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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Adaptive immunity |
Defenses at Target a specific pathogen Acquired through infection or vaccination Primary Response: first time the immune system combats a particular foreign substance Secondary response: later interactions with the same foreign substance, faster and more effectively to memory |
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Humoral immunity |
Produces antibodies that Combat foreign molecules known as antigens
B cells are lymphocytes that are created in mature in red bone marrow -recognize antigens and make antibodies Humoral immunity fights Invaders outside cells: bacteria and toxins |
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Cellular immunity |
Produces T lymphocytes -recognize antigenic peptides process by phagocytic cells -mature in the thymus
T cell receptors, on the T cell surface contact antigens, causing the T cells to secrete cytokines instead of antibodies
Cellular immunity attacks antigens found inside cells: viruses, some fungi and parasites |
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Cytokine |
Chemical Messengers produced in response to stimulus Overproduction of cytokines lead to cytokine storm |
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Interleukins |
Cytokines between leukocytes |
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Chemokines |
Induce migration of leukocytes |
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Tumor necrosis Factor |
Involved in inflammation of autoimmune diseases |
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Hematopoietic cytokines |
Control stem cells that develop into red and white blood cells |
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Antigens |
Substances that cause the production of antibodies Usually components of invading microbes are foreign substances Antibodies interact with Epitopes, or antigenic determinants, on the antigen |
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Haptens |
Antigens too small to provoke immune responses, attach the carrier molecules |
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Antibodies |
Also known as globular proteins called immunoglobulins (Ig) |
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Valence |
The number of antigen binding sites on an antibody -bivalent antibodies of 2 binding sites |
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IgG |
Monomer 80% of serum antibodies In the blood, lymph, and intestine Cross the placenta; trigger complement; enhance phagocytosis; neutralize toxins and viruses; protect fetus |
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IgM |
Pentamere made of 5 monomers held with a J chain 6% of serum antibody Remain in blood vessels Cause clumping of cells and viruses First response to an infection, short-lived |
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IgA |
Monomer and serum, dimer in secretions 13% of serum antibodies Common in mucous membranes, saliva, tears, and breast milk Prevent microbial attachment to mucous membranes |
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IgD |
Monomer 0. 02% of serum antibodies Structure similar to IgG In blood, lymph, and on B cells No well-defined function, assist an immune response on B cells |
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IgE |
Monomer 0. 002% of serum antibodies On mast cells, on basophils, and in blood Cause the release of histamines when bound to antigen, lysis of parasitic worms |
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Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) |
Genes encode molecules on the cell surface Class 1 MHC or on the membrane of nucleated animals - identify self Class II MHC or on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs), including B cells |
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Clonal selection of antibody-producing cells |
Inactive B cells contain surface Ig that bind to antigen
B-cell internalizes and processes antigen
Antigen fragments are displayed on MHC class II molecules
T helper cell contacts the displayed antigen fragment and releases cytokines that activate B cells
B cells undergoes proliferation (clonal expansion) and produces a army of antibody-producing plasma cells and memory cells |
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Clonal deletion |
Eliminates harmful B cells |
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T dependent antigens |
Antigen that requires a T h cell to produce antibodies |
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T independent antigens |
Stimulate the b-cell without the help of T cells Provoke a weak immune response, usually producing IgM No memory cells generated |
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Antigen-antibody complex |
Forms when antibodies bind to antigens Affinity: strength of bond Protects the host by tagging foreign molecules or cells for Destruction |
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Agglutination |
Reduces number of infections units to be dealt with |
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Activation of complement |
Causes inflammation and cell lysis |
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Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity |
Antibodies attach to Target cell cause destruction by macrophages eosinophils and natural killer cells |
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Neutralization |
Blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa Blocks attachment of toxin |
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Microfold cells (M cells) |
Located over peyers patches and transfer pathogens that pass through the gastrointestinal tract to lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells |
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Macrophages |
Activated by cytokines or the ingestion of antigenic material Migrate to lymph tissue, presenting antigen to T cells |
