21

Bacteria, archaea, and Eukarya

Front 22

The acquisition of a piece of DNA from another cell is called what?

Back 22

Horizontal gene transfer

Front 23

The transmission of an entire genome from parent to offspring is called what?

Back 23

Vertical gene transfer

Front 24

This type of gene encodes products essential for transcription and translation.

Back 24

Informational genes

Front 25

This type of gene encodes products that govern metabolism, stress response, and pathogenicity.

Back 25

Operational

Front 26

Operational genes are more likely to be transferred how?

Back 26

Horizontally

Front 27

Informational genes are most likely to be transferred how?

Back 27

Vertically

Front 28

What is some evidence of adaptive evolution?

Back 28

Genome analysis

Strongly selective environments

Experimental evolution

Front 29

When does degenerative evolution happen?

Back 29

When certain unneeded genes are lost from the genome

Front 30

What genetic phenomenon provides te opportunity to evolve paralogous genes with different functions?

Back 30

Gene duplication

Front 31

What is experimental evolution?

Back 31

The process of evolution that is studied in the laboratory. (Having E. Coli grow on citrate after thousands of generations).

Front 32

What are the three stages of evolving a new trait in a species?

Back 32

Potentiation

Actualization

Refinement

Front 33

What are the 1 of 3 definitive ways to identify a species

Back 33

DNA Hybridization greater than 70%

SSU rRNA similarity greater than 97%

Average nucleotide identity of orthologs greater than 95%

Front 34

__________ is the description of distinct life-forms and their organization into different categories with shared traits

Back 34

Taxonomy

Front 35

What is classification in taxonomy?

Back 35

The recognition of different classes of life

Front 36

This is the naming of different classes in taxonomy

Back 36

Nomenclature

Front 37

The term "emerging" is used to refer to what?

Back 37

An organism that has been recently discovered or described

Front 38

How are nongenetic systems of categorization organized?

Back 38

By either:

Phenotypic categories for identification

Ecological categories

Disease categories

Front 39

Who is the authority of determining the naming of a new species?

Back 39

ICSP

Front 40

What is a common way to identify a known species?

Back 40

Dichotomous key

Front 41

What is symbiosis?

Back 41

The intimate association of two unrelated species

Front 42

Explain mutualism.

Back 42

A type of symbiosis where both partners benefit

Front 43

Explain parasitism

Back 43

A symbiosis where only one partner benefits and the other is harmed

Front 44

Symbiosis results in what type of evolution?

Back 44

Coevolution, which shows parallel evolution for each species adapting in response to one another

Front 45

What is the more intimate symbiosis?

Back 45

Endosymbiosis

Front 46

What is Endosymbiosis?

Back 46

A symbiosis where one partner grows within another

Front 47

Where did mitochondria evolve from?

Back 47

Alpha proteobacterium

Front 48

Where did chloroplasts evolve from?

Back 48

Cyanobacteria