Micro 4

Front 1

___ heat is preferred (vs. dry heat)
→ faster penetration
→ better protein denaturation (water disrupts H-bonds)

Back 1

Moist

Front 2

Boiling waterat 100°C kills ___ and ___ but not ___ (ie. sterility not guaranteed)

Back 2

bacteria and viruses

spores

Front 3

Use the the “___” to make sure autoclave is working properly

Back 3

spore strip

Front 4

Pasteurization: Original method: 63°C, 30 min.
- first used by Pasteur on beer, wine

Today: HTST Stands for: ___
→ 72°C, 15 sec., followed by rapid cool down
→ less adverse effect on ___ vs. original method

Back 4

high temp, short time

taste

Front 5

___ are Cross links thymines in DNA (are caused by ____, which has ___ penetration of liquids, plastic, glass, etc and is only used for ____ sterilization)

Back 5

thymine dimers
Ultraviolet light
poor
surface

Front 6

____ radiation for ex : __rays, ___ rays
- Dislodges ____ → disrupts chemical bonds & break DNA
-___ penetration (due to higher energy)

Back 6

Ionizing
X and gamma
electrons
Good

Front 7

Filter Sterilization: Create pores too small for ___ to pass through(Note:____ can pass through filters)

Back 7

bacteria

Viruses

Front 8

___ are chemicals with anti-microbial properties

Back 8

Germicides

Front 9

Germicides: Goal is to reduce bacterial numbers to “____” levels
(complete sterility may or may not be achieved)
- Intended for use on _____

Back 9

safe
surfaces

Front 10

Two types of germicides:
1. _____ - for use on biological surfaces (eg. skin)
2. _______ - for use on inanimate surfaces (tend to be more toxic &/or irritating)

Back 10

Antiseptics

Disinfectants

Front 11

Factors influencing how well a germicidal chemical works:
-____
-____
-____
-____
-____
-____

Back 11

• Time of exposure (not all microbes killed at same rate)
• Temperature of environment (less effective at lower temps)
• Concentration of germicide (higher is better, but beware toxicity)
• Presence of organic matter (soil, blood, pus form protective layer around microbes and reduce effectiveness of germicides)
• Number of microbes present
• Types of microbes present

Front 12

Easiest to kill: Type ___
Hardest to kill: Type ___

Back 12

A
C

Front 13

Types of microbes present:____ - vegetative forms of bacteria; fungi; enveloped viruses

Back 13

Group A

Front 14

Types of microbes present:____ - Mycobacteria species; non-enveloped viruses

Back 14

Group B

Front 15

Types of microbes present: ____ - bacterial spores

Back 15

Group C

Front 16

Phenols's function: _____

Back 16

denature proteins

Front 17

Triclosan's function: ______

Back 17

inhibits an enzyme req. for bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis

Front 18

Alcohol's function: ____

Back 18

-Dissolves lipids (disrupts bacterial membranes)
-Denatures proteins (& slower evaporation) if water present

Front 19

Heavy metals' function: ____

Back 19

- Denature & inactivate proteins by binding to sulfhydryl groups

Front 20

Peroxides' function: _____

Back 20

- Some protein denaturing activity
- Breaks down to H2O + O2 → kills anaerobes

Front 21

Halogens' function: _____

Back 21

denature proteins, nucleic acids

Front 22

Biguanides' function: ______

Back 22

Disrupts membranes, denatures proteins

Front 23

Alkylating agents' function:
______

Back 23

- Denature proteins and DNA by cross-linking organic groups

Front 24

____ has skin irritation, neurotoxicity (if absorbed through skin)
Today it is used as a ____

Back 24

Phenol

disinfectant

Front 25

Triclosan is a _____ phenol compound

Is it irritant or non?

Back 25

Chlorinated

Non irritating → widely used in consumer products

Front 26

Is alcohol toxic or irritating?

Back 26

Non-toxic & non-irritating → antiseptic uses

But: may not give complete sterility of skin
→ rapid evaporation = short exposure time
→ bacteria deep within pores survive
→ no effect on spores or some viruses
→ poor action if organic matter present

Front 27

The following are _____
- Selenium for ____
Zinc compounds for ____
Mercury compounds(“____”)
Silver sulfadiazine for ___

Back 27

-anti-fungal activity
-mouthwashes, shampoo, etc.
-Mercurochrome
-burn wound ointment

Front 28

Halogens:
-Chlorine is a _____
-Iodine is a ____

Back 28

disinfectant
antiseptic

Front 29

High concentrations of chlorine (Na hypochlorite) kills most ____ and ____
- low kills ____ but not ____

Back 29

microbes and spores

bacteria but not spores

Front 30

Which halogen is inactivated by organic matter?

Back 30

Chlorine

Front 31

True or False: Iodine is more toxic and less stable than Chlorine?

Back 31

False, Iodine is more stable,less toxic

Front 32

Types of Iodine:
“Tincture”= ___ and ____⇒ combined effect
• “______” (Iodine + hydrocarbon carrier molecule)
⇒ carrier slows & prolongs the release of iodine
-Betadine is an example of ____

Back 32

Iodine + alcohol

Iodophore
Iodophore

Front 33

True or False: Biguanides have low toxicity, non-irritability and don't adhere to skin/mucous membrane

Back 33

False: they have low tox., are't irritable, but can bind to the skin and mucous membrane
→ antiseptic skin creams, mouthwashes, antibacterial soaps
→ catheters and other implanted surgical devices
→ chips inserted between tooth & gum for periodontal disease

Front 34

Of the alkylating agents ____ has good action in the presence of organic material

Back 34

Glutaraldehyde, therefore widely used for sterilizing medical / dental equipment

Front 35

_____ and ____ are very toxic, explosive, potentially carcinogenic
(objects must be flushed with sterile air before use)

Back 35

Ethylene Oxide and Propylene Oxide