Micorbiologyreview Test 1-

Front 1

What are the contributions of :

Anton Van Leenwenhoek?

Back 1

He created the first real light microscope. First to observe microbes, Used speciemens from pond water etc. Described and recorded his observations. Selfish w/ knowledge

Front 2

What are the contributions of :

Louis Pasteur?

Back 2

Disproved spontaeous generation, suggested microbes in air -created swan neck flasks.
ID 'ed yeast as microbe that makes wine.
Father of modern immunology
Proposed Germ Theory of disease
Pasteurization techniq to reduce microbes in food and increase shelf life.

Front 3

What are the contributions of :

Joseph Lister?

Back 3

Reduced infections after surgery by spraying carbolic acid over patient before bandaging wound. First surgical antiseptic.

Front 4

What are the contributions of :

John Tyndall?

Back 4

Discovere some microorganisms are resistant to certain sterilation techniques. One of the founders of bacterioology.

Front 5

What are the contributions of :

Robert Koch

Back 5

Developed the Germ Theory. Developed techniques for cultivationg microorganisms.
discovered how microrgs spread contagious diseases by studying anthrax.

Front 6

What are the contributions of :

Franchesco Redi

Back 6

Discovered that microrgs. did not spontanely appear. His contribution led to finding that killing organisms that cause disease can prevent disease.

Front 7

What is :

Spontaneous generation?

Back 7

Idea that life arises from non life - beforee 1800s -fueled by religion & superstition.

Front 8

What is :

Germ Theory of Disease

Back 8

Link betwn disease and microbe. Allow for control or treatment of microbe, determine source and remove offending contaminant.

Front 9

What is :

Pure Culture Technique

Back 9

a population of organisms descended from a single cell and therefore separte from all other species.

Front 10

What is :

Bioremediation

Back 10

Process that uses microorganisms to degrade harmful chemicals

Front 11

Differentiate emerging and reemerging diseases.

Back 11

Emerging disease = disease that has increased in incidence in past 20 yrs.
HIV,SARS,mad cow,toxic shock

Reemerging= diseases once waning beginning to increase again. - malaria,cholera,plague.

Front 12

What are chronic diseases?

Back 12

A disease that lasts for a long time.Diabetes,cancer

Front 13

Define Matter

Back 13

Any substances that has mass and occupies space

Front 14

Characteristics of Protons,Neutrons and Electrons

Back 14

Proton = mass of 1, located within nucleus, + charge

Neutron = Mass of 1 , located within nucleus, Neutral charge.

Electron = mass is negligible, outside of nuclleus, neg chg.

Front 15

Differentiate Atomic Number and Atomic mass(weight)

Back 15

Atomic number = # of protons

Atomic mass = protons + neutrons =weight of nucleus.

Front 16

What is Valence shell or Valence Number?

Back 16

Valence Shell the outermost shell - the electrons w/ the highest energy - its involved w/ chemical reactions.

Valence Number =The valence is the number of electrons that can form compounds with other atoms. The valence number for the same element can be different. Sulfur has the valence numbers 2, 4, and 6 depending on the type of compound it forms.

Front 17

What are is the process of:

Hydrolysis?

Back 17

The decomposition of organic compounds by interaction with water.

Front 18

What are is the process of:

Dehydration synthesis?

Back 18

a dehydration reaction = a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule.

Front 19

Differentiate the Bonds:
Covalalent
Ionic
Hydrogen
Polar covalent

Back 19

Covalent =

Front 20

Properties of Water

Back 20

1.Cohesion- sticks together- water molecules attract each other.

2.Adhesion - different types of molecules attracted to each other - allows lubrication of bio surfaces

3.Solvent- Considered universal solvent

4.Chemical reativity - a. hydrolysis use water to break bonds-
b. dehydration synthesis removing water create covalent bonds btween 2 moleys

Water absorbs heat energy w/o an equivalent change in tempeture. Water does not release heat energy quickly - no draastic temp changes.

Front 21

Define Ph

PH range and Buffer

Back 21

Concentration of hydrogen. Measure of acidity = concentration of H+ ions.
0-14
o=acidic
7 =neutral
14 base
blood has 7.35-7.45 Ph
Buffer is a substance that resists Ph change.

Front 23

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

Back 23

1. Primary Structure
2. Secondary Structure
3 Tertiary Structure
4. Quantenary Structure

Front 24

Describe Primary structure of protein

Back 24

Primary structutre - determined by the amino acid sequence - predetermined by the DNA

Front 25

Describe Secondary Structure

Back 25

Folding of primary structure.
2 structures:
alpha helix and beta pleated sheets

Front 26

Describe Tertiary Structure

Back 26

3 dimensional structure, they are now in functional structure

folding of 2 secondary structures:
globular and fibrous

Front 27

Describe Quatenary Structure

Back 27

Some proteins need this level
2 or more quantenary structures are involved w each tertiary structure (polypeptide) is called subunit.
example Hemoglobin - has 4 subunits.

Front 28

Name the different types of Carbohydrates

Back 28

Monosaccharide, Disaccharides,Polysaccharides

Front 29

characteristic of Monosaccaharide

Back 29

Monosaccharide-classified by number of carbons in molecule -
Pentose - ribose,deoxyribose
Hexose- glucose,fructose,galactose

Front 30

Characteristics of a Disaccharide?

Back 30

Produced by two long monsaccs thru dehydration synth.
Lactose and & Sucrose most common

Front 31

Characteristics of Polysaccharide?

Back 31

Made up of many monomers
Cellulose most abundant organic molly on earth
Glycogen is carbo storage molly of animals and some bacteria

Front 32

hat is the structure of Nucleotides?

Back 32

Nucleotides are composed of 3 units:
Ntrogen Base - nitrogen containing ring compound. Nitrogenous base -Purine (adenine & guanine)
-Pyrimidine (thymine & cytosine)
Pentose Sugar Molecule - Deoxyribose
Phospahte molecule

Front 33

hat are the type of nucleotide bases and how do they pair?

Back 33

Strands are held together by hydrogen bonding between nitrogen bases
Base pairing -specific pairing btwn bases- Adenine binds to Thymine
Guanine binds to Cytosine

Front 34

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

Back 34

DNA stores genetic code and determines proteins to be made.
RNA acts as a bridge between protein + DNA. it decodes DNA

Front 35

what is the difference betwwen fats and oils.?

Back 35

Triglycerides can be dived into 2 groups. Saturated and unstaurated

Front 36

What are the characteristics of Saturaed fat

Back 36

No double bond, cant add any hydrogen
3. straight chain
4. more dense
5. solid @ room temp
6. more energy that unsaturated ol
7. uually animal fat

Front 37

What are the characteristics of unSaturaed fat

Back 37

1. at leat one double bond
you can add carbon and hydrogen
3. bent or kinked chain
4. le dene can be liquid at room temp
5. le energy
6. uually plant ource

Front 38

Types and Functions of Nucleic Acids

Back 38

Nucleic acids carry the genetic info in all cells . 2 types of nucleic acids dna and rna

Front 39

Structure of nucleotides

Back 39

nuceotides are composed of three units 1. nitrogen base ring compound 2. bound covalently to 5 carbon sugar molly called deoxyribose which is 3. bonded to a phosphate

Front 40

Types of nucleotide bases and how they pair?

Back 40

2 types of bases 1. Purine =A&G and 2. Pyrimides = C&T&U

Front 41

Importance of inorganic ions

Back 41

Electrolytes small molly like inorganic salts. Source of Ions
NA+,CL- Pottassium,Magnesium

Importance: enzyme activity,buffering system, phosphate for energy. (ATP)

Front 42

Structure of Amino Acid + Peptide Bonds

Back 42

Proteins are made of amino acids held together by peptide bonds -a unique covalent linkage formed when a carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts w/ the amino group of another amino acid with the release of water (dehydration synthesis)