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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
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muscarine |
muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist, parasympathomimetic
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pilocarpine
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muscarinic chlinergic receptor agonist, ganglionic agonist, parasympathomimetic
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arecoline
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muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist, ganglionic receptor agonist, parasympathomimetic
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endogenous acetylcholine
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muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist, ganglionic receptor agonist, sensory motor agonist, parasympathomimetic
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physostigmine
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acts on muscarinic cholinergic, ganglionic, and sensory-motor receptors by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine); peripheral nervous system enhancer
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nicotine
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ganglionic and sensory-motor receptor agonist; periperhal nervous system enhancer
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lobeline
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ganglionic and sensory-motor receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system enhancer
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endogenous norepinephrine
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adrenergic receptor agonist
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ephedrine
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adrenergic receptor direct agonist; increases release of norepinephrine from nerve terminus
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cocaine
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adrenergic receptor agonist - norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitor
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atropine
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muscarinic cholinergic antagonist; peripheral nervous system blocker
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scopolamine
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muscarinic cholinergic antagonist; peripheral nervous system blocker
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D-tubocurarine
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ganglionic and sensory-motor receptor antagonist; increases acetylcholinesterase (enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine); peripheral nervous system blocker
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botulinum toxin
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acts on muscarinic cholinergic, ganglionic, and sensory-motor by decreasing the release of acetylcholine from the nerve terminus; peripheral nervous system blocker
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resperine
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adrenergic receptor antagonist by damaging vesicles that contain norepinephrine in nerve terminus; peripheral nervous system blocker
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atenol and metoprolol
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adrenergic receptor antagonist; selective beta 1 blockers; peripheral nervous system blocker
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nicotine
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ganglionic receptor antagonist (with a high enough dose) by causing persisten depolarization that causes the receptor to shut down
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endogenous serotonin
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direct agonist on serotonin receptors
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hyperforin
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re-uptake inhibitor of serotonin
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LSD
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direct agonist, re-uptake inhibitor of serotonin, indolemine
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lysergol from Claviceps purpurea
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direct agonist of serotonin receptors; indolemine
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reserpine and desperidine
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damages vesicle that contain neurotransmitter in the nerve terminus (serotonin receptors, dopamine receptors, norepinephrine receptors)
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MDMA
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direct agonist on serotonin receptors
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Amanita muscaria
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Common name: amanita, fly agaric mushroom
Geography: Siberia, N. America Cultural origins: mushroom eaten by Siberian indigenous as hallucinogen active compound: muscarine |
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Pilocarpus jaborandi
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Common name: jaborandi
Geography: Tropical America, W. Indies Cultural origins: Tupi culture in Brazil to induce salivation/sweating active compound: pilocarpine |
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Arecha catechu
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Common name: Betel nut, betel, areca nut
Geography: South Asia, Indomalasia, Oceania, originated in Sulawesi Active compounds: arecoline |
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Physostigma venenosum
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Common name: calabar, ordeal, esere bean
Geography: West Africa Cultural origins: Efik people of the Calabar region of South-Eastern Nigeria |
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Atropa belladonna
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Common name: belladonna
Geography: Europe, Asia Minor |
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Hyoscyamus niger
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Common name: henbane
Geography: Eurasia, Northern Africa, naturalized in N. America |
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Hyoscyamus muticus
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Common name: henbane
Geography: India to Egypt |
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Mandragor offcinarium
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Common name: mandrake
Geography: Europe to the Himalaya mountains |
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Datura stramonium
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Common name: Wysoccan, Jimson weed, jamestown weed, thorn apple
Geography: North America |
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Nicotiana tabacum
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Common name: tobacco
Geography: South America |
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Lobelia inflata
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Common name: Indian tobacco
Geography: North America Cultural origins: Native Americans used the leaves as a respiratory expectorant and for chest conditions |
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Chondrodendron tomentosa
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Common names: curare, pareira root, pareira brava
Geography: Rainforests of South America\ cultural origins: poison arrows by numerous Amazonian indigenous groups |
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Strychnos toxifera
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common name: toxiferine
Geography: Tropical South America |
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Rauvolfia serpentina
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Common name: Rauvolfia
Geography: India, Indomalasia |
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Pausinystalia johimbe
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common name: Yohimbine
Geography: West Africa Cultural origins: taken orally as an aphrodisiac in W. Africa by many different ethnolinguistic groups |
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Papaver somniferum
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Common name: Papaverine
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Hypericum perforatum
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Common name: St. John's Wort
Geography: Eurasia, naturalized in North America |
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Erythroxylum coca
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Common name: Cocain
Geography: South America |
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Clavaceps purpura
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Common name: Ergot fungus
Geography: Europe |
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Catha edulis
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Common names: khat, cafta, qat, miraa
Geography: Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Yemen Cultural origins: fresh leaves chew socially as a stimulant to enhance sense of well-being and sociability |
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Anamirta cocculus
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Common names: Fish-berry, Indian berry
Geography: Indomalasia |
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Artemisia absinthum
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common name: Absinthe, wormwood
Geography: Europe |
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Piper methysticum
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Common names: kava, kawa
Geography: originated in Vanuatu in Melanesia and was introduced to Tahiti and Hawaii Cultural origins: Social beverage consumed during community meetings to contribute to harmony, enhance communication, etc. |
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Melissa officinalis
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Common name: lemon balm
Geography: Southern Europe |
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Valeriana officinalis
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Common name: Valerian
Geography: Europe |
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Humulus lupulus
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Common name: hops
Geography: europe |
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Lavandula angustifolia
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Common name: lavender
Geography: Europe |
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Psychotria ipecacuanha
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Common names: Ipecacuanha, ipecac, Brazil root
Geography: South America |
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Ginkgo Biloba
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Common name: Ginkgo
Geography: China Cultural origins: tree has been cultivated in Chinese Buddhist monasteries as a medicinal plant for centuries |
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Curcuma longa
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Common names: curcumin, tumeric
Geography: India |
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Cannabis sativa
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Common names: marijuana
Geography: Asia |
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Papaver somniferum
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Common names: opium
Geography: Western Meditteranean, Near East |
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Inca Medicine
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Public health enhanced by an annual health ceremony. Citua when families cleaned their homes; well-developed baths and sewage systems, systems for the welfare and employment of the elderly and crippled, highly developed surgery including trepinations, tumor excisions, biting ants used as clamps to close wounds, amputations and prostheses were used
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Mayan medicine
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written medical texts and an extensive plant pharmacopoeia and documented their medicine in pictographic codices
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Aztec medicine
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1200 medicinal plants described by Aztecs, Aztec king had own botanic garden. Physician to king of Spain studied 7 years with Aztec physicians in Mexico
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Flexner Report
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An A rank was only given to school that had to have a pure molecule pharmaceutically oriented treatment program
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acetylcholine
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neurotransmitter released from preganglionic nerve fibers of PNS and SNS and postganglionic nerve fibers of PNS and non-muscarinic sweat glands
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cholinergic
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related to effects on nerve cells or fibers that use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter
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muscarinic effects
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producing effects that resemble post-ganglionic parasympathetic receptor stimulation
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cholinergic blockers
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compounds that inhibit the action of parasympathetic and other cholinergic fibers
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adrenergic
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related to effects on nerve cells or fibers in the ANS that use norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter
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nicotinic effect
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the subset of actions normally produced by endogenous acetylcholine on nicotinic receptors that can also be produced by exogenous nicotine
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which exogenous molecules can the muscarinic effect be seen?
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muscarine, pilocarpine, arecoline, and physostigmine
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Which exogenous molecules produced the adrenergic effect?
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ephedrine or cocaine
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which molecules have antagonistic effects on nicotinic receptors?
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D-tubocurarine, toxiferine, and botox
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which molecules have anticholinergic effects?
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atropine and scopolamine
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what is the antedote for muscarine?
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1-2 mg of atropine IM every 30 minutes
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which culture is pilocarpine or Pilocarpus jaborandi asociated wth?
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Tupi culture in Brazil chew leaves to induce salivation and sweating
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What is the antedote for pilocarpine?
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atropine
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aceclidine is the treatment for what disease?
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glaucoma
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gabitril is the treatment for what?
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seizures
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Which culture is physostigmine associated with?
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Efik people of the Calabar region of south-eastern Nigeria
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What is the antidote for physostigmine?
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atropine
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Mesopotamia medicine
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Medical documents were written on clay tablets and report the existence of physicians in the Sumerian Empire as early as 3000 BC, legal code written in Babylon around 2250 BC
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Egyptian medicine
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writings from 2900 BC describe Imhotep as a highly achieved physician; four funadmental elements: earth, water, fire, air; Ebers Papyrus - book is a medical textbook; raw liver a rich source of vitamin A was given to treat children with night blindness
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what is the antidote for belladonna poisoning?
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1-4 mg of physostigmine
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what effect does nicotine have in high doses on a molecular level?
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can cause autonomic ganglionic blockade by causing persistant depolarization of autonomic ganglia receptors causing them to shut down
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chinese medicine
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2900 BC, the emperor Fu-Shi presented the philosophy of yin/yang; 5 basic elements - earth, metal, wood, fire, water; disease is disharmony among the five fundamental organs
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ayurvedic medicine
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first plastic surgery - 500 BC in India; 6 chakras, 5 basic principles: earth, air, sky, fire, water; 2 qualities: hot/cold, 3 humors: air, bile, phlegm, 6 body elements: chyle, blood, flesh, bone marrow, semen.
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Susruta philosophy
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treatment should not be stronger than the disease or the patient
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Siddha medicine
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siddha is a perfected being with superhuman powers; five elements: earth, air, water, fire, and akasa, 3 humors - bile, wind, phlegm, Kaya Kalpa technique
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what is the mechanism of action of amphetamines
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increases presynaptic release of dopamine from nerve terminus, inhibits dopamine matabolism by MOA in nerve terminus
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what are some source of exogenous scopolamine?
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atropa belladonna, hyoscyamus niger, datura, brugsmansia
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Alcmaeon
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disease is a disruption of the equilibrium between the qualities of the body components; also described the trachea, optic nerve, and two blood vessels
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Democritius
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theory of minute atoms being the fundamental unit of the physical world
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Epedocles
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put forth important theories on the humors that were integrated into writings of Hippocrates, Aristotle and Galen
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Asclepias
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established as the god of disease and healing; staff and holy nsake continue to be symbols of the AMA; patients would sleep in his temple and be treated by incubation
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Hippocrates
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50-70 books including several important ones on medicine
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physis
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the concept that nature has its own strong healing force and that the physician should assist nature in healing rather than direct it
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Cannabis sativa (marijuana)
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Geography: Asia
Ethnomedical uses: used for 1000s of years throughout Asia as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anticonvusantant, anti-depressant, nausea, antiemetic, appetite stimulant, glaucoma Active compound: tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Anandamine and palmitylehanolamide bind the same receptors as THC |
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Which receptor sites does norepinehprine not directly effect?
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nicotinic receptors in ganglia of ANS, neuromuscular (skeletal muscle) nicotinic receptor sites of somatic motor system, PNS postganglionic muscarinic receptors of end organ
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Citrus aurentium |
Bitter Orange Origin: China +Vietnam stimulant, appetite suppressant active compound: synephrine adrenergic receptor agonista |
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Theobroma cacao |
chocolate-SA |
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coffee robusta |
NE Africa |
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Camellia sinisis |
tea- China norepinephrine enhancer adenosine blocker(CNS stimulant) |
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Paullinia cupana |
South America Guarana 2x caffeine than coffee |
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Ilex guayusa |
western Amazon caffeine theobronine yerba mate |
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Coleus Forskohlii |
Mountains of South Asia active compound: forskalin increases cAMP stimulates fat burning |
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Islamic Medicine |
Islamic Goldne Age 750-1257 CE Al Razi Avicema's "The Canon of Medicine" |
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Norepenephrine Enhancers |
cocaine, ephedrine, synephrine, cathinone, amphetamine, caffeine |
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MAO inhibitors |
Catha edulas methamphetamine Banisteriopa caapi-harmaline |
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Banisteriopa caapi |
South America Used in ayahuasca as a hallucinogen/ psychoactive spiritual ceremony MAO inhibitor: harmine and harmaline |
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Dopamine Enhancers |
Nicotine, Morphine + Opiates, Amphetamines, Cocaine, Levodopa, Bromocriptine and peroglide (derivatives of ergot fungus) |
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Macuna |
Family of plants with large amounts of Levadopa India, Asia, Florida-decrease irratibility-nerve tonic-increase nerve function |
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L-dopa |
Precursor to dopamine used to treat Parkinson's (deficiency of dopamine) |
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Psychotria viridis |
Amazon active compound: DMT seratonin agonist hallucinogen |
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LSD |
Albert Hoffman agonist at seratonin (tryptamine receptors) as well as dopamine receptors |
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Turbina carymosa |
seeds-similar effects of LSD Latin America and Mexico |
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Kappa opioid receptor agonist |
Salvia-mexico Ibogaine-Central Africa (speak to ancestors one) |
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Lephophora wiliamsii |
Peyote TExas+Mexico psychotic, mescaline |
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Canabis |
Asia ethnobotanical uses: anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-depressant |
