Micro Chapter 16

Front 1

White blood cell counts

Back 1

WBC count measure leukocytes in the blood

High WBC count May indicate bacterial infection, autoimmune diseases, or side effects of medications

low WBC counts May indicate viral infections, pneumonia, autoimmune diseases, or cancers

Front 2

Immunity

Back 2

Ability to ward off disease

Front 3

Susceptibility

Back 3

Lack of resistance to a disease

Front 4

Innate immunity

Back 4

Defenses against any pathogen; Rapid, present at birth

Front 5

Adaptive immunity

Back 5

Immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen; slower to respond, has memory component

Front 6

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

Back 6

On host cells attached to pathogen Associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

They do this to induce the release of cytokines from the host cell that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses

Front 7

Dermis

Back 7

Inner portion made of connective tissue

Front 8

Epidermis

Back 8

Outer portion made of tightly packed epithelial cells containing keratin, a protective protein

Front 9

Mucous membranes

Back 9

Epithelial layer that lines the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts

Front 10

Mucus

Back 10

Viscous glycoproteins that trap microbes and prevent tracks from drying out

Front 11

Lacrimal apparatus

Back 11

Drains tears, washes eye

Front 12

Ciliary escalator

Back 12

Transports microbes trapped in mucus away from lungs

Front 13

Ear wax

Back 13

Prevents microbes from entering the ear

Front 14

Urine

Back 14

Cleans the urethra via flow

Front 15

Vaginal secretions

Back 15

Move microorganisms out of the vaginal tract

Front 16

Sebum

Back 16

Forms a protective film and lower the pH of skin

Oily secretion of sebaceous glands

Front 17

Lysozyme

Back 17

In perspiration, tears, saliva, and urine destroys bacterial cell walls

Front 18

Low ph interactions with microbes

Back 18

(1. 2 -3. 0) of gastric juice destroys most bacteria and toxins

(3-5) of vaginal secretions inhibit microbes

Front 19

Normal microbiota

Back 19

Compete with pathogens via microbial antagonism

Front 20

Probiotics

Back 20

Live microbial cultures administered to exert a beneficial effect

Front 21

Formed elements in blood

Back 21

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

Created in red bone marrow stem cells via hematopoiesis

Front 22

Granulocytes

Back 22

Leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm that are visible with a light microscope

Front 23

Neutrophils

Back 23

Phagocytic, work in early stages of infection

60-70%

Is Granulocyte

Front 24

Basophils

Back 24

Release histamine, work in allergic responses

0.5-1%

Is Granulocyte

Front 25

Eosinophils

Back 25

Phagocytic, toxic against parasites and helmets

2-4%

Is Granulocyte

Front 26

Agranulocytes

Back 26

Leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm that are not visible with a light microscope

Front 27

Monocytes

Back 27

Mature into macrophages in tissues where they are phagocytic

3-8%

Is Agranulocyte

Front 28

Dendritic cells

Back 28

Found in the skin, mucous membranes, and thymus. Phagocytic

Is Agranulocyte

Front 29

Lymphocytes

Back 29

T cells, B cells, and Natural Killer cells. Plays a role in adaptive immunity

20-25%

Is Agranulocyte

Front 30

Fixed macrophages

Back 30

Are residents in tissues and organs

Front 31

Free macrophages

Back 31

Roam tissues and gather at sites of infections

Front 32

Chemotaxis

Back 32

Chemical signals attract phagocytes to microorganisms

Front 33

Adherence

Back 33

Attachment of a phagocyte to the surface of microorganism

Front 34

Opsonization

Back 34

Microorganism is coated with serum proteins, making ingestion easier

Front 35

Digestion

Back 35

Microorganism is digested inside a phagolysosome

Front 36

Inflammation

Back 36

4 signs and symptoms: redness, swelling (edema), pain, and Heat

Destroys injurious agent or limits it's effects on the body

Repairs and replaces tissue damaged by the injurious agent

activate acute-phase proteins by the liver that cause vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels

Front 37

Margination

Back 37

The sticking of phagocytes to blood vessels in response to cytokines at the site of inflammation

Front 38

Tissue repair

Back 38

Cannot be completed until all harmful substances are removed or neutralized

Stroma is a supporting connective tissue that is repaired

Parenchyma is the functioning part of the tissue that is repaired

Front 39

Fever

Back 39

Abnormally high body temperature

Hypothalamus is normally set at 37 Celsius

Cytokines cause the hypothalamus to release prostaglandins that reset the hypothalamus to a higher temperature

body constricts the blood vessels, and shivering occurs

As body temperature falls(crisis) vasodilation and sweating occurs

Front 40

Serum proteins

Back 40

Made by the liver that assist the immune system in destroying microbes (complement system)

Designated with uppercase C and number in order of discovery

Front 41

Classical pathway in complement activation

Back 41

Antibodies bind to antigens, activating C1

C1 splits inactivate C2 and C4

C2a and C4b combine and activate C3

C3a functions of inflammation

C3b functions inside of cytolysis

Front 42

Alternate pathway in complement activation

Back 42

C3 present in blood combines what factors B, D, and P on microbes surface

C3 splits into C3a and C3b, functioning the same as in the classical pathway

Front 43

Lectin pathway in complement activation

Back 43

Macrophages ingest pathogens, releasing cytokines that stimulate lectin production in the liver

Mannose binding lectin (MBL) binds to mannose, activating C2 and C4

C2a and C4b activate C3, which functions the same as in the classical and alternative pathways

Front 44

Outcomes of complement activation

Back 44

Cytolysis: activated complement proteins create a membrane attack complex

Opsonization: promotes attachment of a phagocyte to a microbe

Inflammation: activated complement proteins bind to mast cells, releasing histamine

Front 45

Interferons

Back 45

Cytokines produced by cells, have antiviral activity

IFN-a and IFN-b: produced by cells in response to viral infections, cause neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibits viral replication

IFM-y causes of neutrophils and macrophages to kill bacteria

Front 46

Iron binding proteins

Back 46

Transferrin: found in Blood and Tissue fluids

Lactoferrin: found in milk, saliva, and mucus

Ferritin: found in the liver, spleen, and red bone marrow

Hemoglobin: located in red blood cell