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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"germ" refers to a...
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rapidly growing cell
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microorganisms are...
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orgamisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye
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microorganisms are producers
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TRUE
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do microorganisms decompose organic waster?
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yes
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can microorganisms produce industrial chemicals like ethanol and acetone
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yes
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can they produce fermented foods?
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yes
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can microorganisms produce cellulase and insulin?
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yes
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are some microorganisms pathogenic?
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yes
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can microorganisms also prevent food spoilage and disease occurence?
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yes
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What did Linnaeus do?
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establish the system of scientific nomenclature
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what are the two names each organism has?
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the genus and the specific epithet
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what are the two ways to write a scientif name?
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in italics or underlined
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what is the capitalized name called?
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the genus
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what is the lower case name called?
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the specific epithet
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what does staphylo mean
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clustered arrangement of cells
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what does aur- mean
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golden color
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who discovered Escherichia coli?
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Theodor Escherich
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in the scientific name, the first word is the genus and the second is the specific epithet
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true
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Are bacteria eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
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prokaryotes
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What kind of cell wall do bacteria have?
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peptidoglycan cell wall
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How do bacteria reproduce?
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by binary fission
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How do bacteria obtain energy?
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bacteria use organic chemicalss, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis
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Are archaea prokarytic or eukaryotic?
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prokaryotic
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Do archaea have peptidoglycan in their cell walls?
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no
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What kind of environment do archaea live in?
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extreme environments
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Name some archaea and the environment they live in.
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methanogens -
extreme halophiles - exterme thermophiles - |
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Are fungi prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
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eukaryotes that exist as both multicellular and unicellular organisms
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What kind of cell walls do fungi have?
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chitin cell walls
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How do fungi obtain energy?
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they use organic chemicals for energy
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Molds and mushrooms are ...
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multicellular consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae
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What are hyphae?
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filaments that compose mycelia that make up molds and mushrooms
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Yeasts are ____cellular
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Unicellular
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Are protozoa prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
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eukaryotes
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how do protozoa obtain energy?
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they absorb or ingest organic chemicals
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Protozoa may be motile via...
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pseudopods, cilia, or flagella.
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How do protozoa reproduce?
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sexually or asexually
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Are algae prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
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eukaryotes
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The cell walls of algae contain...
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cellulose
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How do algae obtain energy
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photosynthesis
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Algae produce ____ and_____/
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molecular oxygen and organic compounds
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Are viruses prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
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neither, they are acellular
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Describe the core of a virus.
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Viruses consist of a DNA or RNA core, which is surrounded by a protein coat, which may be enclosed in a lipid envelope.
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How do viruses replicate?
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they are OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITES and can only replicate when they are in a living host
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Are multicellular animal parasites prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
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eukaryotes
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What are helminths?
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parasitic flatworms and round worms
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What are the 3 domains or microorganisms?
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Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
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What are the classes of eukarya?
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protists, fungi, plants, and animals
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What was the first life on Earth?
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ancestors of bacteria
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What year were the first microbes observed?
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1673
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In 1665, Robert Hooke....
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reported that living things were composed of little boxes or cells
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In 1858, Rudolf Virchow...
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said cells arise from preexisting cells
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cell theory is
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All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells.
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In 1673-1723, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek...
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described live microorganism that he observed in teeth scrapings, rain water, and pepercorn infusion (animalcules)
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what are animalcules?
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peppercorn infusions seen by van Leeuwenhoek
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What is spontaneous generation?
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the hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter. a "vital force" forms life
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What is biogenesis?
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The alternative hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life.
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Who and when did the decaying meat with maggot experiment?
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Francisco Redi in 1668. this supported biogenesis
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In 1745, John Needham...
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put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks and reported microbial growth
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In 1765, Lazzaro Spalllanzani...
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boiled nutrient solutions inflasks and then sealed them. No microbial growth reported.
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In 1861, Louis Pasteur...
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put together Needham and Spallanzani's experiments are demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air
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What did Pasteur's flask do?
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His S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in.
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What is fermentation?
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the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine
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Who showed that microbes are responsible are responsible for fermentation?
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Pasteur
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What is responsible for spoilage of food?
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microbial growth
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How do bacteria spoil wine?
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bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid turn wine to vinegar - acetic acid
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what is another name for acetic acid?
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vinegar
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What is pasteurization?
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the application of high heat for a short time.
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How did Pasteur first demonstrate pasteurization?
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Spoilage bacteria coud be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine
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In 1835, Agostino Bassi...
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showed that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus.
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In 1865, Pasteur...
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believed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan.
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in the 1840s, Ignaz Semmelweiss ...
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advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another
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In the 1860s, Joseph Lister...
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used a chemical disinfectant (carbolic acid) to prevent surgical wound infections after looking at Pasteur's work showing microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases.
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In 1876 Robert Koch ...
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proved that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, Koch's postulates, to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.
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In 1796, Edward Jenner ...
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inoculated a person with cowpox virus. The person was then protected from smallpox.
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Who gave the first vaccine?
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Edward Jenner
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Vaccination is derived from...
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vacca for cow
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The protection against a disease is called...
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immunity
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Chemotherapy is...
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treatment with chemicals
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Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be....
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synthetic drugs or antibiotics
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Antibiotics are...
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chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes
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Quinine from _______ was long used to treat _______
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tree bark, malaria
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In 1910, Paul Ehrlich
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developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis
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When were sulfonamides synthesized?
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in the 1930s
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In 1928, Alexander Fleming
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discoverd the first antibiotic
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How did Alexander Fleming discover the first antibiotic?
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He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus
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In the 1940s,
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penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced
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the study of bacteria
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bacteriology
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the study of fungi
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mycology
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the study of protozoa and parasitic worms
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parasitology
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genomics
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the study of an organisms genes
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immunology
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the study of immunity
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serotype
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variants within a species
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In 1933, Rebecca Lancefield...
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proposed the use of immunology to identify some bacteria according to serotypes
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the study of viruses
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virology
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recombinant DNA
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DNA made from two different sources
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In the 1960s, Paul Berg
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inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA and the bacteria produced an animal protein
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recombinant DNA technology is aka
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genetic engineering
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what doess DNA technology involve?
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microbial genetics and molecular biology
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In 1942, George Beadle and Edward Tatum ...
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showed that genes encode a cell's enzymes
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In 1944, Oswald Aver, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty...
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showed that DNA was the hereditary material
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In 1961, Francois Jacob and Jarques Monod ...
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discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis
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von Behring
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diptheria antitoxin
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Ross
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malaria transmission
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Koch
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TB bacterium
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Metchnikoff
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phagocytes
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Flemin, Chain, Florey
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penicillin
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waksman
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streptomycin
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Delbruck, Hershey, Luria
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viral replication
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Tonegawa
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antibody genetics
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Prusiner (1997)
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prions
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what is an alternative to chemical pesticides?
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microbes that are pathogenic to insects
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Bacillus thuringiensis
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these infections are fatal to many insects but are harmless to animals and plants
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biotechnology is...
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the use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals
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genetic engineering is a new technique for biotechnology
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true
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through genetic engineering, bacteria and fungi can produce ...
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a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes
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can missing or defective genes in human cells be replaced in gene therapy?
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yes
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can genetically modified bacteria be used to protect crops from insects and from freezing?
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yes
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what is the replacement term for FLORA
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microbiota
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normal microbiota
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nicrobes normally present in and on the human body
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normal microbiota produce
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growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin K
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resistance is ..
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the ability of the body to ward off disease
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resistance factors include...
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skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals
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emerging infectious diseases (EID)
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new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence
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when does disease result?
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when a pathogen overcomes the host's resistance
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About West Nile encephalitis...
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aka the west nile virus. it was first diagnosed in the west nile region of uganda in 1937 and appeared in NYC in 1999
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About Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
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-caused by a prion
-also causes Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) -new variant CJD in humans is related to cattle fed sheep offal (the pieces which fall from a carcase when it is butchered including heart, liver, brain, head, and feet) for protein |
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Escherichia coli 057:H7
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-toxin-producing strain of E. coli
-first seen in 1982 -leading cause of diarrhea worldwide -associated in the US with undercooked meat and unpasteurized beverages |
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Invasive group A Spreptococcus
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-rapidly growing bacteria that cause extensive tissue damage
-increased incidence since 1995 |
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Ebola hemorrhagic fever
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-ebola virus
-causes fever, hemorrhaging, and blood clotting -first identified near Ebola River, Congo -outbreaks every few years |
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Avian Influenza A
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-influenza A virus (H5N2)
-primarily in waterfowl and poultry -sustained human-to-human transmission has not occurred yet |
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
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-SARS-associated Coronavirus
-occurred in 2002-2003 -person-to-person transmission |
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AIDS
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-HIV
-first identified in 1981 -worldwide epidemic infecting 44 million people; 14,000 new infections every day -STD -30% female, 75% African American |
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Cryptosporidiosis
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-Cryptosporidium protozoa
-first reported in 1976 -causes 30% of diarrheal illness in developing countries -in the US, transmitted via water |
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Where is S. aureus found on the human body?
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on the skin
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Where is E. coli found in the human body?
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in the large intestine
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