Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Principle of encoding specificity
|
A cue is more likely to lead to the recall of an item if the cue was initially encoded with the item
|
|
|
Recognition failure of recallable words
|
Conditions can be created in which information about a word event is available in memory in a form sufficient for production of the appropriate response yet a literal copy of the word is not recognized
|
|
|
serial position effect. why does it happen? how can we kill the recency bias? primacy bias?
|
- serial position effect= we tend to remember the end of a list best and the beginning of the list next best
- recency effect happens because these items are still in STM and primacy effect happens because this info was rehearsed and committed to LTM - can eliminate the recency effect by preventing rehearsal in STM with interfering task (brown and peterson) - can eliminate the primacy bias by preventing rehearsal and commitment to LTM |
|
|
List the five memory systems
|
Episodic, semantic, procedural, perceptual representation system, working
|
|
|
Procedural memory
|
Concerned with knowing how to do something
|
|
|
Tacit knowledge
|
Knowing how to do something without being able to say exactly what it is that you know (procedural knowledge is a type of tacit)
|
|
|
What are the three levels of consciousness and to which memory systems do they correspond?
|
1) anoetic- “not knowing” we are only aware of immediate situation- procedural memory
2) Noetic- “knowing” we are aware of immediate surroundings but also other things that aren’t there- semantic memory 3) Autonoetic- “self knowing” personal experiences- episodic |
|
|
Prefrontal leucotomy
|
A surgery where the connections between the prefrontal lobes and brain are severed to make ruminating patients calm
|
|
|
How have memory systems evolved?
|
Natural selection, exaptation, Baldwin effect (gains from one generation can affect the evolution of the next generation and be transferred)
|
|
|
Chronesthesia; Autonesis and chronesthesia depend on which brain area?
|
Our subjective sense of time ; Prefrontal lobes
|
|
|
Butcher on the bus phenomenon
|
The feeling of knowing someone but unable to place where from
|
|
|
what is Implicit long term memory (non declarative). what are the (4) types?
|
-Memory without episodic awareness- the expression of previous experience without recollection of the prior episode and not expressed by language
1) procedural memory (motor skills like playing tennis or riding a bike) - little conscious recollection of procedural details, learning is slow and incremental, learning requires immediate and consistent feedback so you don’t learn it wrong in first place 2) perceptual representation system - repetition priming effects, where exposure to degraded stimulus improves subsequent performance in absence of conscious recollection - learning occurs in sensory cortices 3) classical conditioning 4) non associative learning - like habituation |
|
|
Method of opposition, describe a study
|
Pitting conscious (explicit) and unconscious (implicit) tendencies against one another. One experiment gives participants a list of words with either full or divided attention and then asks them to fill in word blanks (mot _ _) either with words from the list they saw or NOT with those words. What they found is that if you had full attention learning words, you did equally as well including or excluding the words form your thoughts. If you had divided attention, however, you had less control over your memory and you recalled list words even when told not to.
|
|
|
Perceptual representation system (3)
|
-The memory system containing very specific representations of events (primed identification of previously encountered objects)
-hypothesized to be responsible for priming effects - operates at a superficial level- wouldn’t help you fill in a word blank necessarily, that is another system |
|
|
Generic recall
|
Term used to describe the ability to recall parts and attributes of a word without explicitly recalling the word itself ( like in TOT phenomenon)
|
|
|
Teachable language comprehender; mental chronometry
|
A computer program, that is a model of semantic memory; measuring how long cognitive processes take
|
|
|
Moses illusion
|
People respond to questions with embedded errors by assuming a piece of learning that is irrelevant- for ex. How many of each animal did Moses take on the arc? – two
|
|
|
Spreading activation (2)
|
-Searching a semantic network activates paths spreading from the node at which the search begins
- can be used to understand the effects of priming- how priming with the word sunset can make the word sunrise recognized faster |
|
|
Involuntary semantic memory (mind popping)
|
When a semantic memory pops into your mind without episodic context
|
|
|
Propositional network; the fan effect
|
A network that specifies the relations between a set of concepts.(the fireman is in the park, the doctor is at the bank, the hippie is in the park- how are these related? Who is at the park?);
the effect seen with propositional networks- the more you know about a particular concept, the longer it takes to recognize specific information about it- (who is in the park is more difficult than who is at the bank) |
|
|
What are the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad examples of (along with the episodic buffer)? what model of WM are they a part of? what brain areas do they represent
|
Temporary stores of linguistic (loop) and non-verbal (sketchpad) information in the working memory which are coordinated by the “central executive.” they are part of the Baddeley Dynamic account of WM which says it is dynamic and specialized
- central executive= DFPFC frontal lobes - phonological loop= auditory cortex - visuospatial= occipital |
|
|
Fluid vs crystalized systems
|
Cognitive processes that manipulate information vs cognitive systems that accumulate long term knowledge
|
|
|
Episodic buffer
|
A subpart of working memory, the ability to move information both to and from long-term memory and manipulate it (controlled by central executive)
|
|
|
What type of memory declines with age? What is associative deficit hypothesis?
|
Episodic ; older people have a deficiency in creating and retrieving links between single units of information- for example name-face associations (not linking them, but remembering the name from a face for ex.)
|
|
|
Korsafkoff’s Syndrome
|
-A form of amnesia typically due to chronic alcoholism combined with thiamine deficiency, which causes brain atrophy.
-It involves anterograde amnesia and confabulation |
|
|
Disconnection Syndrome
|
Amnesic patients may be able to acquire new info and yet may not be aware pf the fact that learning has taken place
|
|
|
Amnesics show poor performance on ____ tasks but normal on ___. Alzheimers patients show deterioration of…
|
Explicit memory, implicit ; episodic… then semantic
|
|
|
Prospective memory, what can aid people with memory deficits?
|
The intention to do something at some future time; using the errorless learning method which is where the person when learning something is not allowed to make mistakes and must repeat over and over
|
|
|
What is the Method of vanishing cues?
|
Way of teaching amnesics to remember things using a computer display with definitions and words. and the letters of the word vanish progressively
|
|
|
Stages of memory (3 and sub stages). major types of memory?
|
1) encoding- processing of info
- acquisition of info (often times not conscious) - consolidation (creation of physical memory trace) - reconsolidation (modification of trace 2) storage 3) retrieval (recall) types: sensory (seconds), short term (minutes) , long term (years) |
|
|
what did Endel Tulving say?
|
memory is ‘mental time travel’
|
|
|
What is the sensory memory composed of (2)? what are its main properties? (4)
|
echoic memory (auditory info- you can remember the last sentence when you’re not listening to someone). Iconic memory (similar idea but visual info);
- properties of the sensory register: - decays quickly - has a very large capacity - sensory not semantic info - not accessible to conscious recall |
|
|
how long is visual info held in sensory memory register? Auditory? where are these memory traces found?
|
- visual information is held about 300-500 ms iconic memory
- auditory info can last up to 10 seconds - sensory memory traces can be found in sensory cortices according to fmri (not memory cortices) |
|
|
describe the STM in contrast to sensory (3) what is chunking?
|
-has very limited capacity (7+-2 items)
-lasts longer -contents are available to consciousness chunking- a process of organizing material into meaningful units |
|
|
what are 2 accounts on how we lose info from STM (and their sub groups)?
|
- decay account- if not rehearsed and committed to LTM it decays
- interference accounts- interference from other materials prevents encoding - proactive interference: something in past interferes with learning in future - retroactive interference: newly learned material interferes with past info |
|
|
what is Atkinson and Shiffrin ’s Modal Model of memory? is it accurate? What account replaced it? (
|
- memory has discrete stages of processing and all info has to go thru short term memory to get to long term
- doesn't look to be accurate since patients like E.E had impaired STM but intact LTM - another suggestion is the Baddeley Dynamic account of WM which states thatworking memory is a limited capacity store for retaining AND manipulating the contents of memory info from both sensory registers and LTM. |
|
|
What is Explicit (declarative) long term memory? what are the two types? how can we study it in the lab?
|
- It is memory that we can consciously recall and express with language
Semantic—>general facts How to tell time, how to subtract numbers, etc Episodic—> memory for specific events in our life (autobiographical) - can study it with recall (serial, free, or cued) of items, or recognition (typically much better than recall) |
|
|
what are two memory anomalies?
|
deja vu and cryptomnesia- unintended plagarism - failure to recognize something or have a feeling of familiarity
|
|
|
Describe dissociative memory disorders (2) what are some types and describe them (2)
|
- part of personality
- no damage to brain Psychogenic Fuge- following a traumatic event, person unable to recall personal information, person is aware of memory loss sometimes they move away and form a new identity, sometimes memories will come back in hours or years Dissociative identity disorder- different personalities, info in one personality can influence the others memory each personality can remember things that happened to them but not that of the others |
|
|
What are organic memory disorders? what are 5 types? describe them
|
loss of memory due to injury
1)anterograde amnesia- person cannot for new long term memories 2)retrograde amnesia- person does not remember events from before brain injury 3) classic amnesia- both retro and antero, but normal STM, can form new implicit memories but not declarative 4) Childhood amnesia- inability to remember personal events before age 3-4 5) Korsafkoff's syndrome |
|
|
Why does childhood amnesia occur according to psychoanalysis and cognition?
|
psycho- early memories inaccessible
cognitive- children encode and store retrieve memories differently- specific episodes are not stores as single events but as general schemas |
