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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Glycolysis
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- occurs in cytosol, where 1 glucose forms 2 pyruvate, out comes 2 pyruvate molecules, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH + H+.
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Kreb cycle
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- occurs in mitochondria, acetyl CoA enters the TCA cycle, resulting in the release of carbon dioxide, GTP (ATP), and reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2
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Electron transport chain
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- occurs in mitochondria, additional ATP and water are produced as electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed from one carrier to the next, produces ATP and H2O
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Which pathways are anaerobic and aerobic?
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Glycoysis- anaerobic krebs cycle- aerobic electron transport chain- aerobic
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In the absence of sufficient oxygen, what happens to pyruvate at the end of glycolysis (including Cori cycle)?
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Glucose is transported to muscle via bloodstream
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what happens when there is sufficient oxygen (transition step with products)?
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Transitions step linking glycolysis with TCA cycle; transition from cytosol to mitochindria resulting in 2 Acetyl CoA and 2 NADH
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Which compound is needed for the Kreb cycle to run, and where does it come from?
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Oxaloacetate comes from carbohydrates
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What triggers lipolysis?
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Triggered by fasting, exercise, stress or other catabolic conditions
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Can fatty acids convert to pyruvate and form glucose, and why or why not?
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There is not pathway to convert acetyl CoA to pyruvate to fatty acids cannot be converted to glucose
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What triggers ketogenesis?
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Insufficient carbon intake
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What goes in and what comes out (ketogenesis)?
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when acetyl CoA is blocked from entering the TCA cycle. Two molecules of acetyl CoA combine to form acetoacetate, which can be converted to acetone or β-hydroxybutyrate. These three compounds are collectively called ketone bodies. Energy is later extracted from ketones when acetoacetate is reconverted back to acetyl CoA for entry into the TCA cycle.
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What are effects of ketosis?
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Upsets acid-base balance, blood pH drops dehydration, ketoacidosis, lean tissue breakdown, high levels of uric acid, metabolism slow
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When ketogenesis is providing fuel during the scenario of insufficient carbohydrate intake, what two substrates can be used for gluconeogenesis and to provide oxaloacetate for the Krebs cycle?
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Acetine and β-hydroxybutyrate
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What triggers proteolysis?
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Excess protein intake, insufficient carbohydrates, prolonged exercise
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What happens first, and describe the pathway (ammonia, urea).
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Deanimation occurs first the carbons enter energy pathway…ammonia used as N source for synthesis of nonessential amino acids then liver converts ammonia to less toxic urea which is excreted in the kidney
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Which amino acids cannot participate in gluconeogenesis?
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Leucine and glycine
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What can convert to acetyl-CoA and what two pathways does it enter (one uses energy if active, one stores excess energy)?
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Amino acids (ketogenic)
Through fatty acids and amino acids (ketogenic |
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What pathways are emphasized in the feeding state or well-fed state?
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The bloodstream, liver and muscle glycogen
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Which pathways are emphasized in the fasting state (short-term and long-term)?
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Glycogenesis and liver glycogen
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Thiamin
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- required for metabloisn of carbohydrate, sources: whole grains, enriched foods, pork products diease: beriberi-muscle wasting and nerve damage, wernicke-korsakoff syndrome: in alcohol abusers
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Riboflavin
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-sources: milk, enriched foods, meat, disease: ariboflavinosis
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Niacin
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- can be made from tryptophan, sources: meat, fish, poltry, enriched bread products, disease: pellagra
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Vit B6
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- AA metabolism, sources: meat, fish poultry, starchy vegetables
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Pantothenic acid
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- required for synthesis of cholesterol and steroids, sources: chicken, beef, egg yolk, potatoes, oat cereal, tomato products
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Which energy nutrient can be made from the amino acid tryptophan?
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niacin
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Poor vitamin B status in general impacts what function?
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exercise
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What is the difference between folate and folic acid?
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Bioavailability ranges from 50-100% food vs supplements on empty stomach
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