Mccurdy World History First Semester All Terms

Front 1

During this time period much of the classical culture of Greece & Rome was lost in Western Europe

Back 1

Middle Ages

Front 2

Rebirth of classical ideas of Greece & Rome.

Back 2

Renaissance

Front 3

Time of great artistic and intellectual creativity.

Back 3

Renaissance

Front 4

Marked the transition from Medieval to Modern Times.

Back 4

Renaissance

Front 5

Birthplace of the Renaissance.

Back 5

Italian City-States (Florence was first)

Front 6

The Renaissance began in Northern Italy about ________. (date)

Back 6

A.D. 1300

Front 7

The Renaissance peaked around __________.

Back 7

A.D. 1500

Front 8

Thought system of the Renaissance.

Back 8

Humanism

Front 9

Emphasized human worth and the importance of the individual. (ideology)

Back 9

Humanism

Front 10

Focused more on life in this world than on the afterlife.

Back 10

Humanists

Front 11

Powerful banking family that ruled Florence.

Back 11

Medici

Front 12

The support of the Medici family helped Florence produce many _________.

Back 12

artists and scholars

Front 13

"Father of Humanism"

Back 13

Petrarch

Front 14

Assembled a library of ancient Greek & Roman Manuscripts.

Back 14

Petrarch

Front 15

Author of The Prince.

Back 15

Machiavelli

Front 16

The ends justifies the means in political actions. (book)

Back 16

The Prince

Front 17

Was a guide to rulers on how to gain and keep political power often by ruthless means.

Back 17

The Prince

Front 18

Renaissance art differed from Medieval art in that it portrayed non-religious subjects and was _________.

Back 18

more realistic

Front 19

A man talented in many areas.

Back 19

"Renaissance Man"

Front 20

The best example of the "Renaissance Man."

Back 20

Leonardo da Vinci

Front 21

In addition to his paintings like "The Last Supper" he drew sketches of flying machines.

Back 21

Leonardo da Vinci

Front 22

Commissioned by the Pope to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

Back 22

Michelangelo

Front 23

A "melancholy genius" who was a sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet.

Back 23

Michelangelo

Front 24

While the Renaissance was flowering in Italy Northern Europe was recovering from the____.

Back 24

Black Death

Front 25

Killed nearly half the people of Western Europe in the 14th century.

Back 25

Black Death

Front 26

The Renaissance in Northern Europe was more ____.

Back 26

Religious in nature

Front 27

The Northern Renaissance began in _________.

Back 27

Flanders

Front 28

Renaissance writers who wanted to reform the Church.

Back 28

Christian Humanists

Front 29

Criticized society by comparing it to an ideal society. (book)

Back 29

Utopia

Front 30

Author of Utopia.

Back 30

Thomas Moore

Front 31

He was executed because he would not accept Henry VIII as the head of the Church of England.

Back 31

Thomas Moore

Front 32

Erasmus and Thomas Moore were _______.

Back 32

Christian Humanists

Front 33

Renaissance writers often wrote in the ______.

Back 33

Vernacular

Front 34

Language of the common people.

Back 34

Vernacular

Front 35

Priest who wanted the common man to be able to read the scripture and fought corruption in the Church.

Back 35

Erasmus

Front 36

"Leonardo of the North" his engravings often portrayed religious upheaval.

Back 36

Albrecht Durer

Front 37

His plays often explored the complexity of the individual.

Back 37

Shakespeare

Front 38

Eastern Roman Empire lasted 1000 years after the fall of Rome.

Back 38

Byzantine Empire

Front 39

In 1453, conquered Constantinople, ended the Byzantine Empire & spread the influence of Islam.

Back 39

Ottoman Turks

Front 40

Helped spread the ideas of both the Renaissance and the Reformation. (Invention)

Back 40

Printing Press

Front 41

Inventor of the Printing Press.

Back 41

Johann Gutenberg

Front 42

Founder of the Protestant Reformation.

Back 42

Martin Luther

Front 43

Broke with the Catholic church over salvation by faith.

Back 43

Martin Luther

Front 44

Christians became divided as Catholics and Protestants.

Back 44

Reformation

Front 45

Freed the owner of time in Purgatory/were granted by the Church.

Back 45

indulgences

Front 46

Place of suffering where people are purified of sins before going to heaven.

Back 46

Purgatory

Front 47

Authorized the sale of indulgences.

Back 47

Pope Leo X

Front 48

To finance Renaissance projects in Rome Pope Leo X authorized the sale of ___________.

Back 48

indulgences

Front 49

Issue that actually brought Luther in conflict with the Roman Catholic church.

Back 49

sale of indulgences

Front 50

Luther's criticism of the sale of indulgences. (Document).

Back 50

95 Theses

Front 51

Ninety-five Theses nailed to Church in____. (date).

Back 51

A.D. 1517

Front 52

One is saved solely by trusting Christ.

Back 52

Justification by Faith

Front 53

Luther's basic belief.

Back 53

Justification by Faith

Front 54

Luther believed it was the only authority for Christian life.

Back 54

Bible

Front 55

Council condemns Luther as heretic and outlaw.

Back 55

Diet of Worms

Front 56

Excommunicated Luther (person)

Back 56

Pope Leo X

Front 57

Holy Roman Emperor/called Diet of Worms/ fought against Protestantism.

Back 57

Charles V

Front 58

Encouraged by Luther's idea of Christian freedom Peasants demanded an end to serfdom and ______________.

Back 58

revolted

Front 59

With Luther's support the Nobles brutally suppressed the ______________.

Back 59

Peasant revolt

Front 60

Those who broke away from the Catholic Church.

Back 60

Protestants

Front 61

Name originally referred to the princes who refused to join the pope against Luther, eventually comes to refer to all who broke with the Catholic Church.

Back 61

Protestant

Front 62

In Geneva Switzerland Calvin established a _______.

Back 62

Theocracy

Front 63

Calvin's teaching that God determines what will happen before it does, especially who will be saved. (actually before the foundations of the universe).

Back 63

Predestination

Front 64

Calvin was most influenced by Luther's idea that humans __________________.

Back 64

cannot earn a place in heaven

Front 65

One reason for the Reformation was that European merchants _____________.

Back 65

resented paying taxes to the Church in Rome

Front 66

Luther & others break from the Catholic Church.

Back 66

Protestant Reformation

Front 67

Catholic Reformation

Back 67

Counter Reformation

Front 68

Lutheran, Reformed, Anabaptist, and Anglicanism

Back 68

four branches of Reformation

Front 69

Shaped the reformed branch of the reformation. (person)

Back 69

John Calvin

Front 70

English King broke with the pope.

Back 70

Henry VIII

Front 71

Henry VIII broke with the pope because he would not __________.

Back 71

end his marriage

Front 72

Made Henry VIII the official head of the Church of England. (1534)

Back 72

Act of Supremacy

Front 73

Daughter of Henry VIII tried to reinstate Catholicism.

Back 73

Mary I (Mary Tudor or Bloody Mary)

Front 74

Made England Protestant with some Catholic practices. (ruler)

Back 74

Elizabeth I

Front 75

Name of the Protestant Church of England

Back 75

Anglicanism

Front 76

Wanted to purify the Anglican Church of Catholic practices. (group)

Back 76

Puritans

Front 77

Puritan beliefs were ________.

Back 77

Calvinistic

Front 78

Attempts to reform the Catholic Church and win back converts.

Back 78

Counter Reformation

Front 79

Catholic Reformation

Back 79

Counter Reformation

Front 80

Defined Catholic doctrine (1545) (meeting)

Back 80

Council of Trent

Front 81

Agreed that the Church's interpretation of the Bible was final. (meeting)

Back 81

Council of Trent

Front 82

Established direction of Catholic reforms.

Back 82

Council of Trent

Front 83

Founder of the Jesuit Order.

Back 83

Ignatius Loyola

Front 84

A society of Jesus.

Back 84

Jesuits

Front 85

Attempted to win people back to Catholicism by education (group)

Back 85

Jesuits

Front 86

The Council of Trent and the formation of the Jesuits were parts of the __________.

Back 86

Counter Reformation

Front 87

Gave each prince the right to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism for his realm. (1555) (Holy Roman Empire) (German states)

Back 87

Peace of Augsburg

Front 88

Radical wing of the Reformation, Sought a return to early Christianity.

Back 88

Anabaptists

Front 89

Believed people should be baptized only after conversion or regeneration (group).

Back 89

Anabaptists

Front 90

First to want complete separation of Church and State (group).

Back 90

Anabaptist

Front 91

Menno Simons demanded _________.

Back 91

Pacifism

Front 92

The belief that violence or warfare are never justified & should never be used even to serve a good cause.

Back 92

Pacifism

Front 93

After Menno Simons death Anabaptists in the Netherlands were called ______.

Back 93

Mennonites

Front 94

In some Italian cities Jews were forced to live in a separate part of the city called a ________.

Back 94

ghetto

Front 95

In the 1400s European explorers searched for a better _______.

Back 95

trade route to Asia

Front 96

In the 1300s Europeans depended on Asia & India for ________.

Back 96

Spices

Front 97

In the 1300's controlled the spice trade in Asia & Europe

Back 97

Arab & Venetian merchants

Front 98

Merchants seeking profitable trade with Asia.

Back 98

Motivation for exploration

Front 99

Christian leaders sought to halt expansion of Islamic empires and spread Christian teachings

Back 99

Motivation for exploration

Front 100

Explorers were aided by improved sailing and navigation _______.

Back 100

Technology

Front 101

First country to venture out on the Atlantic ocean in search of spices and Gold.

Back 101

Portugal

Front 102

Set up a school for Navigators

Back 102

Prince Henry the Navigator

Front 103

Under his patronage sailors discovered: the Azores, the Madeira Islands and the Cape Verde Islands.

Back 103

Prince Henry the Navigator

Front 104

The discoveries made under the patronage of Prince Henry became the foundation of the ___________.

Back 104

Portuguese Empire

Front 105

Discovered the sea route around Africa past the Cape of Good Hope

Back 105

Bartholomeu Dias

Front 106

Portuguese captain who was first to reach India. (Calicut)

Back 106

Vasco da Gama

Front 107

In the 1400s, the Portuguese established a major presence on __________.

Back 107

the coasts of Africa

Front 108

Portuguese defeated the Muslims and established control of the _________.

Back 108

Indian Ocean

Front 109

Seizing key ports around the Indian Ocean they came to dominate European-Asian trade.

Back 109

Portuguese

Front 110

An end to internal and external conflict enable Spain to enter the race for _______.

Back 110

Asian riches

Front 111

Financed Columbus' voyages

Back 111

Ferdinand and Isabella

Front 112

Columbus sought a route to the East by _____.

Back 112

going West

Front 113

Explorer who concluded that the "New World" must be a continent and not part of Asia

Back 113

Amerigo Vespucci

Front 114

Line drawn by the Pope giving the "New World" to Spain & Africa & India to Portugal for colonization

Back 114

Line of Demarcation

Front 115

Adjusted the line of demarcation to the West, giving Portugal control of Brazil.

Back 115

Treaty of Tordesillas

Front 116

Commanded the first expedition to circumnavigate the world.

Back 116

Ferdinand Magellan

Front 117

To circle the world.

Back 117

circumnavigate

Front 118

His voyage proved the world was round & much larger than anyone believed.

Back 118

Ferdinand Magellan

Front 119

His voyage proved the lands where Columbus landed were not part of Asia.

Back 119

Ferdinand Magellan

Front 120

Portuguese also colonized ___________ in South America.

Back 120

Brazil

Front 121

Lost out in Africa when other European countries began to colonize because they did not venture inland or establish colonies.

Back 121

Portuguese

Front 122

In the 1500s & 1600 became the most important trade item from Africa

Back 122

Slaves

Front 123

The slave trade in Africa was broadened by __.

Back 123

European Participation

Front 124

The slave trade filled the demand for ____.

Back 124

cheap labor

Front 125

Europeans seeking slaves seldom ventured into __________.

Back 125

Africa's interior

Front 126

Relied on African rulers and traders to seize captives and bring them to the coast.

Back 126

European Slave Traders

Front 127

Ruler of the Kongo, who tried to halt the slave trade in his lands.

Back 127

Alfonso I

Front 128

Some African states disappeared because of the _____.

Back 128

slave trade

Front 129

Some new African States arose whose way of life depended on the ___.

Back 129

slave trade

Front 130

African slave trading state, unified by Osei Tutu in what is present day Ghana.

Back 130

Asante kingdom

Front 131

African states often waged war against one another to dominate the _________.

Back 131

slave trade

Front 132

Its leaders used wealth from the slave trade to build a strong army in what is present-day Nigeria.

Back 132

Oyo Empire

Front 133

First Europeans to challenge Portuguese domination of Asian trade.

Back 133

Dutch

Front 134

First permanent European settlement in Africa built by the Dutch to supply ships sailing around Africa.

Back 134

Cape Town

Front 135

Dutch farmers who settled around Cape Town in South Africa.

Back 135

Boers

Front 136

Muslim empire in India from 1526 to 1857.

Back 136

Mughal Empire

Front 137

Had the sovereign powers of a state, built an army and dominated Southeast Asia.

Back 137

Dutch East India Company

Front 138

Took over the Philippines and made it a key link in its trading empire.

Back 138

Spain

Front 139

At one point the Mughal empire was stronger than any European country, but eventually it lost power and the British and French fought for control of _____.

Back 139

India

Front 140

The Mughal Empire lost power because of renewed fighting between ______.

Back 140

Hindus and Muslims

Front 141

Both the British and the French East India Companies used these India soldiers in their armies.

Back 141

sepoys

Front 142

By the late 1700s it controlled most of India

Back 142

British East India Company

Front 143

Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644, allowed trade with Europeans and accepted European missionaries.

Back 143

Ming Dynasty

Front 144

Seized Beijing in 1644 and set up the Qing Dynasty in China.

Back 144

Manchu's

Front 145

Manchurian dynasty of China.

Back 145

Qing

Front 146

Both the Ming & the Qing practiced a policy of ___.

Back 146

Restricted foreign trade

Front 147

When the British Lord Macartney refused to bow to the ground for the Qing emperor the Qing rejected British _______.

Back 147

request for trade

Front 148

Because of its exclusion of foreigners it became known as the "Hermit Kingdom."

Back 148

Korea

Front 149

Unlike the Chinese or the Koreans, the Japanese at first ______________.

Back 149

welcomed Westerners

Front 150

When many Japanese were converted by the Jesuits, the Tokugawa Shoguns worried that the Japanese Christians would be loyal to the Pope over ___________.

Back 150

Japanese leaders

Front 151

Expelled foreign missionaries and persecuted Japanese Christians.

Back 151

Tokugawa Shoguns

Front 152

For 200 years Japan remained __________.

Back 152

isolated

Front 153

Columbus first meeting with Native Americans began a recurring cycle of _________ across the Western Hemisphere.

Back 153

encounter, conquest & death

Front 154

Spanish who came to America "to serve God and his Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do."

Back 154

Conquistadors

Front 155

Conquistador who conquered Aztec Mexico for Spain.

Back 155

Hernan Cortes

Front 156

Empire that ruled Mexico before Spanish invasion.

Back 156

Aztec

Front 157

Ruler of Aztec Empire at time of Spanish invasion.

Back 157

Moctezuma

Front 158

Spanish advantage in fighting Aztecs & Incas.

Back 158

horses and guns

Front 159

Conquistador who conquered Peru's Inca Empire.

Back 159

Francisco Pizarro

Front 160

Empire in Peru conquered by Spanish.

Back 160

Inca

Front 161

Included islands in the West Indies, Central, America, Mexico, much of South America, and parts of present day U.S.

Back 161

Spanish American Empire

Front 162

Spain's two goals for American empire.

Back 162

exploit its wealth & convert native Americans to Christianity

Front 163

Gave Conquistadors the right to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans in a particular area. (granted by Spanish monarch)

Back 163

Encomienda

Front 164

European weapon that killed (by far) the most native Americans.

Back 164

disease

Front 165

Most valuable exports from Spanish colonies.

Back 165

gold & silver

Front 166

Representatives appointed by the Spanish Monarch who ruled in his name.

Back 166

viceroys

Front 167

In the 1600s American colonies based their economies on agricultural products that required ____________.

Back 167

intensive labor.

Front 168

At his insistence the crown did pass laws against the enslavement and mistreatment of Native Americans.

Back 168

Las Casas

Front 169

Native Americans who labored to pay impossible debts created by landlords.

Back 169

Peons

Front 170

To meet the intensive labor demands in the American colonies, plantation owner's used _______.

Back 170

Enslaved Africans

Front 171

People born in Europe filled the highest positions in Spanish Colonial government.

Back 171

Peninsulares

Front 172

American born descendents of Spanish settlers, second highest on social scale.

Back 172

Creoles

Front 173

People of mixed European and Native American descent.

Back 173

Mestizos

Front 174

People of mixed European & African descent.

Back 174

Mulattoes

Front 175

Mestizos & Mulattoes were the third rung of the colonial __________.

Back 175

social scale

Front 176

In the 1600s the French, Dutch, English and Spanish all competed for lands in _________.

Back 176

North America

Front 177

By the 1700 North America was dominated by __.

Back 177

France & England

Front 178

Explored much of Eastern Canada and claimed it for France.

Back 178

Jacques Cartier

Front 179

First permanent French settlement in North America, established in 1608.

Back 179

Quebec

Front 180

Most of their colonists were involved in fur trapping, fur trading and fishing.

Back 180

French

Front 181

In the early 1700s New France's population remained __________.

Back 181

small

Front 182

First permanent English colony established in 1607.

Back 182

Jamestown

Front 183

English protestants who settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts, because the rejected the Church of England.

Back 183

Pilgrims

Front 184

Agreement reached for governing the Plymouth colony.

Back 184

Mayflower compact

Front 185

War between France and England that started in the colonies and spread to the rest of the world where it became know as the Seven Years war.

Back 185

French & Indian War

Front 186

Ended the French & Indian war in 1763 and gave the British much of French territory in North America.

Back 186

Treaty of Paris.

Front 187

The slave trade was part of the ___________.

Back 187

triangular trade

Front 188

The trading pattern that developed among the American colonies, the West Indies, the coast of Africa, and the British isles.

Back 188

triangular trade

Front 189

Left their home ports carrying manufactured goods.

Back 189

European ships

Front 190

In West Africa ships captains exchanged their goods with local rulers for _________.

Back 190

enslaved people

Front 191

Enslaved Africans were sold in the colonies and the money was used to buy _________.

Back 191

sugar, molasses, cotton and tobacco.

Front 192

Ships returned to Europe to sell the goods _____________.

Back 192

purchased in America

Front 193

The transportation of African people to slave markets in the Americas.

Back 193

Middle Passage

Front 194

During the middle passage Africans were chained together in such a tight space that they could neither _________.

Back 194

stand nor lie at full length

Front 195

During the middle passage many Africans died of ________.

Back 195

suffocation and disease

Front 196

Many Africans resisted their enslavement by __________.

Back 196

fleeing or rebellion

Front 197

In the West Indies and some other areas the enslaved population came to outnumber the ___.

Back 197

free population

Front 198

In areas where the slave populations out numbered the free population the free population lived in constant fear of

Back 198

slave uprisings

Front 199

Silver and gold flowing from the colonies to Europe resulted in great inflation.

Back 199

Price Revolution

Front 200

An economic system of private ownership of business that arose as a result of the price revolution.

Back 200

capitalism

Front 201

People who took financial risks and were the key to the rise of capitalism.

Back 201

entrepreneurs

Front 202

Fierce competition for trade and empires led to a new economic system called_____________.

Back 202

Mercantilism

Front 203

Theory that a nation's power depended upon its wealth (Gold & Silver Reserves.

Back 203

Mercantilism

Front 204

According to mercantilism a nation should increase its supply of gold and silver by carrying on a _____________.

Back 204

favorable balance of trade

Front 205

More exports than imports.

Back 205

favorable balance of trade

Front 206

In the mercantilist system colonies helped a country maintain a __________.

Back 206

favorable balance of trade.

Front 207

The enormous widespread exchange of agricultural goods, livestock, slave labor, communicable diseases, and ideas between the Eastern and Western hemispheres that occurred after 1492.

Back 207

Columbian exchange

Front 208

The Columbian exchange transformed European, American, African & Asian _____.

Back 208

ways of life

Front 209

Tobacco, corn, potatoes, and tomatoes moved from the _______________.

Back 209

Western to Eastern hemisphere

Front 210

Disease, the horse and other livestock moved from the __________.

Back 210

Eastern to Western hemisphere

Front 211

Government where the power of the crown is unchecked.

Back 211

Absolute Monarchy

Front 212

Another name for the Age of Monarchs.

Back 212

Age of Absolutism.

Front 213

Strongest nation in Europe during the 1500s and early 1600s.

Back 213

Spain

Front 214

Was both the Holy Roman Emperor and the king of Spain.

Back 214

Charles V

Front 215

Dynasty of Charles V and Philip II.

Back 215

Hapsburg

Front 216

When Charles V divided his empire his son Phillip II became _________.

Back 216

King of Spain

Front 217

Strongest monarch during Spanish supremacy

Back 217

Philip II

Front 218

Philip II and other absolute monarchs believed they were kings by ________.

Back 218

Divine Right

Front 219

The idea that royal power is granted by God.

Back 219

Divine Right of Kings

Front 220

He used wealth (gold & silver) from colonies to build the largest and strongest army in Europe.

Back 220

Philip II

Front 221

Philip II saw Spain as the defender of the __________.

Back 221

Catholic Faith

Front 222

He involved Spain in wars against the enemies of Catholicism. (Protestants, Muslims etc.)

Back 222

Philip II

Front 223

Philip II attempted to force all non-Catholics to ________________.

Back 223

convert or leave Spain

Front 224

Was used as a reign of terror to extract all non-catholic elements from Spain.

Back 224

Spanish Inquisition

Front 225

This source of wealth enabled Spain to become the strongest nation in Europe.

Back 225

American Colonies

Front 226

Philip II sent it to invade England.

Back 226

Spanish Armada

Front 227

It's defeat in 1588 was the beginning of Spain's decline as the leading European power.

Back 227

Spanish Armada

Front 228

In the late 1500s, France was torn by religious conflict between ___________.

Back 228

Catholics & Huguenots

Front 229

French Protestant Calvinists

Back 229

Huguenots

Front 230

First Bourbon King

Back 230

Henry of Navarre/Henry IV

Front 231

Established the Edict Nantes

Back 231

Henry IV

Front 232

Gave French Protestants religious freedom in 1598.

Back 232

Edict of Nantes

Front 233

Real Ruler during the reign of Louis XIII

Back 233

Cardinal Richelieu

Front 234

Involved Catholic France in the 30 years war on the side of the protestants.

Back 234

Cardinal Richelieu

Front 235

Was triggered by a rebellion of Bohemian protestants.

Back 235

Thirty Years War

Front 236

Started over religion ended up over the balance of power.

Back 236

Thirty Years War

Front 237

Ended the 30 years war.

Back 237

Peace of Westphalia

Front 238

Made France the strongest country in Europe

Back 238

Peace of Westphalia

Front 239

Louis XIV Minister of Finance

Back 239

Colbert

Front 240

A tax on imports

Back 240

Protective tariff

Front 241

Sun King ruled France from 1643 to 1715.

Back 241

Louis XIV

Front 242

He weakened the power of the nobles by inviting them to live in Luxury in his palace.

Back 242

Louis XIV

Front 243

Strongest French Monarch

Back 243

Louis XIV

Front 244

In 1685 Louis XIV revoked the _______.

Back 244

Edict of Nantes

Front 245

Strongest nation in Europe during the 1600's

Back 245

France

Front 246

Small nations band together to keep a strong nation from dominating.

Back 246

Balance of Power

Front 247

War fought to Keep Louis XIV's grandson off the throne of Spain

Back 247

War of Spanish Succession

Front 248

Ended the War of Spanish Succession

Back 248

Treaty of Utrecht

Front 249

Broke French Treasury and military power

Back 249

War of Spanish Succession

Front 250

Prevented the alliance of France and Spain

Back 250

Treaty of Utrecht

Front 251

His policies brought France near financial ruin and created class conflict

Back 251

Louis XIV

Front 252

Philip II's English rival.

Back 252

Elizabeth I

Front 253

Ruled England from 1558 to 1603.

Back 253

Elizabeth I

Front 254

English captains that captured Spanish Treasure ships and defeated the Spanish Armada.

Back 254

Sea Dogs

Front 255

Ruled England from 1558 to 1603, last Tudor monarch.

Back 255

Elizabeth I

Front 256

First Stuart Monarch believed in the Divine Right of Kings.

Back 256

James I

Front 257

Those who believed in the Divine Right of Kings believed Monarchs were only answerable to ___.

Back 257

God

Front 258

Succeeded James I as King of England.

Back 258

Charles I

Front 259

His reign ended in England's civil war

Back 259

Charles I

Front 260

It was fought over who should rule England: Monarch or Parliament.

Back 260

English Civil War

Front 261

Those who supported Charles I in the English Civil War

Back 261

Cavaliers

Front 262

Those who supported Parliament in the English Civil War

Back 262

Roundheads

Front 263

Roundheads were mainly _____.(religion)

Back 263

Puritans

Front 264

Led parliament's army to victory in the English Civil War.

Back 264

Oliver Cromwell

Front 265

The English Parliament tried and executed _________.

Back 265

Charles I

Front 266

The House of Commons abolished monarchy and declared England a republic called the ____.

Back 266

commonwealth

Front 267

Cromwell drove out Parliament and set up a ________.

Back 267

military dictatorship

Front 268

Name for Cromwell's military dictatorship

Back 268

Protectorate

Front 269

Cromwell's dictatorship enforced a _______.

Back 269

Puritan moral Code

Front 270

Cromwell did not tolerate open worship for ___.

Back 270

Catholics

Front 271

Richard Cromwell succeeded his father as Lord Protector of England, but when England tired of strict Puritan ways he was deposed by a ___.

Back 271

Military coup

Front 272

He was invited by Parliament to come back from exile and become king.

Back 272

Charles II

Front 273

The return of Charles II as King of England

Back 273

Restoration

Front 274

Restoration date

Back 274

A.D. 1660

Front 275

The Restoration gave England a ______.

Back 275

Constitutional monarchy

Front 276

Catholic brother and successor to Charles II.

Back 276

James II

Front 277

English feared that James II would make Catholicism the _______.

Back 277

State Religion

Front 278

Name for the bloodless deposing of James II.

Back 278

Glorious Revolution

Front 279

William & Mary were given joint rule of England after the Glorious Revolution but they first had accept the ____.

Back 279

English Bill of Rights

Front 280

The English Bill of Rights made sure Parliament had more power than the ruler and established ________.

Back 280

limited monarchy

Front 281

Date of the Glorious Revolution

Back 281

AD 1688

Front 282

Was selected by leading German princes, from the leading German princes, but in reality did not have much power (at least not over the other German states).

Back 282

Holy Roman Emperor

Front 283

Allowed Maria Theresa to inherit the Throne of Austria

Back 283

Pragmatic Sanction

Front 284

Maria Theresa' dynasty.

Back 284

Hapsburg

Front 285

Dynasty that ruled Prussia during the Age of Monarchs.

Back 285

Hohenzollern

Front 286

Centralized Prussian Government. Made Prussian army the most efficient fighting force in Europe.

Back 286

Frederick William I

Front 287

Most powerful ruler in Prussian History

Back 287

Frederick II (the Great)

Front 288

He rejected the Pragmatic Sanction and started the war of Austrian Succession

Back 288

Frederick II (the Great)

Front 289

Maria Theresa keeps the throne of Austria, Austria loses Silesia.

Back 289

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

Front 290

Starts as a struggle between Austria & Prussia becomes a struggle between England & France.

Back 290

Seven Years War

Front 291

Name of the Seven Years war in America

Back 291

French and Indian War

Front 292

In 1650 Russia was an isolated and _________.

Back 292

backward country

Front 293

Title of the Russian ruler.

Back 293

Czar

Front 294

Czar who worked to modernize/Westernize Russia

Back 294

Peter the Great

Front 295

Peter the Great was an ________.

Back 295

absolute monarch

Front 296

Peter fought the Swedes and the Turks to gain a ________.

Back 296

warm water port

Front 297

Peter the Great built the new capital of Russia_______.

Back 297

St. Petersburg

Front 298

She followed the lead of Peter the Great in embracing Western ideas and expanding Russia's borders.

Back 298

Catharine the Great

Front 299

Intellectual movement of the 17th & 18th centuries.

Back 299

Enlightenment

Front 300

The Enlightenment celebrated the powers of ______.

Back 300

Reason

Front 301

Enlightenment thinkers promoted religious ____________.

Back 301

toleration

Front 302

Enlightenment thinkers sough to construct government free of_____________.

Back 302

tyranny

Front 303

Enlightenment thinkers believed all problems could be solved with__________.

Back 303

reason

Front 304

The Enlightenment was prompted by the __________ (1500s & 1600s).

Back 304

Scientific Revolution

Front 305

Sun is the center of the Solar System.

Back 305

Heliocentric theory

Front 306

He developed the Heliocentric theory.

Back 306

Copernicus

Front 307

He developed a telescope and supported the Heliocentric theory.

Back 307

Galileo

Front 308

Probably more responsible for the development of scientific method than any other individual.

Back 308

Galileo Galilei

Front 309

Galileo was forced to recant by the ____________.

Back 309

Catholic Church

Front 310

Demonstrated that planets move in ellipses/ovals.

Back 310

Johannes Kepler

Front 311

His discoveries changed the view of the universe more than anyone else's

Back 311

Isaac Newton

Front 312

He laid the foundations for the scientific theories that subsequently revolutionized the world

Back 312

Isaac Newton

Front 313

Newton developed the theory of ____________.

Back 313

Gravity

Front 314

Newton discovered that the universe is governed by__________.

Back 314

natural laws

Front 315

Newton's discoveries led people to view the universe as _________.

Back 315

mechanical

Front 316

He developed Calculus.

Back 316

Isaac Newton

Front 317

Hobbes, Locke& Rousseau were all considered _________.

Back 317

social contract theorists

Front 318

Because Thomas Hobbes believed; governments were created to protect people from their own selfishness, he believed they _______..

Back 318

never had the right to revolt.

Front 319

Form of Government advocated by Thomas Hobbes.

Back 319

Absolute Monarchy

Front 320

He believed people had Natural Rights to life, liberty and property.

Back 320

John Locke

Front 321

John Locke believed the foundation of Government was a __________.

Back 321

Social Contract

Front 322

John Locke Believed that if people's natural rights were NOT protected, they had the_________.

Back 322

Right to revolt

Front 323

John Locke wrote in defense of the___________.

Back 323

Glorious Revolution

Front 324

French Thinkers of the enlightenment.

Back 324

Philosophes (not philosophers)

Front 325

Philosophe who campaigned against intolerance. (wrote Candide).

Back 325

Voltaire

Front 326

He combined enlightenment thinking into an Encyclopedia.

Back 326

Diderot

Front 327

Banned Diderot's Encyclopedia.

Back 327

Catholic Church

Front 328

Diderot was _________ for his writings in the Encyclopedia.

Back 328

imprisoned

Front 329

Advocated a free market economy in the Wealth of Nations.

Back 329

Adam Smith

Front 330

Name for complete free market economy (leave it alone).

Back 330

Laissez faire

Front 331

He believed the best way to protect people's liberties was by separating the power of government into legislative, executive and judicial branches.

Back 331

Montesquieu

Front 332

Criticized the enlightenment's excessive emphasis on reason, he believed people needed to rely more on emotion and instinct.

Back 332

Rousseau

Front 333

Meetings for the discussion of ideas.

Back 333

Salons

Front 334

He believed you should set aside traditional beliefs and rely on observation and experiment. Early proponent of the scientific method.

Back 334

Francis Bacon

Front 335

He believed you should doubt everything which cannot be proved, and in the search for truth you should start NOT with faith but with doubt.

Back 335

Rene Descartes

Front 336

The only thing Descartes found that he could not doubt was his ________.

Back 336

own existence

Front 337

"I think therefore I am."

Back 337

Rene Descartes

Front 338

Doubt and question all ideas.

Back 338

Skepticism

Front 339

A denial of the possibility of knowledge

Back 339

Skepticism

Front 340

Total skeptic.

Back 340

David Hume

Front 341

He denied that there was any logical basis for knowing that one thing caused another. Denied knowledge of cause & effect.

Back 341

David Hume

Front 342

He believed that reason could NOT be used to explain questions of metaphysics.

Back 342

Immanuel Kant

Front 343

Tries to answer ultimate and universal questions.

Back 343

Metaphysics

Front 344

Kant believed that things that cannot be perceived in ________ cannot be known.

Back 344

experience

Front 345

John Locke believed the mind to be a __________.

Back 345

Tabula rasa(blank slate)

Front 346

Religion based on reason and natural law, the Enlightenment's religion.

Back 346

Deism

Front 347

Belief that God started the universe like a perfect clock and then left it alone.

Back 347

Deism

Front 348

Some people reacted to the Enlightenment and did not believe that _________ could explain the universe.

Back 348

reason alone

Front 349

Monarchs who used their power to bring about positive political and social changes.

Back 349

Enlightened Despots

Front 350

When Britain tried to tighten its control over the colonies after the French and Indian War, the colonies _____.

Back 350

reacted

Front 351

Because the American colonists believed they were being taxed without their representation and thus denied their natural rights they ___.

Back 351

declared their independence.

Front 352

Created a government with Montesquieu's separation of powers and a federal system.

Back 352

U.S. Constitution

Front 353

Governmental power (sovereignty) is divided between a central government and regional governments.

Back 353

Federalism

Front 354

Inaugurated the liberal and democratic movements of the 19th century.

Back 354

French Revolution

Front 355

Name for France's social classes.

Back 355

Estates

Front 356

King of France at the beginning of the French Revolution.

Back 356

Louis XVI

Front 357

First Estate.

Back 357

Catholic Clergy

Front 358

Second Estate.

Back 358

Nobility

Front 359

Bourgeoisie, artisans, and peasants.

Back 359

Third Estate

Front 360

Middle Class

Back 360

Bourgeoisie

Front 361

Large Gap between the rich and the poor, heavy tax burden on the Third Estate, First & Second Estate don't pay taxes, Enlightenment ideas of freedom & Equality, growth of the middle class, & wide spread famine.

Back 361

Causes of the French Revolution.

Front 362

In 1789 Louis XVI called a meeting of the _________ for the first time in over 150 years.

Back 362

Estates General.

Front 363

Louis XVI called the Estates General because he needed to _____.

Back 363

raise money

Front 364

Upper two estates wanted to vote as ______.

Back 364

Estates

Front 365

Third Estate wanted to vote as______.

Back 365

delegates.

Front 366

Louis XVI refused the Third Estate’s request for a _________.

Back 366

Mass Meeting (voting as delegates)

Front 367

The Third Estate declared itself to be the _____________.

Back 367

National Assembly.

Front 368

Members of the National Assembly swore to remain in session until a constitution was completed.

Back 368

Tennis court oath.

Front 369

Ordered all three estates to negotiate in the National Assembly.

Back 369

Louis XVI

Front 370

Ordered Swiss troops to Paris.

Back 370

Louis XVI

Front 371

French Royal Prison, attacked by Parisians to defend the National Assembly.

Back 371

Bastille.

Front 372

Symbolic beginning of the French Revolution.

Back 372

Storming of the Bastille.

Front 373

Voted to end special privileges of Nobility & Clergy (Old Regime).

Back 373

National Assembly.

Front 374

National Assembly guaranteed freedom of speech, press, and religion. Proclaimed all male citizens were equal but did not grant rights to women.

Back 374

“Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the citizen.”

Front 375

In 1791 the National Assembly created a ________.

Back 375

Limited Constitutional Monarchy.

Front 376

Working-class men and women who pushed for more radical action during the French Revolution.

Back 376

sans-culottes

Front 377

Extreme radicals who demanded “true democracy.”

Back 377

Jacobins.

Front 378

Unpopular Queen of France.

Back 378

Marie Antoinette

Front 379

National Assembly declared war on ________.

Back 379

Austria

Front 380

Seized control of Assembly, removed king from office. (French Revolution)

Back 380

Jacobins.

Front 381

Jacobins killed people they claimed were _____________.

Back 381

Counter-revolutionaries

Front 382

Called by Radicals to rewrite French Constitution.

Back 382

National Convention

Front 383

National Convention abolished Monarchy and declared France a _______.

Back 383

Republic

Front 384

Convicted of Treason and executed by the National Convention.

Back 384

Louis XVI

Front 385

During the French Revolution European monarchies fearing the spread of revolution to their countries ____.

Back 385

allied against France

Front 386

Because of threats from within, and without, the Convention formed the ____________.

Back 386

Committee of Public Safety

Front 387

Jacobin became the head of the Committee of Public Safety.

Back 387

Robespierre

Front 388

To stop counter-revolution the committee began the ________. (500,000 people arrested, 40,000 guillotined.

Back 388

Reign of Terror

Front 389

Used by committee to deal with invading armies.

Back 389

Mass Mobilization

Front 390

Whole society helps to defeat enemy.

Back 390

Mass Mobilization

Front 391

Members of the Convention turned on him because they feared for their own safety. He was guillotined along with many of his followers.

Back 391

Robespierre

Front 392

Robespierre’s death ended the _________.

Back 392

Reign of Terror

Front 393

Took control of the Convention after the Reign of Terror.

Back 393

Bourgeoisie

Front 394

Conservative Government set up by the Convention after the end of the Reign of Terror.

Back 394

Directory

Front 395

Put in Command of France’s armies by the Directory.

Back 395

Napoleon.

Front 396

Seized power from the Directory in a Coup d’ etat.

Back 396

Napoleon.

Front 397

Quick overthrow of government by a small group.

Back 397

Coup d’ etat.

Front 398

As first Consul of the French Republic Napoleon assumed ____.

Back 398

Dictatorial powers.

Front 399

Used soldiers to restore order to France.

Back 399

Napoleon.

Front 400

Made the law clear and consistent in France.

Back 400

Napoleonic code

Front 401

Bonaparte became Emperor Napoleon I by __________.

Back 401

The will of the people

Front 402

Napoleon expanded his empire to include most of ________.

Back 402

Europe

Front 403

British Admiral who defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar.

Back 403

Horatio Nelson.

Front 404

Because of his defeat at the Battle of Trafalgar, Napoleon gave up on _____.

Back 404

invading Britain

Front 405

Napoleon tried to keep British goods out of __________.

Back 405

European ports

Front 406

Napoleon invaded IT because IT refused to stop selling goods to Britain.

Back 406

Russia

Front 407

Was a disaster because of winter conditions.

Back 407

Napoleon's invasion of Russia.

Front 408

Tactic used by Russians against Napoleon.

Back 408

Scorched-earth.

Front 409

On retreat from Russia Napoleon lost _______.

Back 409

4/5 of his troops

Front 410

Grand Alliance defeats Napoleon at Leipzig Germany.

Back 410

Battle of Nations.

Front 411

After the Battle of Nations the Grand Alliance took Paris and exiled Napoleon to _______.

Back 411

Elba

Front 412

Napoleon escaped Elba and upon returning to France______.

Back 412

won widespread support

Front 413

Napoleon’s brief comeback.

Back 413

The 100 days.

Front 414

Napoleon’s final defeat to Britain and Prussia.

Back 414

Waterloo.

Front 415

After Waterloo Napoleon was exiled to _________.

Back 415

St. Helena

Front 416

Date of Waterloo.

Back 416

A.D. 1815

Front 417

Napoleon's lasting influence was that his soldiers spread the ideals of the _____ across Europe.

Back 417

French Revolution

Front 418

After the defeat of Napoleon it was held to create a new balance of power to preserve the peace.

Back 418

Congress of Vienna

Front 419

Leading figure at the Congress of Vienna.

Back 419

Metternich

Front 420

Prior to the Industrial Revolution most people lived and worked in _________.

Back 420

small farming villages

Front 421

Rapid Industrial growth that began in England in the mid 1700s

Back 421

Industrial Revolution

Front 422

The Industrial Revolution began in _______. (location)

Back 422

Great Britain

Front 423

The Industrial Revolution began during the middle of the ________.

Back 423

18th Century/1700s

Front 424

The Industrial Revolution brought on a rapid concentration of ________.

Back 424

people in cities

Front 425

Changed the nature of work for many people

Back 425

Industrial Revolution

Front 426

Rise of urban industrial economies during 1700s & 1800s

Back 426

Industrial Revolution

Front 427

Public lands where farmers gathered wood grazed livestock, and raised crops

Back 427

Village commons

Front 428

Practice of fencing off land formerly open to common grazing and cultivation

Back 428

Enclosure

Front 429

Ended small farmers use of public lands

Back 429

Enclosure movement

Front 430

The enclosure movement displaced farmers who became a ________.

Back 430

labor supply

Front 431

New tools & techniques result in greater crop & livestock production

Back 431

Agricultural Revolution

Front 432

The agricultural revolution helped Great Britain lead the ___________.

Back 432

Industrial Revolution

Front 433

The enclosure movement both displaced farmers and increased _______.

Back 433

agricultural production

Front 434

Improved agricultural techniques (agricultural revolution) increased the ____.

Back 434

food supply

Front 435

An increased food supply increased the ______.

Back 435

population

Front 436

Population growth & the enclosure movement resulted in a larger __________.

Back 436

labor supply

Front 437

The industrial revolution was also triggered by new technologies and new sources of ______.

Back 437

energy & materials

Front 438

One vital source of energy in the Industrial Revolution was coal which was used to power the _________.

Back 438

steam engine

Front 439

Inventor of the first practical steam engine.

Back 439

James Watt

Front 440

Enabled factories to run without the need of water power.

Back 440

Steam Engine

Front 441

Coal was a vital source of fuel in the production of __________

Back 441

Iron

Front 442

His technique of smelting iron (separating iron from its ore) led to less expensive & better quality iron.

Back 442

Adam Darby

Front 443

Capital, natural resources, & labor supply were key elements in Britain’s _______.

Back 443

industrial success

Front 444

Money to invest in labor, machines, & raw materials

Back 444

capital

Front 445

Large scale farming, overseas commerce, & the slave trade helped the British produce ____.

Back 445

capital

Front 446

Industry provided the aristocracy and the middle class a chance to _______.

Back 446

invest

Front 447

Water power, Iron & coal were British _____.

Back 447

raw materials

Front 448

A growing population in Great Britain (and later elsewhere) also increase the _________ for goods.

Back 448

demand

Front 449

System where raw cotton was given to peasant families and made into cloth in their homes.

Back 449

putting-out system

Front 450

Risk-taking people who set up industries by bringing together capital, labor, & new industrial inventions.

Back 450

Entrepreneurs

Front 451

First industry to be industrialized

Back 451

Textile

Front 452

Fabric industry

Back 452

Textile

Front 453

Enabled cotton weavers to outpace cotton spinners.

Back 453

flying shuttle

Front 454

Enabled cotton spinners to produce enough thread to keep up with the weavers.

Back 454

spinning jenny

Front 455

The flying shuttle and the spinning jenny made it difficult for America to produce enough ____.

Back 455

cotton

Front 456

The bottle neck in the production of cotton.

Back 456

cleaning out the seeds

Front 457

Developed the Cotton Gin

Back 457

Eli Whitney

Front 458

Cleaned the seeds out of cotton.

Back 458

Cotton Gin

Front 459

The mechanization of the textile industry came about through a series of _______.

Back 459

inventions

Front 460

Organized method of production; brought workers and machines together under control of managers.

Back 460

factory system

Front 461

Individuals own the means of production

Back 461

capitalism

Front 462

Factories, farms, and mines, railways & other businesses.

Back 462

Means of Production

Front 463

Individuals decide what is produced and how money is spent. (free enterprise)

Back 463

Capitalism

Front 464

If supply goes up prices go ____.

Back 464

down

Front 465

If demand goes up prices go ____.

Back 465

up

Front 466

Continually expanding factories or investing in new businesses.

Back 466

Industrial Capitalism

Front 467

As production increased people needed a way to get raw materials to the factories, and finished products to the markets faster, this resulted in a ________.

Back 467

transportation revolution

Front 468

Turnpikes, canals, the steam locomotive, & the railroads were all part of the _______.

Back 468

transportation revolution

Front 469

As the Industrial Revolution progressed one change led to _______.

Back 469

another

Front 470

The mass movement of people from the countryside to the cities as a result of the Industrial Revolution.

Back 470

Urbanization

Front 471

Grew up around both mines and factories.

Back 471

cities

Front 472

The new middle class created by the Industrial revolution was made up of ________.

Back 472

entrepreneurs

Front 473

As urbanization took place THEY lived in nice neighborhoods.

Back 473

middle and upper class

Front 474

As a result of urbanization most of the poor lived in ________.

Back 474

tenements

Front 475

Multistory buildings divided into apartments.

Back 475

tenements

Front 476

Often had no running water and no sewage or sanitation system.

Back 476

tenements

Front 477

The lack of a sewage system often resulted in contaminated drinking water and the _______.

Back 477

spread of diseases

Front 478

Factory work was often monotonous and _____.

Back 478

dangerous

Front 479

Shifts in the factories often lasted ________.

Back 479

12 to 16 hours 6 or 7 days a week

Front 480

Children often started working in the factories at the ages of _______.

Back 480

7 or 8

Front 481

Workers organizations which eventually won the right to ask for better wages, hours and working conditions.

Back 481

labor unions

Front 482

They believed that a free market would help everyone not just the rich.

Back 482

Business leaders/entrepreneurs

Front 483

A completely free market economy with no government interference.

Back 483

laissez-faire

Front 484

Owners of railroads, factories & mines advocated ___________ economies.

Back 484

laissez-faire

Front 485

He believed the poor would always suffer because the population would always grow faster than the food supply.

Back 485

Thomas Malthus

Front 486

Malthus did not want the government to help the poor because he believed if it did they would continue to _________.

Back 486

have more children

Front 487

Developed the concept of utilitarianism.

Back 487

Jeremy Bentham

Front 488

Every action should be judged by its contribution to human happiness or the reduction of human misery.

Back 488

Utilitarianism

Front 489

Measuring an action by its usefulness.

Back 489

Utilitarianism

Front 490

He rejected laissez-faire economies on grounds of utilitarianism.

Back 490

John Stuart Mill

Front 491

Argued for legislation against monopolies & for the protection of individual liberties

Back 491

John Stuart Mill

Front 492

Community ownership of the means of production.

Back 492

Socialism

Front 493

No competition, share the wealth.

Back 493

Socialism

Front 494

Wanted to create small separate socialist communities.

Back 494

Utopian Socialists

Front 495

Attempted to create socialist communities in Scotland & New Harmony, Indiana.

Back 495

Robert Owen

Front 496

Scientific Socialism

Back 496

Communism

Front 497

Marxism

Back 497

Communism

Front 498

Intellectual founder of Communism.

Back 498

Karl Marx

Front 499

Marx's partner and co-author of the Communist Manifesto.

Back 499

Friedrich Engel's

Front 500

Marxism along with other socialist ideologies grew out of a reaction to the harsh conditions imposed on workers by the _____.

Back 500

Industrial Revolution

Front 501

According to Marx all of history is characterized by _____.

Back 501

class struggle

Front 502

Communism is a form of _____.

Back 502

socialism

Front 503

Capitalists using workers' labor for their own advantage.

Back 503

exploitation

Front 504

Owners of the means of production. (factories)

Back 504

capitalists or bourgeoisie

Front 505

Exploited factory workers. (name for)

Back 505

proletariat

Front 506

Class struggle will lead to a workers' revolt. (Marx)

Back 506

Theory of History

Front 507

After the workers revolt the government will wither away and there will be a _______. (Marx)

Back 507

Classless Society

Front 508

Pamphlet in which Marx calls for a workers' revolt.

Back 508

Communist Manifesto

Front 509

Both predicted and advocated a workers revolt.

Back 509

Karl Marx

Front 510

Marx believed it was the opiate of the masses.

Back 510

Religion

Front 511

Favored democratic means to implement socialist policies.

Back 511

Democratic Socialists

Front 512

After the Congress of Vienna, Europe experienced more than 30 years of turmoil as a result of clashes between people of different _______.

Back 512

ideologies

Front 513

Belief systems.

Back 513

ideologies

Front 514

Wanted to return to the way things were before 1789.

Back 514

Conservatives

Front 515

Group that included; kings, nobles, & Church leaders.

Back 515

Conservatives

Front 516

An agreement among major European powers to work to maintain the conservative order which existed before the French Revolution.

Back 516

Concert of Europe

Front 517

Supported a system in which lower classes respected those above them.

Back 517

Conservatives

Front 518

Backed established Churches and opposed Constitutional governments.

Back 518

Conservatives

Front 519

A church backed and supported by the state.

Back 519

established church

Front 520

Wanted to crush revolutionary ideas.

Back 520

Conservatives

Front 521

Leader of the Conservatives.

Back 521

Metternich

Front 522

Conservatives were challenged by _______.

Back 522

Liberals and Nationalists

Front 523

Ideology generally held by business owners, bankers, lawyers, politicians, & writers.

Back 523

Liberalism

Front 524

Wanted governments based on written constitutions.

Back 524

Liberals

Front 525

Opposed monarchies and the established churches.

Back 525

Liberals

Front 526

Believed that Liberty, equality, and property were natural rights.

Back 526

Liberals

Front 527

Not at the beginning of the era but eventually Liberals come to support ________.

Back 527

Universal manhood suffrage

Front 528

Allowing all men to vote.

Back 528

universal manhood suffrage

Front 529

The desire of people who have a common ancestry to have their own country.

Back 529

nationalism

Front 530

In the 1800s, nationalist groups within the Austrian and Ottoman empires set out to ______.

Back 530

create their own states/win independence

Front 531

By 1830 they won autonomy within the Ottoman empire.

Back 531

Serbs

Front 532

Autonomy

Back 532

self rule

Front 533

By 1830 they won independence from the Ottomans.

Back 533

Greeks

Front 534

The success of the Serbs and the Greeks led to other ______.

Back 534

revolts

Front 535

He encouraged conservative leaders to crush revolts.

Back 535

Metternich

Front 536

French & Austrian troops smashed revolts in ___.

Back 536

Spain & Italy

Front 537

The demands of the Liberals & the Nationalists were soon added to by demands from the new ________.

Back 537

industrial working class

Front 538

Social reformers were urging workers to support various types of ______.

Back 538

Socialism

Front 539

Became firmly established as ruler of France after Waterloo.

Back 539

Louis XVIII

Front 540

He proclaimed a liberal constitution for France.

Back 540

Louis XVIII

Front 541

Wanted to reestablish the old order in France and punish the radicals.

Back 541

Ultraroyalists

Front 542

Leader of the ultraroyalists, became king in 1824.

Back 542

Charles X

Front 543

His attempts to restore absolute monarchy in France led to revolution in 1830.

Back 543

Charles X

Front 544

Want to return to an earlier way.

Back 544

reactionaries

Front 545

"Citizen King" who at first won the support of the middle class, but lost it when he opposed reform.

Back 545

Louis Philippe

Front 546

Louis Philippe's opposition to reform led to the __________.

Back 546

Revolution of 1848

Front 547

Ended with rebels proclaiming France a Republic. (the Second Republic)

Back 547

Revolution of 1848

Front 548

Led to political uprisings in other European countries.

Back 548

Revolution of 1848

Front 549

Series of unsuccessful revolutionary uprisings in France, Italy, the Austrian Empire, and Germany.

Back 549

Revolutions of 1848

Front 550

Gained control of France at the beginning of the Revolution of 1848.

Back 550

middle and upper classes.

Front 551

After the Upper and Middle classes took control of the government in the Revolution of 1848 Paris workers ________.

Back 551

took to the streets

Front 552

Because of the Paris workers revolting in the streets during the Revolution of 1848 the new government created a constitution with ____.

Back 552

Universal manhood suffrage

Front 553

Elected President of France after Revolution of 1848.

Back 553

Louis-Napoleon

Front 554

Dissolved the legislature, and made himself Emperor Napoleon III.

Back 554

Louis-Napoleon

Front 555

His war with Prussia ended in his defeat, the collapse of the empire, and his exile.

Back 555

Louis-Napoleon/Napoleon III

Front 556

Napoleon III's defeat resulted in the election of a National Assembly dominated by ____.

Back 556

Royalists

Front 557

After Napoleon III's defeat the National Assembly took drastic measures against the working class which resulted in a ______.

Back 557

Paris Revolt

Front 558

During the Paris Revolt workers established a socialist government know as the ____.

Back 558

"Commune"

Front 559

The National Assembly reasserted control over the ______.

Back 559

"Commune"

Front 560

National Assembly arrests 40,000 people and kills 20,000.

Back 560

"Blood Week"

Front 561

In 1875 a new constitution made France once again a republic.

Back 561

Third Republic

Front 562

Conflict over whether an army officer was selling secrets to the Germans.

Back 562

Dreyfus Affair

Front 563

The successful conclusion of the Dreyfus Affair proved it could survive in France.

Back 563

Republican Government

Front 564

Colonial Latin America was divided by social classes based on ______.

Back 564

privilege

Front 565

Colonial leaders who were born in Spain or Portugal and were at the top of the social order.

Back 565

Peninsulares

Front 566

Colonial born white aristocrats.

Back 566

Creoles

Front 567

Latin Americans of mixed Native American and European ancestry.

Back 567

Mestizos

Front 568

People of mixed African and European descent.

Back 568

mulattoes

Front 569

Mestizos, mulattoes, native Americans, & Africans slaves were at the bottom of the _____.

Back 569

social order

Front 570

Early 19th Century Latin American revolutionaries were inspired by the _____.

Back 570

American & French Revolutions

Front 571

Countries of Latin America sought independence to overthrow the _______.

Back 571

rigid social order

Front 572

Led revolution in Haiti.

Back 572

François Tousssaint-Louverture

Front 573

Sent an army which captured & imprisoned Toussaint-Louverture.

Back 573

Napoleon

Front 574

After yellow fever killed thousands of French soldiers ________.

Back 574

Haiti won independence

Front 575

Catholic priest led the fight against Spanish in Mexico.

Back 575

Miguel Hidalgo

Front 576

Father Hidalgo's goal was to bring ______.

Back 576

Reform & democracy to Mexico

Front 577

After both Father Hidalgo & Father Jose Morelos were killed, revolutionaries led by Agustin de Iturbide, in 1821, overthrew Spanish rule and ____.

Back 577

declared Mexico independent

Front 578

Spanish colonists became upset with Spanish rule because the social structure prevented ______.

Back 578

non-peninsulares from participating in the government

Front 579

He successfully liberated Venezuela in 1821.

Back 579

Simon Bolivar

Front 580

After capturing Bogotá, he moved south to free; Ecuador, Peru, & Bolivia, he then joined with Jose de San Martin, who helped Argentina & Chile win freedom.

Back 580

Simon Bolivar

Front 581

With the Latin American revolutions the Creoles gain control from the Peninsulares but ____.

Back 581

Mestizos still lacked power

Front 582

By the mid 1800s Germany & the U.S. joined Britain as _____.

Back 582

Industrial powers

Front 583

Both Germany & the U.S. used __________ to industrialize.

Back 583

British technology

Front 584

Like Britain the newly industrialized nations experienced _______.

Back 584

Urbanization

Front 585

Invented a new way of making steel from Iron.

Back 585

Henry Bessemer

Front 586

Invented dynamite for use in construction.

Back 586

Alfred Nobel

Front 587

Created the first Dynamo.

Back 587

Michael Faraday

Front 588

A machine that makes electricity and resulted in electricity replacing steam as the main source of power.

Back 588

the Dynamo

Front 589

Contributed the concept of interchangeable parts.

Back 589

Eli Whitney

Front 590

Using machines to create uniform, exchangeable goods/parts.

Back 590

Interchangeable parts

Front 591

Each worker performs a specialized task

Back 591

division of labor

Front 592

A product is assembled by a division of labor as it moves along a conveyor belt.

Back 592

Assembly line

Front 593

Used the assembly line to mass produce Model T automobiles.

Back 593

Henry Ford

Front 594

Developed a practical incandescent light bulb.

Back 594

Thomas Edison

Front 595

Enabled cities and factories to function at night.

Back 595

electric light bulb

Front 596

First to build a self powered airplane.

Back 596

Orville and Wilbur Wright

Front 597

The telegraph and telephone made the exchange of information nearly ______.

Back 597

instantaneous

Front 598

He invented the Radio.

Back 598

Guglielmo Marconi

Front 599

To raise capital entrepreneurs sold ______.

Back 599

stock

Front 600

A share or partial ownership in a company.

Back 600

stock

Front 601

Business owned by stockholders

Back 601

Corporation

Front 602

Provide capital and disperse risk.

Back 602

Corporations

Front 603

By the late 1800s it dominated industry.

Back 603

"Big Business"

Front 604

French Chemist who demonstrated the link between germs and disease.

Back 604

Louis Pasteur

Front 605

German doctor identified the cause of tuberculosis.

Back 605

Robert Koch

Front 606

British hospital reformer raised standards for care and cleanliness.

Back 606

Florence Nightingale

Front 607

Discovered that antiseptics prevent disease.

Back 607

Joseph Lister

Front 608

Major efforts to improve the living conditions of cities which started in the last half of the 19th century.

Back 608

Urban Renewal

Front 609

Despite efforts at urban renewal cities and factories remained harsh places for the ___.

Back 609

poor

Front 610

Pressured by unions, reformers, and working class voters, governments did pass laws that ______.

Back 610

improved working conditions

Front 611

Middle class values that encouraged women to stay at home and care for the family.

Back 611

Cult of domesticity

Front 612

In the late 1800s they began to seek fairness in marriage, divorce, and property laws.

Back 612

women

Front 613

Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Sojourner Truth worked for _______.

Back 613

Women's suffrage

Front 614

Franchise and suffrage.

Back 614

right to vote

Front 615

Because they believed education would create better workers, reformers persuaded many governments to set up ______.

Back 615

public schools

Front 616

Developed the theory of Natural Selection.

Back 616

Charles Darwin

Front 617

Chance variations are selected by nature in a struggle for existence.

Back 617

Natural selection

Front 618

Variations are selected because they are _____.

Back 618

fit for survival

Front 619

Darwin's theory of natural selection was A theory of ______.

Back 619

evolution

Front 620

Discovered that all elements are composed of atoms, and that all atoms of an element are identical and unlike the atoms of other elements.

Back 620

John Dalton

Front 621

A movement among Christians to improve society.

Back 621

Social Gospel

Front 622

A movement in which artists would emphasize human emotion and imagination over reason.

Back 622

Romanticism

Front 623

Romanticism was a reaction to the formal and rational style of the ____.

Back 623

Enlightenment

Front 624

William Wordsworth, William Blake, Lord Byron, Victor Hugo, & Ludwig van Beethoven.

Back 624

Romantics

Front 625

Rejected the sentimentality of romanticism, & sought to portray life in a realistic manner.

Back 625

Realism

Front 626

Charles Dickens' shocking images of; poverty, the mistreatment of Children, and urban crime were examples of _________.

Back 626

realism

Front 627

Sought to capture the momentary impression a subject made on the senses.

Back 627

Impressionists

Front 628

Part of the reason for the development of impressionism was that the painter could never compete with the new photographer in ____.

Back 628

realism

Front 629

Painting that focused on light and color in the natural world.

Back 629

Impressionism

Front 630

Movement of individual style created to express chaos and complexity.

Back 630

Postimpressionism

Front 631

At the beginning of the 19th century the modern states of Italy & Germany did _____.

Back 631

not exist

Front 632

At the beginning of the 1800s they were scattered among several German states, parts of Prussia, and the Austrian Empire.

Back 632

German-speaking people

Front 633

Dissolved the Holy Roman Empire and organized some German states into the Rhine confederation.

Back 633

Napoleon

Front 634

Napoleon's actions helped develop German ______________.

Back 634

national identity

Front 635

As Germans fought to free their lands from the French they began to demand one German nation for all ______.

Back 635

German speaking people

Front 636

Austria and Prussia struggled over domination of the ________.

Back 636

German States

Front 637

Aristocratic landowners in Prussia.

Back 637

Junkers

Front 638

Most important state in the unification of Germany.

Back 638

Prussia

Front 639

Most important individual in the unification of Germany.

Back 639

Otto von Bismarck

Front 640

In 1862, King William I named Otto von Bismarck the Prime Minister of Prussia by 1867 he was__________.

Back 640

Chancellor of the North German Confederation

Front 641

Bismarck believed Germany needed a strong government and army to achieve _______.

Back 641

German unity

Front 642

Policy advocating the right of the nation-state to pursue its own advantage by any means including war and the repudiation of treaties.

Back 642

Realpolitik

Front 643

Bismarck followed a policy of _____.

Back 643

Realpolitik

Front 644

Bismarck added land to Prussia by leading it into ___________.

Back 644

three wars

Front 645

Bismarck annexed neighboring states in the North German Federation by his victory in the _________.

Back 645

Austro-Prussian War

Front 646

Austro-Prussian War.

Back 646

Seven Weeks War

Front 647

By editing a note Bismarck made it seem that William I had ___________.

Back 647

insulted the French

Front 648

Angered by what he believed was an insult from William I, Napoleon III _________.

Back 648

declared war on Prussia

Front 649

Prussia defeated Napoleon III, in 1870, in the _________.

Back 649

Franco-Prussian War

Front 650

Prussia's victory over France convinced the Southern German States to support ______.

Back 650

unification

Front 651

Delighted by the victory over France, German princes asked William I to take the title ____.

Back 651

Kaiser of Germany

Front 652

Became Kaiser/Emperor of all Germany in 1871.

Back 652

William I

Front 653

Bismarck became the chief minister of all Germany or _____.

Back 653

Chancellor

Front 654

To unite Germany Bismarck used a strategy of ____.

Back 654

war & diplomacy

Front 655

In 1871 Germans celebrated the birth of the_______

Back 655

second Reich

Front 656

After 1871, the new German empire became an _______.

Back 656

Industrial giant

Front 657

Wanted to keep France weak to build strong ties with Austria and Russia.

Back 657

Bismarck

Front 658

Worked to suppress both the Socialists and the Catholic Church because he believed they threatened the new German empire.

Back 658

Bismarck

Front 659

Bismarck's efforts to suppress both the Socialists and the Catholics ______.

Back 659

backfired

Front 660

Kaiser William II shocked Europe by asking __________.

Back 660

Bismarck to resign

Front 661

Because Kaiser William II believed the right to rule came from God he resisted ________.

Back 661

democratic reforms

Front 662

A secret society that had the goal "to constitute Italy, one, free, independent, republican nation.

Back 662

Young Italy

Front 663

Italian statesman largely responsible for the unification of Italy.

Back 663

Count Cavour

Front 664

Sought to unite Italy by making piecemeal additions to the Piedmont.

Back 664

Count Cavour

Front 665

Conquered Sicily & Naples with his volunteer army the "Red Shirts."

Back 665

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Front 666

By conquering the Papal army Cavour forced Garibaldi to surrender his conquest to ______.

Back 666

Victor Emmanuel II

Front 667

Surrendered Sicily & Naples to King Victor Emmanuel II.

Back 667

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Front 668

First King of a unified Italy.

Back 668

Victor Emmanuel II

Front 669

After unification Italy still had differences between ______.

Back 669

North and South

Front 670

In 1800, they were the longest-reigning family in Europe.

Back 670

Hapsburgs

Front 671

Ruling family of Austria.

Back 671

Hapsburg

Front 672

The Austrian Empire was home to many

Back 672

ethnic groups

Front 673

In 1848 revolts broke out in Austria and were _________.

Back 673

crushed

Front 674

Hapsburg ruler who attempted to strengthen his empire by granting limited reforms.

Back 674

Francis Joseph

Front 675

Austria's defeat to Prussia in 1866 resulted in an even greater demand for change especially from ______.

Back 675

Hungarians

Front 676

Ferenc Deak worked out a compromise in the Austrian empire known as the ______.

Back 676

Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

Front 677

Under the Dual Monarchy Austria and Hungary were separate states both still ruled by _____.

Back 677

Francis Joseph

Front 678

Even after the creation of the Dual Monarchy Austria-Hungary still suffered from ______.

Back 678

nationalist unrest

Front 679

Strongest of the nationalist groups opposing Austria-Hungary's rule.

Back 679

slavs

Front 680

The break up of the Ottoman Empire and the nationalist resentment of Austria-Hungary led to the _________.

Back 680

"Balkan powder keg"

Front 681

Europe's greatest war between 1815 and 1914, pitting first Turkey, then France and England, and finally Piedmont - Sardinia against Russia.

Back 681

Crimean War

Front 682

Russia's defeat in the Crimean war caused him to make some reforms.

Back 682

Alexander II

Front 683

Alexander II ordered the emancipation of the ______.

Back 683

serfs

Front 684

Alexander II also created elected assemblies, called _____.

Back 684

zemstvos

Front 685

When radicals demanded still greater reforms Alexander II moved toward ____.

Back 685

repression

Front 686

When terrorists killed his father Alexander II he brought back repressive rule.

Back 686

Alexander III

Front 687

Alexander III repressed the cultures of ____.

Back 687

non-Russian peoples

Front 688

Russia's official persecution, led to mob attacks against Jews called ______.

Back 688

pogroms

Front 689

Radical reformers who advocated the absence of government, the complete destruction of the state.

Back 689

Anarchists

Front 690

They believe government is unnecessary and intrinsically harmful.

Back 690

Anarchists

Front 691

Doctrine that denies all values, questions all authority.

Back 691

Nihilism

Front 692

Advocates the destruction of all social and economic institutions.

Back 692

Nihilism

Front 693

Anarchism & Nihilism arose in 19th century Russia in opposition to the ________.

Back 693

Czars

Front 694

In 1905, Russia went to war with and was defeated by _______.

Back 694

Japan

Front 695

Drained the Russian economy & resulted in a Russian revolution in 1905.

Back 695

Russo-Japanese War

Front 696

When Russian workers marched on the Winter Palace with a petition of reforms the Czar's troops ______.

Back 696

opened fire on them

Front 697

Put down the revolt of 1905.

Back 697

Czar Nicholas II

Front 698

Even though he put down the revolt of 1905, Nicholas II was forced to agree to more freedom & the creation of the ______.

Back 698

Duma

Front 699

Russian Parliament.

Back 699

Duma

Front 700

Nicholas II did not give IT any real power.

Back 700

Duma

Front 701

In 1815 Great Britain had a constitutional monarchy but it was not very _______.

Back 701

democratic

Front 702

Democratic reforms in Great Britain during the 1800s were ________.

Back 702

gradual and nonviolent

Front 703

Districts which had maintained their votes in the house of commons even though they had lost most of their population as result of the industrial revolution.

Back 703

rotten boroughs

Front 704

Were underepresented in the house of commons at the beginning of the 19th century.

Back 704

industrial cities

Front 705

The Reform Act of 1832 reduced what qualification for voting? (in England)

Back 705

property ownership

Front 706

Redistributed seats in the House of Commons more fairly.

Back 706

Reform Act of 1832

Front 707

British group that demanded reforms such as universal male suffrage and a secret ballot at the beginning of the 19th century.

Back 707

Chartists

Front 708

Great symbol of British life from 1837 to 1901.

Back 708

Queen Victoria

Front 709

Included duty, thrift, honesty, hard work, and respectability.

Back 709

Victorian values

Front 710

Benjamin Disraeli turned the Tories into the modern _______.

Back 710

Conservative Party

Front 711

The Whigs, led by William Gladstone, developed into the _______.

Back 711

Liberal party

Front 712

Liberal Prime Minister of Great Britain; introduced the secret ballot, extended the franchise, and reformed education.

Back 712

William Gladstone

Front 713

Conservative Prime Minister who supported aristocratic traditions while granting democratic reforms which extended the franchise.

Back 713

Benjamin Disraeli

Front 714

She ruled Great Britain for 64 years during the careers of Gladstone and Disraeli.

Back 714

Queen Victoria

Front 715

Bill that gave the vote to many working class men in Britain.

Back 715

Reform Bill of 1867

Front 716

Nobles lost most their power when the 1911 Parliament Act removed _______.

Back 716

money bills from the House of Lords.

Front 717

The Parliament Act of 1911 symbolized the decline of the ________.

Back 717

aristocracy

Front 718

By the end of the 19th Century Britain had become a ___________.

Back 718

parliamentary democracy

Front 719

A Prime Minister and cabinet are chosen by their fellow members of parliament.

Back 719

parliamentary democracy

Front 720

In the 1800s the British passed laws which removed trade restrictions and encouraged ___.

Back 720

free trade

Front 721

Placed high tariffs on grain imported to Great Britain.

Back 721

Corn Laws

Front 722

Helped British farmers but made bread expensive for city workers.

Back 722

Corn Laws

Front 723

In 1846 the Corn laws were ______.

Back 723

repealed

Front 724

It brought about laws that ended the slave trade and banned slavery in all British colonies.

Back 724

Abolition movement

Front 725

Leader of the abolition movement in the British Parliament.

Back 725

William Wilberforce

Front 726

Gradually parliament passed laws in Great Britain during the 1800s which improved ___.

Back 726

working conditions

Front 727

In 1918 the British Parliament granted the right to vote to ________.

Back 727

women over 30

Front 728

Resented British rule and having to pay tithes to the Church of England.

Back 728

Irish Catholics

Front 729

A Jewish officer in France was wrongly accused of spying for Germany.

Back 729

Dreyfus affair

Front 730

Demonstrated that there were strong anti-Jewish feelings in France.

Back 730

Dreyfus affair

Front 731

Movement to create a Jewish homeland, started by Theodor Herzl in response to the Dreyfus affair.

Back 731

Zionism

Front 732

In 1905 France passed a law to separate ___.

Back 732

Church and State

Front 733

In the 1800s the U.S. followed a policy of expansion or extending the nations ______.

Back 733

boundaries

Front 734

The idea that the U.S. was destined to spread across the North American continent.

Back 734

Manifest Destiny

Front 735

Most volatile issue in the U.S. in the first half of the 19th century.

Back 735

slavery

Front 736

Most Southern states seceded from the union as a result of _______.

Back 736

Lincoln's Election

Front 737

Abolished slavery in the seceding states.

Back 737

Emancipation Proclamation

Front 738

Worked to ban child labor, limit working hours, regulate monopolies, give voters more power and give women the vote. (in the U.S.)

Back 738

Progressives

Front 739

One country’s domination of the political, economic & social life of another country

Back 739

Imperialism

Front 740

Establishing authority over areas of the world outside a country's natural boundaries.

Back 740

Imperialism

Front 741

Establishing colonies throughout the world.

Back 741

Imperialism

Front 742

Era between 1800 and 1914

Back 742

Age of Imperialism

Front 743

To distinguish it from the Imperialism of the 16th and 17th centuries the Imperialism of the 19th and early 20th century is called the __________.

Back 743

new imperialism

Front 744

Nationalism, the Industrial Revolution, religious fervor, and feelings of racial and cultural superiority

Back 744

causes of imperialism

Front 745

Resulted in conflicts over colonial possessions.

Back 745

Imperialism

Front 746

Extreme pride in one's country.

Back 746

Nationalism

Front 747

Caused rival European nations to build empires in competitive quests for power.

Back 747

Nationalism

Front 748

A desire to expand and be more powerful than other nations.

Back 748

Nationalism

Front 749

A desire by a national group to have its own state or country.

Back 749

Nationalism

Front 750

Created a desire for raw materials and new markets.

Back 750

Industrial Revolution

Front 751

Imperialists worked to gain control over _____.

Back 751

Conquered territory

Front 752

Belief that white men had a duty to introduce other people to the benefits of Western society.

Back 752

White man's burden

Front 753

The "White man's burden" was a justification for ___________.

Back 753

Imperialism

Front 754

Applied the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human groups.

Back 754

Social Darwinism

Front 755

Social Darwinism was used to justify _________.

Back 755

Imperialism

Front 756

Many Western-educated Africans and Asians organized nationalist movements to ______.

Back 756

expel the imperialists

Front 757

Territory that an imperialist power rules directly.

Back 757

Colony

Front 758

Local rulers were left in place but were expected to follow the advice of Europeans.

Back 758

Protectorate

Front 759

Area in which an imperialist power holds exclusive trading rights.

Back 759

Sphere of influence

Front 760

Set up a successful Islamic State in Nigeria inspiring other Islamic reform movements in West Africa.

Back 760

Usman dan Fodio

Front 761

Emerged in southern Africa as a major force, in the 1800s under the brilliant leader, Shaka.

Back 761

Zulus

Front 762

Leader of the Zulus.

Back 762

Shaka

Front 763

His conquests set off mass migrations and wars, creating chaos across South Africa.

Back 763

Shaka

Front 764

Moved north out of the Cape Colony, in the "Great Trek" as a result of the British takeover.

Back 764

Boers

Front 765

Came into conflict with the Boers migrating North.

Back 765

Zulus

Front 766

Sierra Leone and Liberia were both colonies organized in Africa for _______.

Back 766

freed slaves

Front 767

When Europeans treated Africans like children it was the result of a ________.

Back 767

paternalistic view

Front 768

Explorer missionary who spent so many years in Africa that Henry Stanley was sent to look for him.

Back 768

Dr. David Livingston

Front 769

Journalist who found Dr. David Livingston in Africa.

Back 769

Henry Stanley

Front 770

Hired Henry Stanley to arrange trade treaties with African leaders.

Back 770

King Leopold II of Belgium

Front 771

Leopold's interest in African trade treaties set off a scramble between Britain, France, and Germany for ___________.

Back 771

African lands

Front 772

To stop the conflict over African lands Europeans met at the _______.

Back 772

Berlin Conference of 1885

Front 773

Dutch settlers in Southern Africa.

Back 773

Afrikaners

Front 774

Afrikaners were also called ______.

Back 774

Boers

Front 775

in 1885 14 European nations met in Berlin to divide up ________.

Back 775

Africa

Front 776

When gold and diamonds were discovered in South Africa the British fought the Afrikaners for control of the region in the ______.

Back 776

Boer war

Front 777

War fought in South Africa from 1889-1902.

Back 777

Boer war

Front 778

Samori Toure, Yaa Asantewaa, and Nehanda were examples of African leaders who tried to resist ________.

Back 778

European Imperialism

Front 779

Most efforts in Africa, to resist European Imperialism, during the 19th century ________.

Back 779

failed

Front 780

Was able to modernize Ethiopia and help it remain independent.

Back 780

Menelik II

Front 781

Many Western-educated Africans developed into an ______.

Back 781

elite

Front 782

British adventurer who made a fortune from gold and diamond mining in Southern Africa. (Controlled 90% of the world's diamond production)

Back 782

Cecil Rhodes

Front 783

Cecil Rhodes founded the colony of ________.

Back 783

Rhodesia

Front 784

By the early 1900s, African nationalists had begun to work for _____________.

Back 784

independence

Front 785

Ottomans in the Middle East, Safavids in Persia, & Mughals in India.

Back 785

Three great Muslim Empires of the 1500s

Front 786

By the 1700s all three of the great Muslim Empires were in decline due to ________.

Back 786

corruption and discontent

Front 787

Nationalism led to an attempted genocide by the Ottoman Turks against the ______.

Back 787

Armenian Christians

Front 788

A deliberate attempt to destroy a racial, political, or cultural group.

Back 788

Genocide

Front 789

By the early 1800s it was a semi-independent province of the Ottoman empire.

Back 789

Egypt

Front 790

Is called "the father of modern Egypt," because he introduced a number of political and economic reforms.

Back 790

Muhammad Ali

Front 791

When it was built it provided a shortcut between Europe and Asia.

Back 791

Suez Canal

Front 792

Built by a French company in the 1800s, it linked the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.

Back 792

Suez Canal

Front 793

Muhammad Ali's successors lacked his skills and in 1882, Egypt became a protectorate of ______.

Back 793

Britain

Front 794

Under pressure from countries like Britain and Russia who wanted to control its oil fields Iran (formerly Persia) granted them _______.

Back 794

concessions

Front 795

The British were able to conquer India because the Indians were unable to _______.

Back 795

unite against the British

Front 796

When the British tried to force Sepoys (Indian Soldiers) to bite off the tips of their rifle cartridges, which were greased with animal fat it resulted in the _______.

Back 796

Sepoy Rebellion

Front 797

The Sepoy Rebellion was _________.

Back 797

crushed by the British

Front 798

After the Sepoy Rebellion the British ended the rule of the East India Company and put India under the authority of a _____.

Back 798

viceroy

Front 799

In 1885, Indian nationalists formed the Indian National Congress and began pressing for ___.

Back 799

self rule

Front 800

British made great profits by smuggling _______.

Back 800

Opium to China

Front 801

When the Chinese tried to crack down on opium smuggling the British won the _________.

Back 801

Opium War

Front 802

After losing the Opium War the Chinese were forced to give British citizens the right of ___________.

Back 802

extraterritoriality

Front 803

The right of foreigners living in another country to be tried by their own laws and in their own courts.

Back 803

extraterritoriality

Front 804

Corruption in the Qing dynasty added to the poverty and misery of Chinese peasants and resulted in the ___.

Back 804

Taiping Rebellion

Front 805

Lasted from 1850 to 1864 and was probably the most devastating peasant revolt in history.

Back 805

Taiping Rebellion

Front 806

Survived the Taiping Rebellion but had to share power with regional commanders.

Back 806

Qing dyansty

Front 807

In the 1800s China was split between those who wanted to adopt Western ways and those who thought Western technology threatened __.

Back 807

Confucianism

Front 808

After China lost the Sino-Japanese war European nations attempted to carve out ___.

Back 808

spheres of influence

Front 809

In fear that they would be shut out of trade with China the U.S. called for an _____.

Back 809

Open Door Policy

Front 810

Violent uprising in China, in 1900, directed against foreigners.

Back 810

Boxer Rebellion

Front 811

Although the Boxer Rebellion failed, nationalism in China continued to grow. Reformers began to call for a ________.

Back 811

republic

Front 812

Became president of the new Chinese republic when the Qing dynasty fell in 1911.

Back 812

Sun Yixian

Front 813

Had forced Japan into a period of isolation for 200 years.

Back 813

Tokugawa Shoguns

Front 814

Led a U.S. fleet in 1853 that forced Japan to open in its ports.

Back 814

Matthew Perry

Front 815

Disgraced by the terms of the treaties which forced them to open their ports, the daimyo and samurai revolted. They unseated the Shogun and restored ________.

Back 815

Emperor Mutsuhito to power

Front 816

When emperor Mutsuhito came to power he took the name Meiji and moved to the Shogun's palace in Edo which he renamed ___.

Back 816

Tokyo

Front 817

A period of reform and a turning point in Japanese history which lasted from 1858 to 1912.

Back 817

The Meiji Restoration

Front 818

Wanted to create a new political and social system in Japan.

Back 818

Meiji reformers

Front 819

Meiji reformers created a constitution which made citizens equal and created a legislature or ______.

Back 819

Diet

Front 820

The Meiji reformers also wanted to build an __________.

Back 820

industrial economy

Front 821

Japan was able to modernize very quickly because its 200 years of isolation had created a _____________.

Back 821

Homogeneous society

Front 822

Japan's need for raw materials to industrialize forced it to become ________.

Back 822

imperialistic

Front 823

Competition in Korea led to the first _____.

Back 823

Sino-Japanese War

Front 824

As a result of victory in the Sino-Japanese war Japan gained ports in China and control of __.

Back 824

Taiwan

Front 825

In 1904, Japan conducted a surprise attack against a Russian base in Manchuria.

Back 825

Port Arthur

Front 826

Japan's victory over Russia gained it European recognition as a ___________.

Back 826

world power

Front 827

Japan's victory over Russia turned it into a _________.

Back 827

Imperialistic nation

Front 828

Took control what is today Indonesia.

Back 828

Dutch

Front 829

The British expanded from India into Burma and ___.

Back 829

Malaya.

Front 830

Defeated the Vietnamese and took control of all of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.

Back 830

French

Front 831

Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia became known as _____.

Back 831

French Indochina

Front 832

King of Siam who was able to keep his country from becoming a European colony.

Back 832

Mongkut

Front 833

Broke out over Cuba's attempts to win independence from Spain.

Back 833

Spanish-American War

Front 834

After supporting U.S. troops in the Spanish-American war they expected the U.S. to recognize their independence.

Back 834

Filipino rebels

Front 835

Instead of recognizing its independence the U.S. gave Spain $20 million for ______.

Back 835

control of the Philippines

Front 836

When Hawaiian queen Liluokalani tried to reduce foreign influence, American planters __.

Back 836

overthrew her

Front 837

In 1898 Hawaii was annexed by the ____.

Back 837

United States

Front 838

Canada, Australia, and New Zealand won independence faster and easier than other British colonies because they shared a _____.

Back 838

language and culture with Britain

Front 839

Australia was originally a _____.

Back 839

penal colony

Front 840

Even though the constitutions in the newly independent nations in Latin America guaranteed equality, __________.

Back 840

inequality remained

Front 841

Local strongmen in Latin America who worked to prevent unity under central governments.

Back 841

Caudillos

Front 842

After winning independence Latin American countries simply switched from being dependent upon Spain and Portugal to being ______.

Back 842

dependent on Britain & the U.S.

Front 843

Declared that the Americas were no longer to be considered for future colonization.

Back 843

Monroe Doctrine

Front 844

Even though its creation boosted trade world wide to Latin Americans it was just an example of "Yankee imperialism."

Back 844

Panama Canal

Front 845

Largest imperialistic empire by the 1900s

Back 845

Great Britain

Front 846

By the 1900s the British Empire covered ________.

Back 846

1/4 of the worlds land & people