Medical Terminology Chapter 5

Front 1

angi/o

Back 1

vessel

Front 2

aort/o

Back 2

aorta

Front 3

arteri/o

Back 3

artery

Front 4

ather/o

Back 4

fatty substance

Front 5

atri/o

Back 5

atrium

Front 6

cardi/o

Back 6

heart

Front 7

coron/o

Back 7

heart

Front 8

hemangi/o

Back 8

blood vessel

Front 9

phleb/o

Back 9

vein

Front 10

sphygm/o

Back 10

pulse

Front 11

steth/o

Back 11

chest

Front 12

thromb/o

Back 12

clot

Front 13

valv/o

Back 13

valve

Front 14

valvul/o

Back 14

valve

Front 15

vascul/o

Back 15

blood vessel

Front 16

vas/o

Back 16

vessel, duct

Front 17

ven/o

Back 17

vein

Front 18

ventricul/o

Back 18

ventricle

Front 19

-manometer

Back 19

instrument to measure pressure

Front 20

-ole

Back 20

small

Front 21

-tension

Back 21

pressure

Front 22

-ule

Back 22

small

Front 23

The cardiovascular system is aka the ___

Back 23

circulatory system

Front 24

What are the organs of the cardiovascular system?

Back 24

Heart
Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)

Front 25

What are the 2 parts of the CV system?

Back 25

The Pulmonary Circulation and the Systemic Circulation

Front 26

The pulmonary circulation, between the heart and lungs, transports ___ blood to the lungs to get oxygen, and then back to the heart

Back 26

deoxygenated

Front 27

The systemic circulation carries ___ blood away from the heart and the tissues and cells, and then back to the heart

Back 27

oxygenated

Front 28

In addition to distributing oxygen and other nutrients, such as ___ and ___, the CV system also collects the waste products from the body's cells

Back 28

glucose and amino acids

Front 29

___ and other waste products produced by metabolic reaction are transported by the CV system to the lungs, liver and kidneys where they are eliminated from the body

Back 29

Carbon dioxide

Front 30

The heart is a muscular pump made up of ___ that could be considered a muscle rather than an organ

Back 30

cardiac muscle fibers

Front 31

The heart has __ chambers, or cavities, and beats an average of __ to __ beats per minute

Back 31

4 chambers
60 to 100 bpm

Front 32

The tip of the heart at the lower edge is called the ___

Back 32

apex

Front 33

What are the 3 layers of the wall of the heart?

Back 33

endocardium
myocardium
epicardium

Front 34

The ___ is the inner layer of the heart lining the heart chambers. It is a very smooth, thin layer that serves to reduce friction as the blood passes through the heart chambers

Back 34

endocardium

Front 35

The ___ is the thick muscular middle layer of the heart. Contraction of this muscle layer develops the pressure required to pump blood through the blood vessels

Back 35

myocardium

Front 36

the ___ is the outer layer of the heart. The heart is enclose within a doublelayered pleural sac, called the ___

Back 36

epicardium
pericardium

Front 37

the epicardium is the ___, or inner layer of the sac that the heart is encased in, while the outer layer is the ___

Back 37

visceral pericardium
parietal pericardium

Front 38

What are the 4 chambers, or cavities of the heart?

Back 38

2 atria (upper chambers) and 2 ventricles (lower chambers)

Front 39

The chambers of the heart are divided into right and left sides by walls called the ___ and the ___

Back 39

interatrial septum
interventricular septum

Front 40

What are the 4 valves of the heart?

Back 40

tricuspid
pulmonary
mitral/bicuspid
aortic

Front 41

Which heart valve is an atrioventricular valve that controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle?

Back 41

the tricuspid valve

Front 42

Which heart valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery?

Back 42

the pulmonary valve, it is a semilunar valve

Front 43

Which heart valve is an AV valve to the left ventricle?

Back 43

the mitral valve, aka the bicuspid valve

Front 44

Which heart valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta?

Back 44

the aortic valve

Front 45

The period of time a heart chamber is relaxed is ___

Back 45

diastole

Front 46

The contraction phase of the heart chambers is ___

Back 46

systole

Front 47

The heart is regulated by the ___

Back 47

autonomic nervous system

Front 48

The ___ or ___ is where the electrical impulses begin in the heart

Back 48

sinoatrial (SA) node
pacemaker

Front 49

The SA node stimulates the ___, which then transfers the stimulation wave to the ___

Back 49

atrioventricular (AV) node
bundle of His (or atrioventricular bundle)

Front 50

After the cardiac impulse leaves the bundle of His, the electrical signal travels down the ___ within the interventricular septum

Back 50

bundle branches

Front 51

After the electrical signal of the heart leaves the bundle branches within the interventricular septum, the ___ out in the ventricular myocardium are stimulated, resulting in ventricular systole

Back 51

Purkinje fibers

Front 52

What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

Back 52

arteries
capillaries
veins

Front 53

The space, cavity, or channel within a tube or tubular organ or structure in the body

Back 53

lumen

Front 54

The ___ branch from the aorta and provide blood to the myocardium

Back 54

coronary arteries

Front 55

The smallest of the arteries, called ___, deliver blood to the capillaries

Back 55

arterioles

Front 56

Capillaries are a network of tiny blood vessels referred to as a ___

Back 56

capillary bed

Front 57

The ___ carry blood back to the heart

Back 57

veins

Front 58

Blood leaving capillaries first enters small ___, which then merge into larger veins

Back 58

venules

Front 59

The measurement of the force exerted by blood against the wall of a blood vessel

Back 59

blood pressure

Front 60

The BP reading from ventricular contraction is ___

Back 60

systolic pressure

Front 61

The ___ felt at the wrist or throat is the surge of blood caused by the heart contraction

Back 61

pulse

Front 62

During ventricular diastole, blood is not being pushed by the heart at all and the BP reading drops to it's lowest point called ___

Back 62

diastolic pressure

Front 63

The process of listening to the sounds within the body by using a stethoscope

Back 63

auscultation

Front 64

The branch of medicine involving diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of the cardiovascular system

Back 64

cardiology

Front 65

A flexible tube insterted into the body for the purpose of moving fluids into or out of the body. In the cardiovascular system a catheter is used to place dye into blood vessels so they may be visualized on x-rays

Back 65

catheter

Front 66

An area of tissue within an organ or part that undergoes necrosis (death) following the loss of its blood supply

Back 66

infarct

Front 67

the localized and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to an obstruction to the circulation

Back 67

ischemia

Front 68

An abnormal heart sound such as a soft blowing sound or harsh click. it may be quiet and heard only with a stethoscope, or so loud it can be heard several feet away. Also referred to as a bruit.

Back 68

murmur

Front 69

The sudden drop in blood pressure a person experiences when standing up suddenly

Back 69

orthostatic hypotension

Front 70

Pounding, racing heartbeats

Back 70

palpitations

Front 71

A yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery that are the hallmark of artherosclerosis

Back 71

plaque

Front 72

To flow backwards. In the cardiovascular system this refers to the backflow of blood through a valve

Back 72

regurgitation

Front 73

Instrument for measuring blood pressure. Also referred to as a blood pressure cuff

Back 73

sphygomomanometer

Front 74

A stainless steel tube placed within a blood vessel or a duct to widen the lumen

Back 74

stent

Front 75

Instrument for listening to body sounds (auscultation), such as the chest, heart, or intestines

Back 75

stethoscope

Front 76

Condition in which there is severe pain with a sensation of constriction around the heart. Caused by a deficiency of oxygen to the heart muscle

Back 76

angina pectoris

Front 77

Irregularity in the heartbeat or action. Comes in many different forms; some are not serious, while others are life threatening

Back 77

arrhythmia

Front 78

Occurs when the electrical impulse is blocked from traveling down the bundle of His or bundle branches. Results in the ventricles beating at a different rate than the atria. Also called a heart block

Back 78

bundle branch block (BBB)

Front 79

Complete stopping of heart activity

Back 79

cardiac arrest

Front 80

General term for a disease of the myocardium. Can be caused by alcohol abuse, parasites, viral infection, and congestive heart failure. One of the most common reasons a patient may require a heart transplant

Back 80

cardiomyopathy

Front 81

A hole, present at birth, in the septum between two heart chambers; results in a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, There can be an atrial septal defect (ASD) or a ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Back 81

congenital septal defect

Front 82

Pathological condition of the heart in which there is a reduced outflow of blood from the left side of the heart because the left ventricle myocardium has become too weak to efficiently pump blood. Results in weakness, breathlessness, and edema

Back 82

congestive heart failure

Front 83

Insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle due to an obstruction of one or more coronary arteries. May be caused by artherosclerosis and may cause angina pectoris and myocaridal infarction

Back 83

coronary artery disease

Front 84

Inflammation of the lining membranes of the heart. May be due to bacteria or to an abnormal immunological response.

Back 84

endocarditis

Front 85

An extremely serious arrhythmia characterized by an abnormal quivering or contraction of heart fibers. When this occurs in the ventricles, cardiac arrest and death can occur. Emergency equipment to defibrillate, or convert the heart to a normal beat, is necessary

Back 85

fibrilation

Front 86

An arrhythmia in which the atria beat too rapidly, but in a regular pattern

Back 86

flutter

Front 87

Condition in which the cusps or flaps of the heart valve are too loose and fail to shut tightly, allowing blood to flow backward through the valve when the heart chamber contracts. Most commonly occurs in the mitral valve, but may affect any of the heart valves

Back 87

heart valve prolapse

Front 88

The cusps or flaps of the heart valve are too stiff. Therefore, they are unable to open fully, making it difficult for blood to flow through, or shut tightly, allowing blood to flow backward. This condition may affect any of the heart valves

Back 88

heart valve stenosis

Front 89

Condition caused by the partial or complete occlusion or closing of one or more of the coronary arteries. Symptoms include a squeezing pain or heavy pressure in the middle of the chest (angina pectoris). A delay in treatment could result in death. Also referred to as a heart attack.

Back 89

myocardial infarction

Front 90

Inflammation of the muscle layer of the heart wall

Back 90

myocarditis

Front 91

Inflammation of the pericardial sac around the heart

Back 91

pericarditis

Front 92

Combination of 4 congenital anomolies: pulmonary stenosis, and interventricular septal defect, improper placement of the aorta, and hypertrophy of the right ventricle. Needs immediate surgery to correct.

Back 92

tetralogy of Fallot

Front 93

Weakness in the wall of an artery resulting in localized widening of the artery. Although it may develop in any artery, common sites include the aorta in the abdomen and the cerebral arteries in the brain.

Back 93

aneurysm

Front 94

Thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries. Most often due to atherosclerosis

Back 94

arteriosclerosis

Front 95

The most common form of arteriosclerosis. Caused by the formation of yellowish plaques of cholesterol on the inner walls of arteries

Back 95

atherosclerosis

Front 96

Severe congenital narrowing of the aorta

Back 96

coarctatation of the aorta (CoA)

Front 97

The obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot that has broken off from a thrombus somewhere else in the body and traveled to the point of obstruction. If it occurs in a coronary artery, it may result in a myocardial infarction

Back 97

embolus

Front 98

Varicose veins in the anal region

Back 98

hemorrhoid

Front 99

Blood pressure above the normal range.

Back 99

hypertension

Front 100

Decrease in blood pressure

Back 100

hypotension

Front 101

Congenital heart anomaly in which the fetal connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta fails to close at birth. Requires surgery

Back 101

patent ductus arteriosus

Front 102

Any abnormal condition affecting blood vessels outside the heart. Symptoms may include pain, pallor, numbness, and loss of circulation and pulses

Back 102

peripheral vascular disease

Front 103

Inflammation of several arteries

Back 103

polyarteritis

Front 104

Periodic ischemic attacks affecting the extremities of the body, esp. the fingers, toes, ears, and nose. The affected extremities become cyanotic and very painful.

Back 104

Raynaud's phenomenon

Front 105

Inflammation of a vein resulting in the formation of blood clots within the vein

Back 105

thrombophlebitis

Front 106

A blood clot forming within a blood vessel. May partially or completely occlude the blood vessel.

Back 106

thrombus

Front 107

Swollen and distended veins, usually in the legs

Back 107

varicose veins

Front 108

Blood test to determine the level of enzymes specific to heart muscles in the blood

Back 108

cardiac enzymes

Front 109

Blood test to measure the amt. of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. An indicator of atherosclerosis risk.

Back 109

serum lipoprotein level

Front 110

X-rays taken after the injection of an opaque material into a blood vessel

Back 110

angiography

Front 111

Patient is given radioactive thallium intravenously and then scanning equipment is used to visualize the heart. it is esp. useful in determining myocardial damage

Back 111

cardiac scan

Front 112

Measurement of sound-wave echoes as they bounce off tissues and organs to produce an image. In this system, used to measure velocity of blood moving through blood vessels to look for blood clots or deep vein thromboses

Back 112

Doppler ultrasonography

Front 113

Noninvasive diagnostic method using ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures. Cardiac valve activity can be evaluated using this method

Back 113

echocardiography

Front 114

X-ray of the veins by tracing the venous pulse. May be used to identify a thrombus. Also called phlebography

Back 114

venography

Front 115

Passage of a thin tube catheter through a blood vessel leading to the heart. Done to detect abnormalities, to collect cardiac blood samples, and to determine the bp within the heart

Back 115

cardiac catheterization

Front 116

Process of recording the electrical activity of the heart. Useful in the diagnosis of abnormal cardiac rhythm and heart muscle (myocardium) damage

Back 116

electrocardiography

Front 117

Portable ECG monitor worn by a patient for a period of a few hours to a few days to assess the heart and pulse activity as the person goes through the activities of daily living

Back 117

Holter monitor

Front 118

Method for evaluating cardiovascular fitness. The patient is placed on a treadmill or a bicycle and then subjected to steadily increasing levels of work.

Back 118

stress testing
aka exercise test or treadmill test

Front 119

Procedure to restore cardiac output and oxygenated air to the lungs for a person in cardiac arrest

Back 119

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Front 120

A procedure that converts serious irregular heartbeats, such as fibrillation, by giving electric shocks to the heart using an instrument called a defibrillator

Back 120

defibrillation

Front 121

During open heart surgery, the routing of blood to a heart-lung machine so it can be oxygenated and pumped to the rest of the body

Back 121

extracorporeal circulation

Front 122

A device implanted in the heart that delivers an electrical shock to restore a normal heart rhythm. Particularly useful for persons who experience ventricular fibrillation

Back 122

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

Front 123

Electrical device that substitutes for the natural pacemaker of the heart

Back 123

pacemaker implantation

Front 124

Process in which drugs, such as streptokinase or tissue-type plasminogen activator are injected into a blood vessel to dissolve clots and restore blood flow

Back 124

thrombolytic therapy

Front 125

The surgical removal of the sac of an aneurysm

Back 125

aneurysmectomy

Front 126

The surgical joining together of two arteries. Performed if an artery is severed or if a damaged section of an artery is removed

Back 126

arterial anastomosis

Front 127

Open heart surgery in which a blood vessel from another location in the body (often a leg vein) is grafted to route blood around a blocked coronary artery

Back 127

coronary artery bypass graft

Front 128

The removal of an embolus or clot from a blood vessel

Back 128

embolectomy

Front 129

Removal of the diseased or damaged inner lining of an artery. usually performed to remove atherosclerotic plaques

Back 129

endarterectomy

Front 130

Replacement of a diseased or malfunctioning heart with a donor's heart

Back 130

heart transplantation

Front 131

Placing of a stent within a coronary artery to treat coronary ischemia due to atherosclerosis

Back 131

intracoronary artery stent

Front 132

Surgical treatment for varicose veins. The damaged vein is tied off and removed

Back 132

ligation and stripping

Front 133

the method for treating localized coronary artery narrowing. A balloon catheter is inserted through the skin into the coronary artery and inflated to dilate the narrow blood vessel

Back 133

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Front 134

Removal of a diseased heart valve and replacement with an artificial valve

Back 134

valve replacement

Front 135

Drugs that produce vasodilation and decrease BP

Back 135

ACE inhibitors

Front 136

Drugs that reduce or prevents cardiac arrhythmias

Back 136

antiarrhythmics

Front 137

Drugs that prevent blood clot formation

Back 137

anticoagulant

Front 138

Drug that reduces the amount of cholesterol and lipids in the bloodstream; treats hyperlipidemia

Back 138

antilipidemic

Front 139

Drug that treats hypertension and angina pectoris by lowering the heart rate

Back 139

beta-blocker drugs

Front 140

Drug that treats hypertension, angina pectoris, and congestive heart failure by causing the heart to beat less forcefully and less often

Back 140

calcium channel blocker

Front 141

Drug that increases the force of cardiac muscle contraction; treats congestive heart failure

Back 141

cardiotonic

Front 142

Drug that increases urine production by the kidneys, which works to reduce plasma and therefore blood volume, resulting in lower BP

Back 142

diuretic

Front 143

Drug that dissolves existing blood clots

Back 143

thrombolytic

Front 144

Drug that contracts smooth muscle in walls of blood vessels; raises BP

Back 144

vasoconstrictor

Front 145

Drug that relaxes the smooth muscle in the walls of arteries, thereby increasing diameter of the blood vessel. Used for two main purposes: increasing circulation to an ischemic area; reducing BP

Back 145

vasodilator

Front 146

fatty substance/tumor growth

Back 146

atheroma

Front 147

pertaining to the atrium

Back 147

atrial

Front 148

pertaining to between the atria

Back 148

interatrial

Front 149

pertaining to the heart

Back 149

cardiac

Front 150

state of slow heart rate

Back 150

bradycardia

Front 151

record of heart electricity

Back 151

electrocardiogram

Front 152

enlarged heart

Back 152

cardiomegaly

Front 153

pertaining to heart muscle

Back 153

myocardial

Front 154

specialist in the heart

Back 154

cardiologist

Front 155

ruptured heart

Back 155

cardiorrhexis

Front 156

state of fast heart

Back 156

tachycardia

Front 157

pertaining to the heart

Back 157

coronary

Front 158

inflammation of a vein

Back 158

phlebitis

Front 159

surgical repair of a valve

Back 159

valvoplasty

Front 160

inflammation of a valve

Back 160

valvulitis

Front 161

pertaining to a valve

Back 161

valvular

Front 162

pertaining to a blood vessel

Back 162

vascular

Front 163

pertaining to a vein

Back 163

venous

Front 164

small vein

Back 164

venule

Front 165

record of a vein

Back 165

venogram

Front 166

pertaining to a ventricle

Back 166

ventricular

Front 167

pertaining to between the ventricles

Back 167

interventricular