Medical Microbiology Ch.16

Front 1

The third line of defense has ____.

Back 1

memory or adaptive immunity or specific immunity

Front 2

___ are molecules that trigger a specific immune response.

Back 2

antigens

Front 3

Properties that make a molecule more antigenic include:

Back 3

shape, size, and complexity

Front 4

How does the body recognize antigens?

Back 4

via three dimensional regions known as epitopes

Front 5

What is a hapten?

Back 5

It is a small molecule that makes a poor antigen due to its size

Front 6

What phenomenon prevents the body from mounting an immune response against itself?

Back 6

self tolerance

Front 7

Where would you not expect to find lymphatic capilllaries?

Back 7

Bone marrow, brain, and spinal cord

Front 8

What are two types of lymphocytes?

Back 8

B and T

Front 9

What is the center of a lymph node called?

Back 9

germinal centers

Front 10

What does MALT stand for?

Back 10

Mucosa-associated lymphatic vessels.

Includes lymphoid tissue of the respiratory tract, vagina, urinary bladder, and mammary glands and peyer's patches

Front 11

True or False

The spleen contains most of the body's lymphoctyes

Back 11

False- MALT does

Front 12

Where are B cells primarily found?

Back 12

spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT

Front 13

What is a major function of B cells?

Back 13

Secretion of protective antibodiesor immunoglobins

Front 14

The activity of B cells is said to be a _____ immune response.

Back 14

jumoral

Front 15

The ____ and _____ of an antibody are joined by disulfide bonds.

Back 15

Heavy chain & light chain

Front 16

The two arms of an antibody are connected by ____.

Back 16

the hinge region

Front 17

an antibody stem is aka an _______.

Back 17

Fc region

Front 18

an Fc region is formed from the ________.

Back 18

two ;pwer portopms pf tje twp jeavy chains

Front 19

What are the 5 types of heavy chains and what do they stand for?

Back 19

gamma, mu, alpha, epsilon, and delta amd they stand for the classes of antibodies: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD

Front 20

The two variable regions form on a B cell form ____ and are known as the ____.

Back 20

antigen-binding site, Fab regions

Front 21

Antigen binding sites are complementary to ____.

Back 21

antigenic determinants aka epitopes

Front 22

When antigen binding sits are bound to epitopes, what functions take place?

Back 22

activation of complement, stimulation of inflammation, neutralization, opsonization, direct killing, and agglutination.

Front 23

List some functions of antibodies.

Back 23

Neutralization, opsinzation, killing by oxidation,and agglutination

Front 24

What are opsonins?

Back 24

molecules that stimulate phagocytosis

Front 25

When antigens kill by oxidation, what is produced?

Back 25

hydrogen peroxide

Front 26

What is the most common class of antibody in the blood?

Back 26

IgG

Front 27

True or False

IgA can leave blood vessels more easily than can the other immunoglobins

Back 27

False, IgG is the one that can leave blood vessels the easiest.

Front 28

Which immunoglobulin is the most closely associated with various body secretions?

Back 28

IgA

Front 29

Secretory IgA are dimers linked via a ___.

Back 29

J chain

Front 30

Which immunoglobin can cross the placenta?

Back 30

IgG

Front 31

Which immunoglobin consists of a cluster of 5 joined by a J chain?

Back 31

IgM

Front 32

T cells act against _____ invaders.

Back 32

Endogenous (like cancer cells)

Front 33

True or False

T cells screte immunoglobins

Back 33

False, B cells do that

Front 34

What are the 3 types of T cells?

Back 34

Cytotoxic T cells, and two types of H cells

Front 35

Cytotoxic T cells has the presence of ____.

Back 35

CD8 cell surface glycoprotein

Directly kill other cells

Front 36

Th, or helper cells are identifiable by the presence of ___.

Back 36

CD4 glycoprotein

Front 37

Helper cells function in

Back 37

regulating the activity of B cells and cytotoxic t cells during an immune response

Front 38

Th1 cells function in

Back 38

assisting cytotoxic cells

Front 39

Th2 cells function in

Back 39

conjunction with B cells

Front 40

Helper T cells secrete

Back 40

cytokines (determine which immune response will be activated)

Front 41

Th1 cells express the cytokine recepter:

Back 41

CCR5

Front 42

Th2 cells express the cytokine receptor:

Back 42

CCR3 AND CCR4

Front 43

What substances are included among cytokines of the immune system?

Back 43

interleukins, interferons, growth factors, tumor necrosis factor, chemokines

Front 44

Interleukins signal among ____.

Back 44

leukocytes

Front 45

Interferons are ____ proteins.

Back 45

antiviral

Front 46

TNF is secreted by ____ and ___.

Back 46

macrophages and t cells

Front 47

____ sugbak keyjicytes to rush to a site of inflammation or infection and activate other leukocytes

Back 47

chemokines

Front 48

Just read the other side of this card.

Back 48

The body prepares for specific immume responses by killing lymphocytes with receptors complementary to autoantigens, making so-called major histocompatibility complex proteins, and processing antigens so that the can be recognized by lymphocytes

Front 49

Where does lymphocyte editing take place for B lymphocytes?

Back 49

Bone marrow

Front 50

What happens when a lymphocyte binds to an autoantigen?

Back 50

It undergoes apoptosis (aka cell suicide)

Front 51

What is another name for lymphocyte editing?

Back 51

clonal deletion

Front 52

When self tolerance is impaird, an ___ occurs.

Back 52

autoimmune disease

Front 53

In humans, MHC is located on each copy of ____.

Back 53

Chromosome 6

Front 54

What is the function of MHC proteins?

Back 54

Function to hold and position antigenic determinants for presentation to T cells.

Front 55

Class _____ MHC moleucles are found on the cytoplasmic membranes of all nucleated cells.

Back 55

I

Front 56

Why don't RBC's have MHC I molecules?

Back 56

Because they lack nuclei

Front 57

Where are Class II MHC molecules typically located?

Back 57

On B lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells (APCs)

Front 58

What is the difference between T-independent antigens and T-dependent antigens?

Back 58

One does not require the help of helpter T cells and one does.

Front 59

Communication among luekocytes is dependent among ____ and ____.

Back 59

MHC glycoproteins and cytokines

Front 60

The offspring of B cells proliferate into ____ and ____.

Back 60

memory b cells and plasma cells

Front 61

Plasma cells secrete

Back 61

antibody

Front 62

True or False

Plasma cells have BCR

Back 62

False, memory cells of B cells do.

Front 63

A primary immune response ends when

Back 63

the clone of plasma cells has lived out its normal life span

Front 64

_____ stimulates nearby Th cells to become Th1 cells.

Back 64

Interleukin 12

Front 65

Th1 cells secrete ____ which activates ___.

Back 65

Il-2, cytotoxic T cells

Front 66

True or False

Activated Tc Cells can become self-stimulating

Back 66

True

Front 67

List the two pathways that cytotoxic T cells KILL.

Back 67

1. Perforin-granzyme pathway
1. CD95 pathway

Front 68

The cytotoxic T cells have vesicles that contain two key protein molecules:

Back 68

perforins and granzymes

Front 69

Perforins in cytotoxic T cells function to

Back 69

create channels for enterance of granzymes

Front 70

Granzymes in cytotoxic T cells function to

Back 70

activate enzymes of apoptosis

Front 71

Where does a "chemical communication" occur in regards to T cells and antigen presenting cells?

Back 71

immunological synapse

Front 72

Give examples of naturally aquired passive immunity:

Back 72

IgG placental crossing and IgA mothers milk

Front 73

Give an example of artificially aquired active immunity

Back 73

get a vaccine, mount an active response

Front 74

Give an example of artificially acquired passive immunity

memory?

Back 74

harvesting antibodies (antisera or antitoxins)

NO because B and T lymphocytes aren't activated

Front 75

Give an example of naturally acquired active immunity

Back 75

recovering from a cold.