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199 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why was queen hatsheput and thutmose III of egypt famous? |
- botanical trade and gardens - led to further develpment of transportation |
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What did queen hatsheput use? |
- salve of palm oil, nutmeg apple oil and creosote |
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Who was emperor shen nong? |
- founder of chinese herbal medicine - credited with writing pen ts'ao ching: great herbal and the divine farmer's herb root -- gave plants and rarity ratings; said to have tested every plant personally to determine effects --> lead to death |
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what is the oldest known traditional chinese medicine text? |
yellow emperor's cannon (300-100 BC) |
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Who is Zhang zhongjing? |
- physician (150-219 CE) - prescribed different things to people |
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Who is theophrastus |
- made the first systematic description of plants |
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who is dioscorides? |
- physician (40-90 CE) - described medicinal uses of plants in encyclopadia |
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Who popularized tobacco? |
- Nicolas monardes (1493 - 1588) - spanish physician |
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what is horticulture and agriculture? |
- horti: garden cultivation - agriculture: science or practice of farming |
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what is a lenticel |
bumps along the bark of branches |
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what is a trichome? |
hair with a spherical gland at the tip |
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what are prop roots? |
branches of the stem that go down into the soil and become roots |
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What is traditional ecological knowledge |
- the system of understanding one's environment - built over generations by people who depend on the land and sea - based on observations and experience - passed on verbally |
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what are propriety rights? |
who owns the information |
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what is biopiracy? |
the appropriation of the knowledge and genetic resources of farming and indigenous communities by individuals or institutions that seek control over resources and knowledge |
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what does it mean to protect rights and knowledge |
- patenting seeds and processes - copyrights of written.visual knowledge - legal protection - legal requirement for consultation - social constraints |
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what consitutes ethical principles in research and collaboration? |
- informed consent - meaningful participation in planning and decision making - protection of private knowledge/info - recognition of collective ownership, not individuals - benefits (eg. financial) - acknowledgement and recognition |
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What are the most common plants used for food? |
- poaceae - fabaceae - rosaceae - solanaceae - brassicaceae - arecaceae - euphorbiaceae - convulvaceae |
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what is the grass family? |
poaceae |
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what is the legume family? |
fabaceae |
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what is the almond, peach, blackberry, and strawberry family? |
Rosaceae |
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what is the potato family |
solanaceae |
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what is the mustard family? |
brassicaceae |
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what is the squash family? |
cucurbitaceae |
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what is the coconut palm, date palm, and african oil palm family? |
arecaceae |
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what is the euphorbiaceae? |
herbs, vines, shrubs, all with milky latex - eg. cassava root |
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what is the sweet potato family? |
convulvulaceae |
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what are the types of traditional australian bushfood? |
- Ngkwarde: honey-like foods,nectar, wild honey, gum -- eg. acacia m -- eg. acacia -- eg. acacia - Merne: food from plants, fruit, veggies, seeds -- eg. wild orange, bush tomato - Ntange: edible seeds - anatye: bush potatoes |
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what are the traditional foods from hawaii? |
- planted and irrigated crops (eg. yams, arrowroot, taro) - main leafy veggies were taro tops and edible plants - traditional diet is 75-80% starch, 7-12% fat, and 12-15% protein |
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what are traditional foods of canada? |
- roots: wild onions, knotweed, bitterroot, etc - greens: thimbleberry, cow parsnip, watercress, nettles, etc. -- most available in young stages - berries: rosaceae, ericaceae (huckleberries), grossulariaceae (gooseberries) - seeds, nuts, grains: maize, wild rice, oak acorns - inner bark: western hemlock, lodgepole pine, cottonwood -- scraped from trees in spring - lichen and algae -- emergency food - flowers: rose petals -- delicacies |
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what are the three sisters of growing gardens? |
beans, squash, corn |
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what is the nutritional problems with a change in diet of natives? |
- increase in cardiovascular disease, hypertension, stroke and obesity - higher percentage of children have cavities - higher frequency of diabetes |
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what are solutions to the problems of native diet change to fast food? |
- introducing traditional foods into diet - adjust caloric intake - increase number of community gardens |
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what are rosehips used for? |
- high in vit. C - dried for tea - good for jam |
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what is yarrow used for? |
- good for skin - insect repellent - headaches - stopbleeding |
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what is spruce gum used for? |
- used for chewing gum - boils - ointments |
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what are spruce trees limbs used for |
- cut lower limbs to sit on instead of ground |
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what are pines used for? |
- needles for baskets, coasters, etc. |
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what are willows used for? |
use green part just under bark in spring to substitute aspirin |
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what are raspberries used for? |
- dried stems used to make tea for diarrhea |
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what is labrador tea used for? |
- tea from leaves and flowers |
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what is devil's club used for? |
ointments |
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what is chaga fungus on birch for? |
cancer |
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what is dandelion used for? |
clean liver and dyes |
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what is juniper used for |
kidney infection |
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what is mint used for? |
add flavour to tea |
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what is puffball fungi used for? |
help stop bleeding |
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what is cottonwood used for? |
burns and skin issues |
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what is red clover used for |
skin burns |
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what is sphagnum used for? |
diapers, boots for dry feet |
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what is mullein used for? |
natural tobacco and tea |
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what are terpenes? |
- toxins and feeding deterrents - essential oils |
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what are phenols? |
- absorb UV radiation - reduce growth of competing plants - attract frugivores and pollinators |
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what are N-containing compounds |
toxic N-compaining compounds - may give flavour and/or be isolated as medicine |
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What are saponins and carotenoids? |
terpenes |
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what are tannins? |
type of polyphenol -- phenol |
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what is a tincture |
alcohol solution |
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what is an emulsion? |
combining two liquids that don't normally mix |
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what is a solar infusion? |
infusion made by using the sun |
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what is quercetin? |
- phenol - flavonoid - antioxidant - estrogenic |
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what plants contain quercetin? |
- labrador tea - dandelion - raspberry |
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what plants contain salicylic acid? |
- yarrow - willow - cottonwood |
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what plant contain phytoestrogen? |
red clover |
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what are some examples of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes from plants? |
- juniper: contains alpha-pinene and camphene (monos) - pine and spruce - mint: contains menthol (mono) and phytoestrogen |
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what do saponins do? |
- microbial defense - soap like foam produced when shaken in aqueous solution |
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what plants contain saponins? |
- mullein: contains coumarin -- antiinflammatory |
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what do phytosterols do? |
- regulate membrane fluidity and permeability - linked to plant adaptation to temp and plant immunity to pathogens - stigmasterol: useful in prevention of certain cancers -- reduces blood cholesterol |
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what local species contains phytosterols? |
devil's club |
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what is herbalism? |
the use of medical properties found in non-poisonous plants for prevention and correction of diseases and, in general, health tonics |
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what are the different types of plant treatments? |
- hypotensive chemicals - muscle relaxants - anti-rheumatics -- for arthritis - diabetes - hepatitis - snake bites |
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how is hypertension treated? |
chemicals that affect smooth muscles of blood vessels |
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what are the alkaloids for hypertension? |
- reseerpine and rescinnamine -- general sedation - tetraphylline and tetraphyllincine -- tranquilizers |
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what do the hypotensive alkaloids have in common structurally? |
the indole ring |
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what is reserpine and where is it found? what does it do? |
hypotensive alkaloid found in Rauvolfia serpentina depletes chemicals in the brain which depresses sympathetic nerve fxn |
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what is rescinnamine, where is it found, what does it do? |
- hypotensive alkaloid - Rauvolfia serpentina - inhibits the angiotensin convertin enzyme and results in decreased plasma angiotensin II (a vasoconstrictor) |
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what is the drug curare, what is it from, and where is it found? |
- muscle relaxant drug - made from tubocuranine - found in menispermaceae family |
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what is Chondrodendron tometosum? |
- large vine with heart-shaped leaves - has tubocurarine |
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what does tubocurarine do? |
- blocks nicotinic ACh receiptor at the neuromuscular junction - occupies same position on the receptor with an equal or greater affinity and elicits no response |
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What are anti-rheumatics and where are they found? |
- anti-arthritis - found in Juniperus spp - found in Mansoa alliacea |
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what does Mansoa alliacea contain |
- contains dimethyl sulfoxide -- anti-rheumatic |
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what is dimethyl sulfoxide and what does it do? |
- anti-rheumatic - oxidizes dimethyl sulfide -- provides rapid, temporary relief of pain in patients with arthritis - predominantly used as topical analgesic |
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What is Dolichandra quadrivalvis? |
- plant that has anti-rheumatics in it - used for crabbing -- paralyzes them |
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What is a plant that is used for diabetes Rx? |
- vaccinium uglinosum |
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what is saponic glycoside? |
- diabetes Rx - yields cucurbitacin |
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what are treatments for hepatitis? |
- Iriartea exorrhiza: young roots added to water and boiled - Calathea spp: juice from rhizomes |
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what is used for snake bite Rx? |
amazonian tribes use Potalia amara - squaline and methyl esters - root is boiled and filtered |
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how is opium extracted? |
- shallow cuts made in immature fruits - latex leaks out and dries - dry latex scraped off -- raw opium |
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what is the story of the greek goddess and poppies? |
Demeter said to have eaten them to sleep away the sadness of the kidnapping of her daughter |
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how is heroin produced? |
raw opium made into heroin using large mixing containers, filters, heat, and simple chemicals |
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how is morphine produced? |
- isolated from poppy straw - straw is pulverized and washed into water and acids; dried into a powder - intermediate step conversion to calcium morphenate - purification to morphine salt or base |
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what types of wood are containers made from? |
- cedar wood and cedar bark |
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how is a cedar selected for stripping? |
- 40cm in diameter - minimal stem twisting in the bark - limited number of branches on the tree - sometimes for proximity to hill slopes for aid in stripping - typically done in late spring when there is increased sap flow |
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how is cedar bark prepared for use? |
- outer layer of bark peeled off - bark dried by hanging or laying it on flat ground - bark shredded - then laid over a hard, rounded wood surface or stone and beaten with a hardwood tool |
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how are bentwood boxes made? |
- made by wetting wood (by steaming), bending it, and letting it harden into curved shapes and patterns - wood steamed in pits with hot rocks and seaweed - wood removed after several days, bent around premade mold - precarved bottom placed on and held in place by wooden pegs or sewn with cedar strips - sealed with resin |
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what are the uses of sweetgrass? |
- Mi'kmaq use as a decorative accent in basketwork -- vary rarely make baskets entirely of sweetgrass - Dawnland people used sweetgrass in making their baskets |
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where does sweetgrass grow? |
- wet areas like marsh edges and bogs - above 40 degrees N latitude in asia, europe and north am. - identified by vanilla-like fragrance of leaves - hollow upright steams -- up to 2 feet tall |
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how is sweetgrass harvested? |
- in late june or early july - without pulling up the roots - sweetgrass after exposure to frost loses scent |
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what is the trudie lamb richmond story? |
- used by her people in their ceremonies - used in ceremonial baskets - she always talked to her baskets as she made them -- asks for forgiveness for having to sell them - using sweetgrass keeps the baskets strong and alive |
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What are the chemicals in sweetgrass? |
- fragrance is coumarin -- in the benzopyrone chemical class |
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What is Raffia fibre used for? |
used in twine, rope, baskets, placemats, etc. - harvested from uderside of the raffia palm leaf |
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what kind of pine needles are best? |
long ones - eg. ponderosa |
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what are leaves generally used for? |
- cooking, wrapping, food serving - bananaleaves commonly used for wide range of applications - local leaf varieties: thimbleberry, arrow-leaved coltsfoot, and skunk cabbage also used as paper |
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Why were banana and palm leaves used as paper? |
- ribs of leaves fxn as dividing lines - believed that wood tablets of easter island were fluted to imitate banana leaves - also that rounded letters of many south indian scrips were due to sharp angles would risk splitting the leaf |
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what is thatch? |
- a roof covering of plant material - good due to thick waxy cuticle - collenchyma cells provide flexibility and rigidity |
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why is wood used instead of thatch? |
more resistant to decay |
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what were egypt's early boats made from? |
- bundled papyrus reeds |
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why did egypt change to wooden boats? |
needed to be able to transport heavier loads war required stronger ships |
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what were the types of wood egypt used for boats? |
- earliest known was acacia - cedar wood imported from lebanon since it was more suitable |
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what is the Haida canoe? |
- large canoe: can hold up to 40 ppl - dugouts created using softwoods and using controlled burning techniques and bone and stone chipping tools |
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What are the two designs of the haida canoe? |
- Northern style used by Tlingit: rounded hull, flaring sides, and extended prow to a near vertical cutwater - Southern style or chinook by Nuu-chah-nulth: v-shaped with flared sides and low vertical stem post with small capped platform |
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what is a rondavel? |
- round or oval shaped house - walls constructed of stone - mortar of sand, soil, or cow dung - floor finished with dung mix - main roofing elements are poles - the roof is thatch sewn to the poles with grass rope |
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How is the roof of a rondavel made? |
- sewn one section at a time from bottom to top - as each section sewn, may be weathered and aged for waterproofing |
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what is a sod house? |
- alternative to the log cabin - used if prairie lacked standard building materials or due to poverty |
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what is an oca? |
-brazilian indigenous housing - up to 40m in length - built of a wooden structure and bamboo and straw cover or palm leaves - no internal divisions or windows |
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what is a yurt? |
- easy assembly house used by nomads in the steppes of central asia - angled assembly or latticework of pieces of wood or bamboo for walls, door frame, ribs, and a wheel that was possibly steam bent |
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what are gourds used to make? |
bowls, spoons, etc. |
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what kind of tools are wood used to make? |
knives, fish hooks, fish traps, spoons, bowls, etc |
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what are natural gums used for? |
increase solution viscosity |
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what are 3 types of natural gums? |
- ammoniac gum resin: from Dorema ammoniacum - frankincense: Boswellia - Myrrh: Commiphora |
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what are resins used for? |
- incense, glue, chewing, paint binder, preservative - from sapodillas for chewing gum |
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Where does rubber come from? |
- oozes from certain plants when cut into - over 99% of worlds natural rubber from Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree) |
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what were rubber trees called by aboriginals in central and south america? what did they use the rubber for? |
- called cahuchu - used for waterproofing clothes and shoes using latex |
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Who sent rubber samples to europe from south america in 1731 |
Charles Marie de La Condamine |
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who smuggled thousands of rubber tree seeds out of brazil to england? |
Sir Henry Wickham |
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what is the world's largest single source of latex rubber? |
Harbel rubber plantation in liberia |
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how is the latex from rubber trees made into rubber? |
- latex is filtered and reacted with acids to coagulate particles - pressed into slabs or sheets and dried - matication -- machines chew up rubber to make softer and stickier - chemicals added depending on desired final product - calendaring and extrusion: rubber is squashed into desired shape - vulcanization: cooked with sulfur to cross-link the isoprene molecules |
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what is cordage made from? |
- multiple species (eg. dogbane, milkweed, nettles, etc) - braided and twined fibre types - need to extract and prepare the fibres |
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how do you harvest stinging nettles for cordage? |
- mid to late summer and at full height - fibre will be much stronger at this time - remove leaves and stings - process stems and separate fibres |
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how do you separate the fibres of stinging nettle? |
- squeeze between your fingers to crush the hollow tube - work along the length, crushing the stem - open out the stem - separate the bark layer - pull apart the strands - hang to dry |
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how do you harvest willow for cordage? |
- spring to mid summer - stems of 4-10cm diameter |
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how is willow bark removed for cordage? |
- heat bark side down over fire until hissing sound from bark - bend pieces while still warm so wood snaps - pull bark from wood in strips |
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how is willow bark processed for cordage? |
- outer bark removed - at the middle of each stipule, lightly score through the outer bark - fold the bark - pull the inner bark away at an angle - boil bark strips in water and wood ash hang to dry or split down the length of the fibres |
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what are the two methods of twining? |
finger twisting and leg rolling |
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What is the Neem tree used for? |
- used for azacirachtin -- natural insecticide - used by drying and layering in clothes or dried food stores |
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how does Neem/azadirachtin kill insects? |
- indirectly as an antifeedant -- insects starve |
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what is the oil from oregano? |
carvacrol |
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what is the oil from myrtle |
linalool |
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what is the oil from rosemary |
1,8-cineole |
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what is the oil from thyme? |
thymol |
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what is the oil from clove? |
eugenol |
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how do terpenoids/essential oils act as an insecticide? |
can have acute effects and sub-lethal behaviour effects: target the nervous system of insects |
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what is the earliest recorded use of gas warfare? |
the peloponnesian war between athens and sparta spartan forces placed a mix of wood, pitch, and sulfur under the walls |
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what is ricin? |
- highly toxic, naturally occurring lectin synthesized in the endosperm of castor bean plant seeds - inhibits protein synthesis |
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what is a mordant? |
dye fixative used to set dyes on fabrics by forming a coordination complex with the dye |
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what are some common mordants? |
- Alum: helps evenness and brightens slightly - iron: saddens or darken colours, brings out green shades - tin: blooms or brightens colours - blue vitriol: saddens colours and brings out greens - tannic acid: used for tans and browns |
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what are the 3 methods of mordanting? |
- pre mordanting: substrate treated with mordant before dye - meta: same time as dye - post: after dye |
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compare pigments vs dyes |
pigments: generally not soluble in water, oil or other solvents, used for paints, inks, cosmetics, and plastics dyes: applied aqueously, used for textiles, paper, etc. |
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what are the classifications of dyes |
- acid dyes: water soluble anionic dyes use neutral to acid dye baths - basic dyes: water soluble cationic dyes using neutral to basic dye baths - mordant dyes: require mordant - vat dyes: insoluble in water and incapable of dyeing fibres directly -- reduced in alkaline liquids and applied - reactive, dispersing, azoic, and sulfur |
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when and where was a method of bleaching linen with kelp introduced? |
18th century in scotland |
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what are the colours in the hunt of the unicorn tapestries? |
weld (yellow) madder (red) woad (blue) |
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how was quinoa used as a dye? |
betalains in the seeds used |
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what is betel juice? |
a dye from chewing plants with known colouring properties -- created red teeth - thought to reduce headache and fever |
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how did the vietnamese blacken teeth? |
- teeth cleaned and acid etched - iron sulfate, chinese gall nuts, pomegranate rinds, and areca nuts applied multiple times - empyreumatic oil of coconut give lacquered appearance - believed to strengthen gums and prevent tooth decay |
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how were tattoos made in oceania? |
- from wood ash and soot from boiled breadfruit sap - roots of Curcuma australasica (wild australian tumeric) produced yellow dye |
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how is henna made? |
- made from Lawsonia inermis - used by drying, milling and sifting the leaves to a dry powder -- mixed with liquid when ready to use |
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how is hawaiian dye made? |
- from seagrape (Coccoloba uvifera) - leaves make a greenish-yellow fabric dye - boiled and soaked in water over 2 days |
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what is woad? |
- witches dye - made from leaves of Isatis tinctoria - blue vat dye |
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what is weld? |
- egyptian dye from roots of Rubia tinctorum - roots contain ruberthyrin acid - outer bark gives common dye - inner gived refined variety of the dye - roots dried or treated with acid to convert ruberthyrin to purpurin - is a mordant dye |
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what is true indigo from? |
- from Indigofera tinctoria |
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what are the different types of plant fibres? |
- xylary fibres: in wood (xylem) - extraxylary fibres: outside wood -- include coritcal (cortex) and phloem (bast fibres) - leaf fibres (hard fibres) - seed related fibres |
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what is Sisal? |
- the needle and thread plant - fibres of the leaves with the strong thorns at the end - traditionally pound the leaf to soften, then scrape pulp |
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where does cotton come from? |
seeds of Gossypium spp |
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what are the two types of fibres in cotton? |
staples: longer linters: shorter |
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what is cotton ginning? |
- method of separating fibre from seeds |
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what is spinning? |
making a linear textile from clumps of cotton fibre by twisting the fibres into a spiral -- natural wax gives cohesion and strength |
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what are the types of cotton fabrics? |
- Madras: pattern texture - muslin: find, plain, striped or checked or embroidered fabric - chintz: polished, printed cotton - damask: one-coloured, two sided fabric with woven pattern - twill: cotton fabric with diagonal weft (eg. denim) - canvas: linen or cotten woven fabrics - gauze: light seethrough openwork fabric -- from city of Gaza |
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What is the cotton tree? how does its cotton differ from normal? |
- Kapok - moisture resistant, quick drying, buoyant - inelastic -- cannot be spun but weighs one eighth the weight of regular |
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how are coconuts used for fibres? |
- Cocos nucifera - fibres knows as coir - fibres 10-30cm long |
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what is the different between brown coir and white coir? |
white: immature, higher cellulose:lignin ratio brown: mature, more lignified |
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what are bast fibers of commercial interest? |
- flax (linum usitatissimum) - hemp (cannabis sativa) - jute (corchorus spp) |
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what is jute? |
textile made from phloem fibres that's common for burlap |
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what is linen made from? |
- bast fibres of flax - 2-3x stronger than cotton but less elastic - fibres very absorbent |
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what are the growing conditions that affect the quality of linen? |
- drying - removal of seeds by rippling and winnowing - loosening of fibres from the stalk (retting) - scrutching: removal of woody portion of stalks by crushing - removal of fibres |
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what are the reaction types of dye bonding? |
- acidic dyes: form attractions with slightly basic N groups in amide links of wool, silk and nylong - direct dyes: form hydrogen bonds with fibres -- faster if molecules are long as straight; line up with cellulose more easily - fabric reactive dyes: covalent chemical linkages |
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what parts of the dandelion are used for tea? |
usually only roots but all parts can be used |
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what is dandelion root tea used for? |
- chronic disorders of the kidney and liver - increases urination and digestion |
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what is labrador tea used for? |
sore throats, chest or lung infections, coughs, headaches, joint or muscle pains, and bowel problems |
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what plant is used to heighten intoxication of beer? |
labrador tea |
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what are the health benefits of hibiscus tea? |
reduction in blood pressure, source of vit. C, diuretic, increases digestion |
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what does bael fruit tea contain? |
- eugenol and cuminaldehyde |
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what does bael fruit tea treat? |
asthma, colds, diabetes, and heart disease |
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what is red laver used for? |
nori |
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what is bull kelp used? |
fishing line and rope, storing materials, music |
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what is reefer madness? |
advertisements for the bad sides of marijuana |
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how is marijuana used in india? |
- drinks made from the leaves -- used like alcohol - charas: high religious importance |
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how is marijuana used in south america? |
- used a lot by the poor for clothing, cordage, spice, etc. - smoked in the military |
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what was cannabis to mexicans? |
a sacred gift under rosa maria or santa rosa |
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what are the tea tree oil's properties? |
- antibacterial - antifungal - antiviral - antiprotozoal |
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what are the properties of lavendar essential oil? |
antimicrobial, analgesic, and antifungal |
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how is lavendar essential oil obtained? |
by steam distillation |
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what is the weeping cedar woman? |
emblem of the protests at clayoquot sound to halt logging on meares island |
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what is red cedar used for medicinally? |
- immune stimulant, antifungal, antibacterial |
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how is red cedar prepared for medicinal use? |
as a salve/pol, as a tea, or a smudge stick |
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what are the general medicinal properties of spruce? |
antimicrobial and antiseptic |
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what are the uses of spruce gum? |
waterproof birch baskets and seal boats, also used as chewing gum |
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what are the medicinal uses of spruce? |
- inner bark for spruce tips made into tea for stomach, ulcers, weak blood, mouth sores, and sore throats - gum used as lozenge for coughs and sore throats |
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how is tabacco prepared? |
- curing by flue, fire, sun, and air |
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how is tobacco snuff prepared? |
- leaf collection and de-veining - pounding - addition of admixtures |
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what is tobacco used for medicinally by aboriginals? |
earaches, snake bites, cuts and burns, respiratory diseases, fever, and convulsions |
