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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Upon contact, the phagosome and lysosome membranes fuse to form a single, larger structure called a _____________.
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phagolysosome |
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Natural killer cells are able to kill cancer cells and ______-infected cells.
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virus |
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________ are proteins that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses.
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cytokines |
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The ________ pathway is the most recently discovered mechanism for complement activation. This pathway is named after proteins produced by the liver that bind to carbohydrates.
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lectin |
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________ stain blue-purple with the basic dye methylene blue. These release substances, such as histamine, that are important in inflammation and allergic responses.
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basophils |
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Superoxide __________ is an enzyme used to convert superoxide radicals into molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide.
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dismutase |
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_______ are live microbial cultures applied to or ingested that are intended to exert a beneficial effect. Results of several studies suggest that giving these with antibiotics reduce the risk of developing Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea.
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probiotics |
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To survive in the human body, many pathogenic bacteria obtain iron by secreting proteins called ___________.
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siderophores |
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Although fairly recently discovered, __________peptides may be one of the most important components of innate immunity.
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antimicrobial |
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_______ cells are believed to be derived from the same precursor cells as monocytes. They have long extensions and they destroy microbes by phagocytosis and initiate adaptive immune responses
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dendritic |
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________ immunity refers to defenses that are present at birth, are always available to provide rapid responses to protect against disease and do not involve recognition of a specific microbe.
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innate |
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Some granules contain a protein called______, which inserts into the plasma membrane of the target cell and creates channels or perforations in the membrane.
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perforin |
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_______ cells are believed to be derived from the same precursor cells as monocytes. They have long extensions and they destroy microbes by phagocytosis and initiate adaptive immune responses.
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dendritic |
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What does a high WBC count indicate |
bacterial infections, autoimmune disease, or side effects with medications |
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What does a low WBC count indicate |
viral infections, pneumonia, autoimmune diseases, or cancers |
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What is the normal WBC range? |
5,000-10,000 WBC / mm^3 |
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Most WBC are _____. |
neutrophils |
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ability to ward off disease |
immunity |
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lack of resistence to a disease |
succeptibility |
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defenses against any pathogen; rapid, and present at birth |
innate immunity |
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immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen; slower to respond, and has a memory component |
adaptive immunity |
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What is are the 3 lines of defenses in order? |
skin and mucous, innate immunity, adaptive immunity |
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Toll like receptors |
-a class of proteins that play a key roll in innate immunity. - they are usually expresed in macrophages and dendritic cells that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes. - when microbes have broken the physical barriers of the body, they are recognized by these TLR's, which activate immune cell responses - attach to PAMPS |
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TLR's bound to PAMP's induce the release of ______ |
cytokines |
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What does the skin do to inhibit microbial growth? |
shed and is dry |
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lacrimal apparatus |
drains tears and washes the eye |
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What are the physical barriers of the body? |
1. skin 2. mucous membrane 3. mucilliary escalator 4. earwax 5. urine 6. vaginal secretions 7. peristalsis, defecations, vomitting, diarrhea |
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What is the most common reason for death for a person with cystic fibrosis |
pseudamonas infection |
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mucocilliary escalator |
transports microbes trapped in mucus away from lungs |
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earwax |
prevents microbes from entering the ear |
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urine |
cleans the urethra |
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vaginal secretions |
move microorganisms our of the vaginal tract |
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What are the chemical factors that help protect the body from microbes? |
1. sebum 2. lysozyme 3. gastric juices 4. vaginal secretions |
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How does sebum protect the body |
forms a protective film and lowers the pH of the skin |
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How does lysozyme protect the body |
it is in perspiration, tears, saliva, and urine; it destroys bacterial cell walls |
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How does gastric juices protect the body |
it destroys most bacteria and toxins |
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how do vaginal secretions protect the body |
it inhibits microbes |
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How do normal microbiota protect the body? |
they compete with pathogens via microbial antagonism |
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commensalism |
when one organism benefits while the other is unharmed |
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probiotics |
live microbial cultures administered to exert a beneficial effect |
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The majority of granulocytes are _______ |
neutrophils |
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What are the 3 granulocytes |
1. neutrophils 2. basophils 3. eosinophils |
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neutrophils |
phagocytic; work in early stages of infection |
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basophils |
release histamine; work in allergic responses |
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eosinophils |
phagocytic; toxic against parasites and helminths |
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_______ has granules that are visible in the blood with a light microscope, but he granules of ______ are not visbile |
granulocyte, agranulocytes |
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what are the 3 agranulocytes |
1. monocytes 2. dendritic cells 3. lymphocytes |
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monocytes |
mature into macrophages in tissue where they are phagocytic |
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dendritic cells |
found in the skin, mucous membranes, and thymus; also phagocytic |
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lymphocytes |
T cells, B cells, and NK cells; play a roll in adaptive immunity |
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fixed vs free macrophages |
fixed are residents in tissues and organs, free roam tissues and gather at sites of infection |
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What are the steps of phagocytosis |
1. chemotaxis 2. adherence 3. ingestion 4. digestion |
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What is chemotaxis |
chemical signals attract phagocytes to microorganisms |
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What happens in adherence |
attachment of phagocyte to the surface of the microorganism |
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What happens during ingestion |
opsonization (microbe is coated with serum proteins making ingestion easier) |
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What happens during digestion |
microbe is digested inside a phagolysosome |
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what are the 5 signs and symptoms of imflammation |
1. redness 2. swelling 3. edema 4. pagin 5. heat |
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what is the cornerstone of innate immunity |
inflammation |
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margination |
the sticking of phagocytes to blood vessels in response to cytokines at the site of inflammation, and squeeze between endothelial cells of blood vessels via diapedesis |
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stroma |
the supporting connective tissue that is repaired during inflammation |
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parenchyma |
the functioning part of the tissue that is repaired during inflammation |
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_____ causes the hypothalamus to release prostaglandins that reset the hypothalamus to a higher temperature (fever) |
cytokines |
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Complement system |
proteins produced by the liver that assist the immune system in destroying microbes (phagocytosis) |
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What are the 3 complement pathways |
1. classical 2. alternative 3. lectin |
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What is the most commone complement pathway |
classical |
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______ of bacteria prevent complement activation |
capsules |
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What are the 3 outcomes of complement |
1. cytolysis 2. opsonization 3. inflammation |
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What do interferons cause other cells to produce |
antibodies |
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What do bacteria produce to compete with iron binding proteins |
siderophores |
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transferrin |
found in blood and tissue fluids |
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lactoferrin |
found in milk, saliva, and mucus |
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ferritin |
found in the liver, spleen, and red bone marrow |
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hemoglobin |
located in RBC |
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What are 2 major things that antimicrobial peptides inhibit? |
cell wall synthesis and formation of pores in the plasma membrane |
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what is the most recently discovered complement pathway |
lectin |
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which complement pathway doesn't use antibodies |
alternative |
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When do cells produce Antimicrobial peptides? |
when chemicals in microbes attach to TLR's |
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interferon lamda activates neutrophils and macropahges to do what |
kill bacteria |
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interferon alpha and beta are produced in response to what |
a viral infection |
