Micro 3

Front 1

1. Capsules
- Loose polymer of _____
- Exact chemical structure varies between species
- Highly viscous → colonies appear “mucoid” (slimy, wet)
- Found in gram pos, neg (& most pathogens)
- Require special stains to be seen (eg. Negative stain)

Back 1

polysaccharide + protein

Front 2

____ is a population of cells on a surface held together by capsule

Back 2

Biofilm

Front 3

Biofilm formation involves cell to cell communication (known as “_____”)

Back 3

Quorum sensing

Front 4

Formation of Biofilm: Free-living cells attach and secrete a chemical signal called _____

Back 4

homoserine lactone

Front 5

Flagella have a complex, 3 - part structure:
• ___ → “rings” buried in cell envelope
• ___ + ___ → appendage extending outward from cell
⇒ Complete structure able to rotate (propeller - like) and move cell

Back 5

Basal body

Hook + Filament

Front 6

___ are required for attachment of bacteria to other cells

Back 6

Pili aka Fimbriae

Front 7

Two Types of Pili: ___ pili - attachment of bacteria to other bacteria; ____ pili - attachment of bacteria to eucaryotic cells (used by
many pathogens to attach to host tissues)

Back 7

Sex, Common pili

Front 8

Spores are mostly gram ___

Back 8

Pos

Front 9

Two steps of Spore life cyle:
-____
-____

Back 9

Sporulation, Germination

Front 10

In Sporulation: Multi-layered “wall” (___ + ___)
forms around bacterial DNA

Back 10

PG + protein

Front 11

____ is the orderly increase in cell components, followed by DNA replication and cell division to create two identical “daughter” cells

Back 11

Binary Fission

Front 12

G= Generation Time = ___ time

in min or hr/ gen

Back 12

Doubling

Front 13

Growth rate = number of __ per ___

Back 13

generations per hour

Front 14

In Growth Stages of Populations the time during which cells are most sensitive to antibiotics,
external stresses, etc. is ___

Back 14

Exponential/ Log Phase

Front 15

In Growth Stages of Populations, During death phase we See decrease in viable count, but ___ is unaffected

Back 15

turbidity

Front 16

Most bacteria (and all pathogens) are “____”
→ aka use organic material (sugars, fats, proteins) as a
source of carbon and to generate energy

Back 16

Chemoheterotrophs

Front 17

pH level: Some species tolerate extremes (generally not human pathogens):
- ___ → pH 1.0 - 5.0
- ___ → pH > 9.0

Back 17

acidophiles

alkaliphiles

Front 18

Osmotolerant bacteria (eg.____ ) - up to 10% NaCl
- often present on skin

Back 18

Staphylococcus

Front 19

____- (“salt-loving”) - up to 30% NaCl
- mostly Archaebacteria in extremely salty environments
- increase intracellular potassium to balance external salt

Back 19

Halophiles

Front 20

Classification of bacteria based on Temperature requirements:
-___ opt. ≈ 10°C
-___ opt. ≈ 37°C
-___ opt. ≈ 70°C
-___ opt. > 80°C

Back 20

Psychrophiles
Mesophiles
Thermophiles
Hyperthermophiles

Front 21

Classification of bacteria based on O2 requirements:
-____ have absolute requirement for atmospheric oxygen
-____killed by O2 (grow only if O2-free) (eg. intestinal bacteria)
-___ grow best if O2 present, but do not require it (eg. E. coli)
d)
-___don’t use O2 for metabolism, but survive in its presence
-___ grow best at low [O2]

Back 21

Obligate Aerobes
Obligate Anaerobes
Facultative Anaerobes
Aerotolerant
Microaerophiles

Front 22

Free Radicals + Hydrogen => ___ + ____ (catalyzed by ___)

Hydrogen Peroxide => ___ and oxygen (catalyzed by ___)

Back 22

Hydrogen Peroxide and Oxygen (catalyzed by superoxide
dismutase
Water and oxygen (catalyzed by catalase)

Front 23

Anaerobic (“Gas-Pak”) Jar:
- chemical rx. generates H2 + CO2
- H2 reacts with __ to generate water
- O2 removed & replaced by __ and __

Back 23

O2, CO2 & H2O

Front 24

Bismuth Sulfite Agar
- sulfite inhibits growth of gram ___ and most gram ___
- will not inhibit ____ (intestinal pathogen)→ use to select for ___ from a specimen containing
a mixed bacterial population (eg. fecal sample)

Back 24

Pos., Neg.

Salmonella typhi
S. typhi

Front 25

Blood Agar differentiates “___”(zone of clearing because ____) vs. “____” bacteria(no toxin, no zone of clearing)

Back 25

hemolytic, hemolysin
vs non-hemolytic

Front 26

MacConkey Agar
- Contains ___ & ___ ⇒ inhibits growth of gram ___ but not gram ___ (selective)
- Contains ___ & pH indicator
⇒ if ___ metabolized → acidic wastes → pH drops
⇒ if ___ not metabolized → no pH drop (differential)

Back 26

bile salts & crystal violet
pos. but not neg.

lactose, lactose, lactose

Front 27

Mannitol Salt Agar
-salt inhibits everything except osmotolerant species
(eg. ___ )-selective
-differentiated on basis of ability to metabolize mannitol and produce acidic wastes:
-__ metabolizes mannitol
-__ non metabolizer

Back 27

Staphylococcus species

S. aureus metabolizes
S. epidermidis doesn't

Front 28

sum total of genetic information in organism

Back 28

Genotype

Front 29

outward appearance of organism, as directed by genotype

Back 29

Phenotype

Front 30

___discovers “transformation”using smooth and rough capsule experiment (Strep pneumoniae)
“Smooth” - has capsule → lethal
“Rough” - no capsule → not lethal

Back 30

Griffith

Front 31

___ - creates supercoils
___ - removes supercoils

Back 31

DNA gyrase

Topoisomerase I

Front 32

Chromosome replication in bacteria:Begins at _____ point(s) on chromosome vs. ___ point(s) on euc. chromo.

Proceeds bi-directionally
from origin

Back 32

single

multiple

Front 33

Euc. export mRNA from nucleus → cytoplasm prior to translation vs. Proc. - No export - mRNA translated as soon as it is produced
(“coupling” of transcription & translation)
Euc. genes have non-coding “____” → transcribed into mRNA, but removed before translation (Proc. genes do not have _____)

Back 33

introns, introns

Front 34

___ is a physical change in DNA sequence (genotype)

Back 34

Mutation

Front 35

Gain of function mutants = “____ Selection” method (create an environment where mutant can grow)

Loss of function mutants = “____ Selection” method (create an environment where mutant can't grow)
Indirect=>replica plating

Back 35

Direct

Indirect

Front 36

____ is unable to
synthesize proline and only grow if proline supplied in media

Back 36

proline auxotroph

Front 37

Identification of chemical carcinogens using the The __ Test (a “reversion” mutation)

Back 37

Ames

Front 38

____ is joining of DNA from two separate sources

Back 38

Recombination

Front 39

Transduction→ DNA transfer via _____

Back 39

Bacteriophage

Front 40

Three Mechanisms of Gene Transfer:
-____
-____
-____

Back 40

Transformation
Tranduction
Conjugation

Front 41

___ is an enzyme used by phage to escape host bacteria by degrading peptidoglycan, resulting in osmotic lysis of cells
-Less effective against gram ____ (can’t penetrate OM)

Back 41

lysin

negatives