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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Benign causes of Chronic Vomiting
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-hairballs
-rapid eating syndrome -dietary hypersensitivity -hyperacidity syndrome |
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Chronic vomiting, healthy, normal MDB
No response to famotidine, metoclopramide, antibiotics -differentials |
-chronic gastritis
-helicobacter -parasites -gastric neoplasia -pyloric antral hypertrophy |
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Chronic gastritis
-etiology |
-food hypersensitivity
-idiopathic inflammatory |
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Diagnostic test to always perform with chronic gastritis
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-squash prep
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Helicobacter
-treatment |
Antibiotics
-Ampicillin -Clarithromycin -Metronidazole Metoclopramide |
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Types of gastric neoplasia
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-adenocarcinoma
-lymphosarcoma -leiomyosarcoma |
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Gastric neoplasia associated with paraneoplastic hypoglycemia
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-Leiomyosarcoma
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Reasons for polydipsia with vomiting
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-fluid loss
-discomfort |
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Serum chemistry findings of a pyloric outflow obstruction
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-hypokalemia
-hypochloridemia -metabolic alkalosis |
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Hematemesis
-differentials |
-coagulation disorder
-thrombocytopenia -mucosal abnormalities -non-gastric disease |
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Gastric erosion and ulceration differentials
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-addisons, uremia, liver disease, mastocytosis, DIC, hypergastrinemia
-gastritis -neoplasia -NSAID, steroid -shock, sepsis -stress, spinal Sx, exercise |
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Gastric Erosion/Ulceration
-common findings on MDB |
-elevated BUN : Creatinine ratio
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Most important aspect of the previous history of diarrhea
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-previous response to therapy
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Small Bowel Diarrhea
-signs |
-inc. volume
-weight loss -vomiting -slight increase in frequency -flatulence -steatorrhea with malassimilation -melena |
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Large Bowel Diarrhea
-clinical signs |
-dec. in volume
-marked increase in frequency -urgency -tenesmus -mucus -hematochezia |
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GI diarrhea
-types/causes |
-primary small bowel disease
-primary large bowel disease -pancreatitis -dietary |
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Non-GI diarrhea
-types/causes |
-polysystemic infections
-Endocrine disease -Renal disease -Pyometra, peritonitis -Congestive heart failure |
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Only appropriate use of symptomatic therapy for diarrhea
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-acute onset
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Diarrhea
-symptomatic therapy |
-NPO
-fluids -antibiotics |
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Reasons a therapeutic trial would be a reasonable choice for diarrhea
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-patient is not in a life-threatening state
-used to help R/O disease -client has limited expenses |
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Diarrhea
-uses for Metronidazole trial |
-Antibiotic Responsive Diarrhea
-Giardia -Clostridia -others |
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Diarrhea
-uses for Fluoroquinolone trial |
-Campylobacter
-Salmonella -E. coli -others |
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Most common cause of acute diarrhea and vomiting in dogs and cats
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-dietary indiscretion
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Ampicillin
-indication for use |
-blood in the stool
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Food allergy is what type of hypersensitivity
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-I, II, or IV
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When performing a dietary trial, what must be known?
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-previous antigen
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Factors that regulate GI microflora
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-peristalsis
-intestinal mucus layer -gastric acid -biliary and pancreatic disease -intestinal IgA -microbial factors |
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Beneficial effects of normal bacteria
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-competitive exclusion
-production of short chain fatty acids -synthesis of essential nutrients |
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Detrimental effects of bacterial overgrowth
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-competition for calories and essential nutrients
-production of detrimental metabolites -mucosal damage |
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Causes for bacterial overgrowth
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-defective gastric acid output
-defective motility -defective/absent ileocecal valve -defective local immunity -EPI -defective mucus production -unabsorbed nutrients ***usually unknown |
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One of the most significant intestinal diseases of dogs and cats
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-Inflammatory bowel disease
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Inflammatory bowel disease
-etiology |
-consequence of an overly aggressive immune response to luminal commensal bacteria in genetically susceptible individuals
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Most important protein losing enteropathy
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-Lymphangiectasia
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Primary vs. Secondary Lymphangiectasia
-etiologies |
-Primary = idiopathic
-Secondary = lymphatic obstruction |
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Secondary lymphangiectasia
-primary cause |
-inflammatory bowel disease
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Reason for polyphagia during lymphangiectasia
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-malnutrition
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How to measure the level of GI protein loss
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-alpha-1 protease inhibitor
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Types of intestinal neoplasia
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-Lymphosarcoma
-Adenocarcinoma |
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Intestinal neoplasia
-clinical signs |
-weight loss
-chronic diarrhea -vomiting -progressive inappetence Intestinal adenocarcinoma vs. lymphosarcoma -prognosis -adenocarcinoma = fairly good, focal, resection and anastomosis |
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Characteristic features of hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
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-acute hemorrhagic diarrhea
-hemoconcentration |
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Breeds that are normally hemoconcentrated
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-greyhound
-dachshund |
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Dog breeds that may need extra parvo vaccine
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-Rottweiler
-Pit bull terrier -Doberman |
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Parvovirus MOA
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Attack of rapidly dividing cells
-intestinal crypt cells -marrow = leukopenia lymphoid depletion |
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Histoplasmosis
-treatment |
-Fluconazole (12 months)
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Active form of Giardia
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-trophozoite
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Dose to not exceed with Metronidazole
-why? |
30 mg/kg/day
-neurologic problems |
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Coccidiosis treatment
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-Ponazuril
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Cryptosporidiosis
-diagnosis |
-PCR
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Cryptosporidiosis
-treatment |
Low success
-Tylosin (#1) -Azithromycin |
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Salmon Poisoning treatment
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-doxycycline
-fluoroquinolones -supportive therapy |
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Most common cause of acute colitis
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-clostridial colitis
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Acute constipation
-signs |
-unproductive tenesmus
-watery overflow |
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Causes of rectal/anal stricture
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-trauma
-inflammation -surgery -neoplasia -radiation therapy |
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Rectal neoplasia
-tumors |
-adenocarcinoma
-adenomatous polyp -colorectal lymphosarcoma (cats) |
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Benign perianal gland adenoma is common in ____
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-older, intact male dogs
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Perianal gland adenocarcinoma is common in ____
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-older, female dogs
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Anal sac adenocarcinoma is common in ____
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-older, female dogs
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