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325 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ankyl/o
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stiff joint
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arthr/o
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joint
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articul/o
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joint
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burs/o
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sac
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carp/o
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wrist
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cervic/o
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neck
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chondr/o
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cartilage
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clavicul/o
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clavicle
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coccyg/o
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coccyx
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cortic/o
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outer portion
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cost/o
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rib
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crani/o
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skull
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femor/o
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femur
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fibul/o
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fibula
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humer/o
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humerus
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ili/o
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ilium
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ischi/o
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ischium
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kyph/o
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hump
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lamin/o
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lamina, part of vertebra
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lord/o
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bent backwards
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lumb/o
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loin
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mandibul/o
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mandible
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maxill/o
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maxilla
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medull/o
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inner portion
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metacarp/o
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metacarpals
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metatars/o
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metatarsals
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myel/o
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bone marrow, spinal cord
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orth/o
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straight
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oste/o
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bone
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patell/o
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patella (knee)
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ped/o
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child, foot
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pelv/o
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pelvis
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phalang/o
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phalanges
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pod/o
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foot
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pub/o
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pubis
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radi/o
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radius
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sacr/o
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sacrum
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scapul/o
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scapula
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scoli/o
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crooked, bent
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spondyl/o
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vertebrae
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stern/o
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sternum
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synovi/o
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synovial membrane
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tars/o
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ankle
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thorac/o
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chest
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tibi/o
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tibia
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uln/o
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ulna
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vertebr/o
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vertebra
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-blast
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immature, embryonic
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-clasia
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to surgically break
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-desis
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stabilize, fuse
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-listhesis
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slipping
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-porosis
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porous
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___ is the site of blood cell production
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Bone marrow
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A ___ is the place where two bones meet and are held together by ___
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joint
ligaments |
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Bones, also called ___ are one of the hardest materials in the body
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osseous tissue
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Bones are formed from a gradual process beginning before birth called ___
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ossification
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The fetal skeleton is formed from a ___ model
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cartilage
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Immature bone cells are called ___, the mature into ___
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osteoblasts
osteocytes |
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What are the 4 categories of bone?
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long bone
short bone flat bone irregular bone |
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The central shaft of long bones is called the ___, the wide ends are called the ___
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diaphysis
epiphysis |
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Each epiphysis of long bone is covered by a layer of cartilage called ___ to prevent bone from rubbing directly on bone.
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articular cartilage
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The thin connective tissue membrane that covers bone is called the ___, which contains numerous blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
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periosteum
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The dense and hard exterior surface bone is called ___ or ___ bone
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cortical or compact
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___ or ___ bone is found inside the bone
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Cancellous or spongy
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The spaces in cancellous bone contain ___
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red bone marrow
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The center of the diaphysis contains an open canal called the ___, which contains ___
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medullary cavity
yellow bone marrow |
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The general term for any bony projection is a ___
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process
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A large smooth ball-shaped end on a long bone. it may be separated from the body or shaft of the bone by a narrow area called the neck
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head
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A smooth rounded portion at the end of a bone
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condyle
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A projection located above or on a condyle
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epicondyle
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A large rough process for the attachment of a muscle
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trochanter
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A small, rough process that provides the attachment for tendons and muscles
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tubercle
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A large, rough process that provides the attachment of tendons and muscles
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tuberosity
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A hollow cavity within a bone
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sinus
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A smooth round opening for nerves and blood vessels
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foramen
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A shallow cavity or depression on the surface of a bone
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fossa
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A slit-type opening on a bone
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fissure
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What are the 2 divisions of the human skeleton?
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appendicular skeleton
axial skeleton |
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The head or skull is divided into two parts consisting of the ___ and ___
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cranium
facial bones |
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A single U-shaped bone suspended in the neck between the mandible and larynx
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hyoid bone
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The trunk of the body consists of the (3 areas)
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vertebral column
sternum rib cage |
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What are the 5 sections of the vertebral or spinal column?
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cervical vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae lumbar vertebrae sacrum coccyx |
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Located between each pair of vertebrae, from the cervical through the lumbar regions, is an ___
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invertebral disc
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The rib cage has ___ pairs of ribs attached at the back to the vertebral column. ___ of the pairs are also attached to the sternum in the front. The lowest 2 pairs are called ___ and are attached only to the vertebral column
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12
10 floating ribs |
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Facial bone: upper jaw (2)
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maxilla
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Facial bone: lower jaw
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mandible
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Vertebrae in the neck region (7 bones)
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cervical vertebra
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Vertebrae in the chest region with ribs attached (12 bones)
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thoracic vertebra
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Vertebrae in the small of the back, about waist level (5 bones)
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lumbar vertebra
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Five vertebrae that become fused into one triangular-shaped flat bone at the base of the vertebral column (1 bone)
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sacrum
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Three to five very small vertebrae attached to the sacrum, often become fused (1 bone)
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coccyx
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Wrist bones
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carpals
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Long curved, horizontal bone directly above the first rib
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clavicle or collarbone
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The thigh bone
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femur
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One of the 2 bones of the lower leg, lateral to and smaller in diameter than the tibia
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fibula
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The bone of the upper arm, from the elbow to the shoulder joint where it articulates with the scapula
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humerus
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The uppermost of the 3 bones that make up the hip bone
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ilium
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The hip bone. It consists of the ilium, ischium, and pubis and unites with the sacrum and coccyx to form the pelvis
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innominate bone
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One of the 3 parts of the hip bone, which joins the ilium and the pubis to form the acetabulum
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ischium
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The legs and feet
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lower extremities
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The bones in the middle part of the hand
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metacarpals
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The bones in the middle part of the foot
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metatarsals
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Another name for the innominate bone/hip bone
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os coxae
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The bone at the front of the knee joint
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patella
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The clavicle bone and the scapula bone
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pectoral girdle
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The ilium, pubis, and ischium
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pelvic girdle
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The finger bones
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phalanges
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The pubic bone
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pubis
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One of the outer, shorter bones of the forearm lying parallel to the ulna and partially revolving around it
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radius
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One of the pair of large flat triangular bones that forms the dorsal part of the shoulder girdle
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scapula
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The 7 bones that make up the posterior part of the foot
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tarsals
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The 2nd longest bone of the skeleton, located in the lower leg, it is the thicker bone
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tibia
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The bone on the medial or little finger side of the forearm, laying parallel with the radius
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ulna
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The arm, hand and finger bones
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upper extremities
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What are the 4 areas of the appendicular skeleton?
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pectoral girdle
upper extremities pelvic girdle lower extremities |
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Joints are formed when 2 or more bones meet. This is referred to as ___
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articulation
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What are the 3 types of joints?
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synovial joints
cartilaginous joints fibrous joints |
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Most joints are freely moving ___ joints, which are enclosed by an elastic ___
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synovial
joint capsule |
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The joint capsule is lined with ___ which secretes ___ to lubricate the joint
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synovial membrane
synovial fluid |
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Some synovial joints contain a ___, which is a saclike structure composed of connective tissue and lined with synovial membrane
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bursa
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___ joints allow almost no movement.
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Fibrous
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___ joints allow for slight movement but hold bones firmly in place
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Cartilaginous
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The mass of bone tissue that forms at a fracture site during its healing
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callus
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Application of a solid material to immobilize an extremity or portion of the body as a result of a fracture, dislocation, or severe injury
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cast
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Healthcare profession concerned with diagnosis and treatment of malalignment conditions of the spine and musculoskeletal system with the intention of affecting the nervous system and improving health
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chiropractic
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The noise produced by bones or cartilage rubbing together in conditions such as arthritis
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crepitation
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A bone spur
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exostosis
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Abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine. Also known as hunchback or humpback
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kyphosis
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Abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine. Also known as swayback
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lordosis
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Branch of medicine specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions of the musculoskeletal system
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orthopedics
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A brace or splint used to prevent or correct deformities
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orthotic
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Healthcare profession specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the feet and lower legs
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podiatry
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Artificial device that is used as a substitute for a body part that is either congenitally missing or absent as a result of accident or disease
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prosthesis
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Healthcare profession specializing in making artificial body parts
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prosthetics
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Fracture of bone in which there is no open skin wound
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closed fracture or simple fracture
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A common type of wrist fracture
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Colles' fracture
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Fracture in which the bone is shattered, splintered, or crushed into many small pieces or fragments
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comminuted fracture
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Fracture in which the skin has been broken through to the fracture
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compound fracture or open fracture
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Fracture involving loss of height of a vertebral body. It may be the result of trauma, but in older persons, esp. women, ti may be caused by conditions like osteoporosis
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compression fracture
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A broken bone
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fracture
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Fracture in which there is an incomplete break; one side of the bone is broken and the other side is bent. This type of fracture is commonly found in children due to their softer and more pliable bone structure
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greenstick fracture
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Fracture in which bone fragments are pushed into each other
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impacted fracture
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Fracture at an angle to the bone
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oblique fracture
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Fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone
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pathologic fracture
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Fracture in which the fracture line spirals around the shaft of the bone
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spiral fracture
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A slight fracture caused by repetitive low-impact forces, like running, rather than a single forceful impact
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stress fracture
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Complete fracture that is straight across the bone at right angles to the long axis of the bone
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transverse fracture
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Malignant growth found in the shaft of long bones that spreads through the periosteum.
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Ewing's sarcoma
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The most common type of bone cancer. Usually begins in osteocytes found at the ends of long bones
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osteogenic sarcoma
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Softening of the bones caused by a deficiency of calcium. It is thought that in children the cause is insufficient sunlight and vitamin D
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osteomalacia
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Decrease in bone mass that results in a thinning and weakening of the bone with resulting fractures. The bone becomes more porous, esp. in the spine and pelvis
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osteoporosis
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A fairly common metabolic disease of the bone from unknown causes. It usually attacks middle-aged and elderly people and is characterized by bone destruction and deformity
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Paget's disease
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Deficiency in calcium and vitamin D found in early childhood that results in bone deformities, especially bowed legs
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rickets
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inflammatory spinal condition that resembles rheumatoid arthirits. Results in gradual stiffening and fusion of the vertebrae. More common in men than women
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ankylosing spondylitis
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Herniation or protrusion of an intervertebral disk
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herniated nucleus pulposus
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Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
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scoliosis
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Congenital anomaly that occurs when a vertebra fails to fully form around the spinal cord
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spina bifida
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Narrowing of the spinal canal causing pressure on the cord and nerves
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spinal stenosis
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The forward sliding of a lumbar vertebra over the vertebra below it
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spondylolisthesis
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Specifically refers to ankylosing of the spine, but commonly used in reference to any degenerative condition of the vertebral column
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spondylosis
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Injury to the bones in the cervical spine as a result of a sudden movement forward and backward of the head and neck
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whiplash
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inflammation of the bursa of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (base of the big toe)
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bunion
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Occurs when the bones in a joint are displaced from their normal alignment and the ends of the bones are no longer in contact
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dislocation
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Arthritis resulting in degeneration of the bones and joints, esp. those bearing weight
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osteoarthritis
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Chronic form of arthritis with inflammation of the joints, swelling, stiffness, pain, and changes in the cartilage that can result in crippling deformities; considered to be an autoimmune disease
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rheumatoid arthritis
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Damage to the ligaments surrounding a joint due to overstretching, but no dislocation of the joint or fracture of the bone
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sprain
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An incomplete dislocation, the joint alignment is disrupted, but the ends of the bones remain in contact
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subluxation
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Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of connective tissue affects many systems that may include joint pain and arthritis. May be mistaken for rheumatoid arthritis
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systemic lupus erythematosus
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Congenital deformity causing misalignment of the ankle joint and foot. Also referred to as a clubfoot
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talipes
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Visualization of a joint by radiographic study after injection of a contrast medium into the joint space
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arthrography
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A nuclear medicine procedure in which the patient is given a radioactive dye and then scanning equipment is used to visualize bones
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bone scan
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measurement of bone density using a low dose x-ray for the purpose of detecting osteoporosis
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dual-energy absorptiometry
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Study of the spinal column after injecting opaque contrast material; particularly useful in identifying herniated nucleus pulposus pinching a spinal nerve
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myelography
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A diagnostic imaging procedure using x-rays to study the internal structure of the body; esp. useful for visualizing bones and joints
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radiography
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Examination of the interior of a joint by entering the joint with an arthroscope containing a small tv camera
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arthroscopy
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Partial or complete removal of a limb
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amputation
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Performing a surgical procedure while using an arthroscope to view the internal structure, such as a joint
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arthroscopic surgery
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Piece of bone taken from the patient used to take the place of a removed bone or a bony defect at another site
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bone graft
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Removal of the bursa at the joint of the great toe
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bunionectomy
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Removal of the vertebral posterior arch to correct severe back problems and pain caused by compression of a spinal nerve
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laminectomy
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A thin catheter tube is inserted into the intervertebral disk through the skin and the herniated or ruptured disk material is sucked out or a laser is used to vaporize it
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percutaneous diskectomy
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Surgical immobilization of adjacent vertebrae.
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spinal fusion
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surgical reconstruction of a hip by implanting a prosthetic or artificial hip joint
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total hip arthroplasty
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Surgical reconstruction of a knee joint by implanting a prosthetic knee joint
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total knee arthroplasty
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A procedure to stabilize a fractured bone while it heals
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fixation
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Correcting a fracture by realigning the bone fragments
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reduction
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Applying a pulling force on a fractured or dislocated limb or the vertebral column in order to restore normal alignment
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traction
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Conditions that result in weak and fragile bones, such as osteoporosis and Paget's disease, are improved by medications that reduce the reabsorption of bones
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bone reabsorption inhibitors
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Maintaining high blood levels of calcium in association with vitamin D helps maintain bone density; used to treat osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and rickets
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calcium supplements and vitamin D therapy
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A hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that has very strong anti-inflammatory properties. It is particularly useful in treating rheumatoid arthritis
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corticosteroids
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A large group of drugs that provide mild pain relief and anti-inflammatory benefits for conditions such as arthritis
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nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
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fasci/o
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fibrous band
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fibr/o
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fibers
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kinesi/o
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movement
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muscul/o
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muscle
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my/o
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muscle
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myocardi/o
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heart muscle
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myos/o
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muscle
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plant/o
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sole of foot
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ten/o
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tendon
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tend/o
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tendon
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tendin/o
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tendon
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-asthenia
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weakness
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-kinesia
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movement
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-tonia
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tone
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ab-
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away from
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ad-
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toward
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circum-
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around
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Muscles are bundles of parallel ___
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muscle tissue fibers
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What are the 3 types of muscles?
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skeletal
smooth cardiac |
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Skeletal muscle is also referred to as ___
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striated muscle
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Each skeletal muscle is wrapped in layers of fibrous connective tissue called ___
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fascia
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The fascia of skeletal muscle tapers at each end to form a very strong ___
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tendon
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Skeletal muscles are stimulated by ___ of the nervous system
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motor neurons
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The point at which the motor nerve contracts a muscle fiber in skeletal muscle is called the ___
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myoneural junction
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Smooth muscle is also known as ___
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visceral muscle
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Cardiac muscle is also known as ___
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myocardium
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In skeletal muscle, the less moveable of the two bones is considered to be the starting point of the muscle and is called the ___
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origin
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In skeletal muscle, the more moveable bone is considered to be where the muscle ends and is called the ___
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insertion
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The type of movement a skeletal muscle produces is called its ___
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action
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Skeletal muscles are often arranged around joints in ___, meaning they produce opposite actions
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antagonistic pairs
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Movement away from the midline of the body
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abduction
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Movement toward midline of the body
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adduction
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Act of bending or being bent (decreasing the angle)
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flexion
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Movement that brings the limb into a or toward a straight condition (increases the angle)
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extension
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Backward bending, as of hand or foot
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dorsiflexion
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Bending sole of foot; pointing toes downward
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plantar flexion
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Turning outward
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eversion
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Turning inward
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inversion
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To turn downward or backward as with the hand or foot
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pronation
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Turning the palm or foot upward
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supination
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To raise a body part, as in shrugging the shoulders
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elevation
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A downward movement, as in drooping the shoulders
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depression
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Movement in a circular direction from a central point. Imagine drawing a large circle in the air
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circumduction
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Moving thumb away from palm; the ability to move the thumb into direct contact with the other fingers
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opposition
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Moving around a central axis
|
rotation
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What attaches muscle to bone?
|
tendon
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What attaches bone to bone?
|
ligament
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Scar tissue forming in the fascia surrounding a muscle, making it difficult to stretch the muscle
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adhesion
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Poor muscle development as a result of muscle disease, nervous system disease, or lack of use; commonly referred to as muscle wasting
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atrophy
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Abormal shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, or fascia making it difficult to stretch the muscle
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contracture
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Increase in muscle bulk as a result of using it, as in lifting weights
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hypertrophy
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Attacks of severe pain and lameness caused by ischemia of the muscles, typically the calf muscles; brought on by walking even very short distances
|
intermittent claudication
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Sudden, involuntary, strong muscle contraction
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spasm
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Severe neck spasms pulling the head to one side. Commonly called wryneck or a crick in the neck
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torticollis
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Condition with widespread aching and pain in the muscles and soft tissue
|
fibromyalgia
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Inflammation of the muscle attachment to the lateral epicondyle of the elbow. Often caused by strongly gripping. Commonly called tennis elbow.
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lateral epicondylitis
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Inherited disease causing a progressive muscle degeneration, weakness, and atrophy
|
muscular dystrophy
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One type of inherited muscular dystrophy in which the muscle tissue is gradually replaced by fatty tissue, making the muscle look strong. Also called Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
|
pseudohypertropic muscular dystrophy
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Repetitive motion disorder with pain caused by compression of the finger flexor tendons and median nerve as they pass throught the carpal tunnel of the wrist
|
carpal tunnel syndrome
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Cyst that forms on tendon sheath, usually on hand, wrist, or ankle
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ganglion cyst
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Group of chronic disorders involving the tendon, muscle, joint, and nerve damage, resulting from the tissue being subjected to pressure, vibration, or repetitive movements for prolonged periods
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repetitive motion disorder
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The rotator cuff consists of the joint capsule of the shoulder joint reinforced by the tendons from several shoulder muscles. The high degree of flexibility at the shoulder joint puts the rotator cuff at risk for strain and tearing
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rotator cuff injury
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Damage to the muscle, tendons, or ligaments due to overuse or overstretching
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strain
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Muscle enzyme found in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle. Blood levels become elevated in disorders such as heart attack, muscular dystrophy, and other skeletal muscle pathologies
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creatine phosphokinase
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Muscle contraction in response to a stretch caused by striking the muscle tendon with a reflex hammer. Test used to determine if muscles are responding properly
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deep tendon reflexes
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Study and record of the strength and quality of muscle contractions as a result of electrical stimulation
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electromyography
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Removal of muscle tissue for pathological examination
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muscle biopsy
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Surgical cutting of the ligament in the wrist to relieve nerve pressure caused by carpal tunnel syndrome, which can result from repetitive motion such as typing
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carpal tunnel release
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surgical procedure to stabilize a joint by anchoring down the tendons of the muscles that move the joint
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tenodesis
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Medication to relax skeletal muscles in order to reduce muscle spasms. Also called antispasmodics
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skeletal muscle relaxants
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The place where 2 bones meet, are held together by ligaments, and give flexion to the skeleton
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joints
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How many bones in the skeleton?
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206
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What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?
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frame,
protect vital organs, work with muscles for movement, store minerals, red blood cell production |
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What are the 2 types of bone?
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compact/cortical
cancellous/spongy |
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Bones are formed from a gradual process before birth called ___
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ossification
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joint pain
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arthralgia
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punture to withdraw fluid from a joint
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arthrocentisis
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surgically breaking a joint
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arthroclasia
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fusion of a joint
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arthrodesis
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record of a joint
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arthrogram
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joint inflammation
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arthritis
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incision into a joint
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arthrotomy
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instrument to view inside a joint
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arthroscope
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removal of a bursa
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bursectomy
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inflammation of a bursa
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bursitis
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removal of cartilage
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chondrectomy
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cartilage softening
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chondromalacia
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cartilage tumor
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chondroma
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surgical repair of cartilage
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chondroplasty
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pertaining to the outer portion
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cortical
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pertaining to inside the skull
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intracranial
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incision into the skull
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craniotomy
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pertaining to the inner portion
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medullary
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bone marrow tumor
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myeloma
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bone pain
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ostealgia
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bone and cartilage tumor
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osteochondroma
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to surgically break a bone
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osteoclasia
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inflammation of bone and bone marrow
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osteomyelitis
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incision into a bone
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osteotomy
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bone disease
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osteopathy
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instrument to cut bone
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osteotome
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inflammation of synovial membrane
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synovitis
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removal of synovial membrane
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synovectomy
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pertaining to between vertebrae
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intervertebral
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pertaining to fascia
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fascial
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inflammation of fascia
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fasciitis
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incision into fascia
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fasciotomy
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study of movement
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kinesiology
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pertaining to muscles
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muscular
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muscle pain
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myalgia
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muscle weakness
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myasthenia
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record of muscle electricity
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electromyogram
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pertaining to heart muscle
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myocardial
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muscle disease
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myopathy
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surgical repair of muscle
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myoplasty
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suture a muscle
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myorrhaphy
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muscle rupture
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myorrhexis
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inflammation of many muscles
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polymyositis
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tendon pain
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tenodynia
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surgical repair of a tendon
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tenoplasty
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suture a tendon
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tenorrhaphy
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surgical repair of a tendon
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tendoplasty
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incision into tendon
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tendotomy
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inflammation of a tendon
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tendinitis
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pertaining to tendons
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tendinous
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slow movement
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bradykinesia
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difficult or painful movement
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dyskinesia
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excessive movement
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hyperkinesia
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insufficient movement
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hypokinesia
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lack of tone
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atonia
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abnormal tone
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dystonia
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excessive tone
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hypertonia
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insufficient tone
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hypotonia
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muscle tone
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myotonia
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