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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cannabis sativa
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marijuana, asia, antiinflammatory/analgesic/antidepressant/antiemetic/glaucoma, hemp fiber/canvas comes from cannabis (thick and strong), active compounds = THC, marinol and dronabinol, cannabidiol (treats anxiety, seizures, nausea)
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central cannabinoid receptor
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brain cortex, hippocampus, striatum, cerebellum; anandamide = endogenous cannabinoid molecule, a brain lipid, brinds CB1 and is derived from arachidonic acid
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peripheral cannabinoid receptors
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endogenous cannabinoid molecule = palmitylethanolamide binds CB2
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theobroma cacao
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contains 3 unsaturated N-acyleethanolamine lipids and anandamide, cannabinoid mimics (indirectly increases anandamide levels and directly activates cannabinoid receptors)
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papaver somniferum
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opium, originated in westerm Mediterranean/near east, cultivated elsewhere; uses = analgesic, inebriant/hypnotic, diarrhea, cough, important for surgery, active compounds = 20 alkaloids (morphine, sulfate/HCl), codeine, thebaine, etc), can make heroine/vicodin/oxycodone
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mechanisms of action for analgesia
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inhibition of the release of substance P (associated with pain relief by opioids), endogogenous opiates: include beta-endorphins and enkephalins, which bind to same receptors as morphine and other opiates (endorphins, etc)
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synthetic opiates
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meperidine (fast-acting), proproxyphene (tylenol), fentanyl (100x more potent than morphine, fast surgeries, addictive), methadone (weak against agonist which is taken orally to treat opiate addicts
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opiate addiction and dopamine
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stimulation of nucleus accumbens in dopamine pathway --> mediates opioid-induced reward and addiction
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erythroxylum coca
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mate de coca, andes mountains, SA, leaves chewed with alkaline substances by Incas to enhance endurance while working, active compound = cocaine alkaloid, derivatives = procaine (short duration, blocks cardiac Na+ channels, slows conduction of heart), tetracaine (long duration), lidocaine
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mech of action for cocaine
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inhibition of local norepinephrine reuptake, local vasoconstriction, local anesthetic (blockade of nerve impulses)
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therapeutic uses for cocaine and derivatives
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dentists and nose and throat experts, local anesthetic, topical anesthetic for cornea, to suture lacerations, tx of ventricluar arrhythmias
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Filipendula ulmaria
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meadowsweet from eurasia, used for inflammation, pain, fever, salicylic acid -->acetylization --> less gastric irritation (aspirin), thearapeutic uses = antiplatelet to reduce coronary artery disease, topically as salicylic acid for warts, acne, etc.
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Salix alba
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willow, eurasia, enthomed uses = analgesic, headache, anti-inflammatory, fever, active compound = salicin --> saligenin
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antiinflammatory mech of action
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blocks cyclooxygenase --> lowers prostoglandin synthesis/inflammation and inhibits platelet hemostasis; COX-2 = selective inhibitor of an enzyme responsible for inflammation/pain without irritating GI lining, provides relief; aspirin inhibits both --> irritates GI tract, ibuprofen better at only inhibiting COX-2; also suppresses many antigen-antibody reactions (immune processes)
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Dioscorea Mexicana
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wild yam, mexico, entho uses = antiinflammatory, fish poisons, precursor to glucocorticoids (steroids) --> diosgenin --> progesterone --> corti/glucocosteroids; mech of action = down-regulates cytokine production (reduces inflammation), reduces prostaglandin production (same); glucorticosteroids also treat arthritis/sinusitis (resp/ inflammation), female contraceptive
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Cinchona officinalis
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SA rainforest, used for rheumatoid arthritis, lupus
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Colchicum autumnale
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crocus, Europe to N africa, ethno uses - gout (extra uric acid), arthritis, inflammation/pain; today used for gout, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, pharm = colchicine; mech of action = causes doubling of chromosomes by disorganizing spindle mechs at mitosis
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Harpagophytum procumbens
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devil's claw, tx arthritis, S Africa, active molecule = haragoside, mech of action = antiinflammatory, therapeutic use = lower back pain, hip pain, knee pain; regulated to make sure it's not decimating the population
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Capsaicin
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heat sensitive pain receptor in Capsicum, activation of heat sensitive ion channel (TRPV1)
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Capdicum annum
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hot chili peppers, tropical america, ethno uses = topically as analgesic for arthritis, inflammation, neuralgias, orally as stimulant and antimicrobial; active compound = capsaicin; mech of action = receptor = heat activated ion channel in pain pathway, initial exposure excites receptors, prolonged exposure causes receptors to become desensitized producing analgesic effect; concentration in cream base, used for pain in skin/muscles/joints/rheumatism/neuralgia, pruritis (itching)
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wasabi
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pain receptor, heat sensitive
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Syzygium aromaticum
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clove oil, asia; stimulates heat sensitive pain receptors, used topically as analgesic and is applied topically to gums tx toothaches
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Zingiber officinalis
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ginger, asia, hot varieties enhance heat receptive receptors, ethno uses = analgesic, digestive, anti-nausea, flavoring, increases salivation; active mol. = phenylpropanoid-derived compounds contribute to pungent taste
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Piper nigrum
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India, black pepper, widely cultivated in tropical countries, most traded spice; active mol. = piperine, may enhance some heat induced receptors
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TRPA-1
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one of transient receptor potential ion channels in sensory nerves under skin, including mouth and mucus membranes; in allyl isothiocyanate (wasabi), armoracia rusticana (horseradish), brassica nigra (hot mustard), allium cepa (onions), allium sativum (garlic)
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pain receptors and itch receptors
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chloroquine from Cinchona officinalis stimulates wasabi and itch receptor; BAM8-22 stimulates itch and wasabi; mucuna pruriens stimulates itch
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cold receptors
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acrtivated by menthol/eucalyptol/camphor receptors; chemethesis = sensations that arise when chemicals activate receptors; TRPM8 = ion channel that perceives cold sensation of skin, when activated there is cold sensation and then desensitization/analgesia; TRPM8 protein expressed in sensory neurons, activated by cold temps and cooling agents
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Menthol piperita
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pepermint, europe, menthol receptors
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cinnamomum camphora
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asia, camphor receptors
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eucalyptus globulus
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australia, eucalyptol receptors, topically as analgesic
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Acmella oleraceae
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toothache plant, S America, ethno uses = leaves consumed as salad to tx toothaches/tongue pain/sore throats/salivation for dry mouth; active molecule = spilanthol, produces tingling sensation on tongue
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Gaultheria procumbens and Betula lenta
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wintergreen and sweet birch, both from E US; methyl salicylate = anti-inflammatory action in wintergreen oil; mech of action = blocks formation of prostoglandin by blocking cyclooxygenase which blocks endoperoxide
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Aloe vera (arabia),
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Aloe, topically tx skin burns/infections
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Hamamelis virgiiniana
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, witch hazel, EN America, Mech of action - vasoconstriction and astringent effects, therapeutic effects = topical application, aftershave, bruises/hemorrhoids/varicose veins
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Arnica montana/fulgans
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(Europe and N America), arnica, skin inflammation, bruises, blunt injuries, rheumatism
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Calendula officinalis
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, marigold, calendula, Mediterranean, skin infection/inflammation
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Avena sativa
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, oats, europe, skin itching
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Berberis aquafolium
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oregon berry, NW US, therapeutic use = psorasis
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Hypericum perforatum
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St. john's wort, Eurasia and NAmerica, orally for depression, topically as wound healing, orally for type 2, active compounds = hyperforin and hypericin
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Carica papaya
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papaya, tropical america, active mol. = protease enxymes papain/chymopapain A&B derived form papaya fruit; mech of action = proteases help digest protein and debride necrotic tissue, enhance would healing
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Ananas comosus
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pineapple, S America, Tupi Indians, active mol. = protease bromelain; mech of action = protease help digest protein and debride necrotic tissue and enhance
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thymus
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antibody formation in blood
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thyroid
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iodine-based hormones that regulate physical/mental growth
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parathyroid
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control use of Ca in bone growth/muscle tone/nervous activity
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pituitary
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at base of brain, hormones influence other glands, regulates skeletal growth, development of reproductive organs/secretions, BP, smooth muscles, adrenal cortex
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pineal
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active metabolically
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adrenal
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secretes cortisol, regulates salt/water levels, secretes adrenaline (epinephrine)
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hypothalamus
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link b/w endocrine and nervous systems (hormones and emotions)
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autonomic
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maintains homeostasis in response to environment/emotions by rapidly effecting both synapses and nerves
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endocrine
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regulates slower, generalized adaptations, release hormones into systemic circulation, act at widespread distant sites over minutes/hours/days
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progesterone
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precursor to androgens/estrogens/glucocorticoids, supports pregnancy, corpus luteum and placenta, uses = female contraceptives, prvent abortion, treat mentrual disorders
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estrogen
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exerts agonistic biological effects of estrogenic receptors, formed in ovaries/testes/placenta, Estradiol 2 is most potent, E1 is weaker and formed in fat cells; effects = stimale groth of bones, stimulate secondary sexual characteristics, influence course/length of menstrual cycle; uses = female contraceptive, menopausal symptoms, osteoporosis, estrogen deficiency
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androgens
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stimulates male sex organs, testosterone = potent, androsterone = weah and found in male urine; sources = leydig cells and ovaries
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glucocorticoids
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adrenal cortex, cortisol is most potent; used as anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant, tx of cortisol deficiency; mech of action = down regulates cytokine production which reduces inflammation, reduces prostoglandin prod. which reduces inflammation; replacement therapy for glucocorticoid deficiency
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Gossygpium spp.
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cotton, china, male brith control (vasectomy), active comound = gossypol ;mech of action = inhibits sperm formation
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Hevea brasiliensis
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para rubber, S america, multiple amazonian groups; mech of action = mechanical protection (rubber latex for condoms/gloves
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Serenoa repens
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saw palmetto, florida, native americans use it tx benign prostatic hypertrophy and as aphrodisiac; mech of action = inhibits enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (found in BPH patients)
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Vitex agnus-castus
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chasteberry, S europe; mech of action = stimulation of GnRH in hypothalamus, increases LH from pituitary and progesterone levels; therapeutic uses = reduces sexual desires and premenstrual stress syndrome
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Oenothera biennis
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Evening primrose, europe; ethno uses = premenstrual syndrone, menopausal hot flashes
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cimicifuga racemosa
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black cahosh, E N America; ethno uses = premenstrual syndrome and menopausal hot flashed
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Panax ginseng & quinquefolius
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Korea/China and EN America, ginseng; entho uses = enhance mood, physical/intellectual performance,improve metabolic functions, aphrodisiac
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Trigonella foenum-graecum
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fenugreek, europe; ethno uses = galactogogue (increases flow of breast milk)
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Saponaria officinalis
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soapwort, europe; ethno use = galactogogue (increases flow of breast milk)
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