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2292 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
FDR's broad program to spur economic recovery and provide relief for Americans.
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New Deal
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Roosevelt's relief, recovery, and reform program to pull the nation out of the Depression.
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New Deal
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She helped FDR by reporting on conditions in the country.
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Eleanor Roosevelt
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President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's wife.
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Eleanor Roosevelt
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Defied her traditional role by actively and aggressively promoting the New Deal.
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Eleanor Roosevelt
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Early in his administration, FDR pushed many programs through Congress in the period known as the ___.
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hundred days
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To inspect the financial health of the banks FDR declared a ______.
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"bank holiday"
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After the "bank holiday" American began to regain confidence in banks and began to put more into their accounts than they ____.
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took out
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Was established in 1933 to insure bank deposits.
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FDIC
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FDIC
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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
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In 1933 it required companies to provide information about their finances if they offered stock for sale.
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Federal Securities Act
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In 1934 it was set up to regulate the stock Market.
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Securities and Exchange Commission
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FDR hoped to stimulate the economy in 1933 by decreasing the value of U.S. currency by taking it off the _______.
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gold standard
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Was created to help overburdened local relief agencies by providing them with federal funds.
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Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
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To help people who were out of work, the FERA put federal money into _____.
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public works programs
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Government-funded projects to build public facilities, part of FDR's New Deal.
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public works programs
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Put more than 2.5 million young, unmarried men to work maintaining forests, beaches, and parks.
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Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
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Was intended to help business by bolstering industrial prices.
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National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
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Was created by the NIRA to balance the unstable economy through extensive planning.
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National Recovery Administration
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Created Codes which were intended to insure fair business practices, including controlling working conditions, production, prices, and setting a minimum wage.
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National Recovery Administration
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Established a forum in which business and government officials met to set regulations for fair competition.
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National Recovery Administration
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New Deal agency created to help businesses.
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National Recovery Administration
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Roosevelt attempted to help business by stabilizing industrial _____.
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prices
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Refinanced mortgages- I.e. changed the terms of the mortgages-to make them more manageable.
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Home Owners' Loan Corporation
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Created in 1933, controlled the production of crops, and thus prices, by offering subsidies to farmers who would agree to take land out of production.
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Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)
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Many people were upset about the AAA because it was taking land out of production when many people were going ____.
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hungry
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Roosevelt's programs helped farmers by giving them ________.
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financial assistance
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Worked to develop energy production sites and conserve resources in the Tennessee Valley.
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Tennessee Valley Authority
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Project that helped farmers and created jobs by reactivating a hydroelectric power facility.
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Tennessee Valley Authority
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It provided new jobs, cheap electric power, flood control, and recreation for the region.
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Tennessee Valley Authority
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One of the most influential men in the New Deal who was the director of FERA.
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Harry Hopkins
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Informal group of intellectuals who helped devise New Deal policies.
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"brain trust"
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Federal Council on Negro affairs, an unofficial group of African American officeholders.
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"black cabinet"
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Former President Hoover warned against "a state-controlled or state directed social or economic system…That is not liberalism: it is ______."
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tyranny
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In 1935, the Supreme Court declared the NIRA (including the NRA) and the AAA to be _________.
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unconstitutional
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After the midterm elections of 1934 showed overwhelming nationwide support for FDR's administration, in 1935 he launched new even bolder legislation known as the _____.
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Second New Deal
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A second wave of legislation in 1935 including more social welfare benefits.
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the Second New Deal
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New legislation aimed primarily at helping ordinary Americans.
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the Second New Deal
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Included more social welfare benefits, stricter controls over business, stronger support for unions, and higher taxes on the rich.
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the Second New Deal
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Much of the $5 billion allocated to FDR by the Emergency Relief Allocation Act of 1935 went to the creation of the ______.
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Works Progress Administration (WPA)
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Over eight years, IT provided work for the unemployed of all backgrounds, from industrial engineers to authors and artists.
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Works Progress Administration (WPA)
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Partially owing to WPA efforts, IT fell by over five percent between 1935 and 1937.
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unemployment
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It provided federal protection of the activities of labor unions.
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Wagner Act
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Legislation that strengthened the rights of labor unions.
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Wagner Act
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Legalized union practices such as collective bargaining and the closed shop.
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Wagner Act
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Workplaces open only to union members.
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closed shops
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Program that provided old-age pensions for workers, unemployment insurance, and other benefits.
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Social Security System
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Funded through contributions from employers and workers, IT established several types of social insurance.
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Social Security System
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A way of providing financial support for those who could not support themselves.
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Social Security System
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When Roosevelt ran for reelection in 1936 he _______.
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won by a landslide
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Republican governor of Kansas who ran against FDR in 1936.
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Alfred Landon
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The problems of domestic workers (often women) were not addressed by the _____.
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New Deal
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Many criticized the New Deal for going too far in its attempts to reform the economy.
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Republicans
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Group that spearheaded much of the opposition to the New Deal.
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American Liberty League
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Some of FDR's critics opposed Social Security claiming that it penalized successful, hardworking people by forcing them to ____
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pay into the system
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Members of the American Liberty League believed the New Deal limited individual freedom and smacked of ________.
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"Bolshevism"
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The Bolsheviks from Russia were _____.
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Communists
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The Republicans and the American Liberty League thought the New Deal went _______.
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too far
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Many progressives did not believe the New Deal did enough to ___________.
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redistribute wealth
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Progressives and socialists did not believe the New Deal went ______.
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far enough
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Muckraking novelist who believed socialist solutions were necessary to cure the nation.
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Upton Sinclair
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Roman Catholic priest who became a national figure in the 1930s by using his radio broadcast to first to attack the financial leaders he believed caused the depression and later FDR himself.
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Father Coughlin
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When he began issuing anti-Jewish statements and voicing support for Hitler and Mussolini he was ordered by the Catholic Church to stop broadcasting his show.
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Father Coughlin
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Senator from Louisiana, vocal critic of the New Deal, his "Share Our Wealth" program sought a large redistribution of wealth, he was eventually assassinated.
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Huey Long
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Both Huey Long and Father Charles E. Coughlin are often referred to as _______.
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demagogues
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Those who manipulate people with half-truths and scare tactics.
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demagogues
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When the government spends more money in its annual budget than it receives in revenues during the year.
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Federal deficit
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The total amount of borrowed money the federal government has yet to pay back.
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national debt
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Some people were critical of deficit spending and the New Deal because they believe, they violated America's traditional system of a _____.
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free market
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Because the Supreme Court had frustrated him by declaring the NIRA & the AAA unconstitutional FDR proposed a court-reform bill in 1937 intended to add six new judges to the court who were _____.
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favorable to the New Deal
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FDR's action that aroused the greatest opposition.
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the attempt to "pack" the Supreme Court
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Opposition to FDR's court packing attempt forced him to _______.
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withdraw his bill
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Opposition to his court "packing" bill and the New Deal resulted in a new alliance between Republicans and _________.
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Southern Democrats
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In 1937 FDR cut back on expensive relief programs because he was worried about the rising _______.
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national debt
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The recession of 1937 was caused in part by increased federal _______.
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borrowing
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The recession of 1937 was caused in part by reduced consumer _____.
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spending
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Though it did not end the Depression the massive government spending of the New Deal did lead to some ________.
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short-term economic improvement
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Legislation that allowed collective bargaining and set up a National Labor Relations Board.
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Wagner Act
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In the short run, IT led to a rise in union membership and a wave of strikes.
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Wagner Act
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Under the New Deal labor unions grew stronger because they were given _____.
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legal protection
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Sit-down strikes were so successful that the Supreme Court _______.
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outlawed them
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Strikes in which the workers refuse to leave the factory in an attempt to shut down production.
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sit-down strikes
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In the late 1930s, THEY often provided a temporary escape for struggling Americans.
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movies
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The most important function of movies during the depression was to provide theater-goers with a temporary ________.
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escape
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Unemployed artists received funds and support from the _______.
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Works Progress Administration (WPA)
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One of the greatest parts of the New Deal legacy was a restored sense of ______.
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hope
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The Tennessee Valley Authority, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and the Securities and Exchange Commission were all New Deal agencies that still _____.
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endure today
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Extreme Nationalism, State supremacy, one party rule, retention of private property
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Fascism
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Want a planned economy with private ownership of the means of production
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Fascists
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Philosophy that emphasizes the importance of the nation or an ethnic group and the supreme authority of the leader.
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fascism
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Want a planned economy with public ownership of the means of production
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Communists
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Want to maintain the class system with an authoritarian government
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Fascists
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Want to do away with the class system with an authoritarian government.
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Communists
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Believed workers of all countries should unite in a class struggle
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communists
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Fascists believed the state should have an ______ leader
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authoritarian
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Both Fascists and Communists believe in
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Dictatorial one-party rule
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Under Fascism and Communism opposition was _____-
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outlawed'
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A one-party dictatorship attempts to control every aspect of citizens' lives.
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totalitarian state
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Under Joseph Stalin, the Soviet Union developed into a _________.
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totalitarian state
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In the Soviet Union the government made most economic decisions.
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command economy
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Stalin wanted all peasants to farm on state owned farms.
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collectives
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Because farmers resisted collectivization Stalin seized all their grain and left peasants to starve.
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Terror Famine
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Fearing rival party leaders were plotting against him Stalin launched the _________.
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Great Purge
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Resulted in the killing or imprisonment of at least four million people in the Soviet Union.
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Great Purge
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Joseph Stalin dominated the Soviet Union by using tactics of __________.
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terror and purges
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Stalin attempted to modernized agriculture in the Soviet Union through _____.
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collectivization
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In order to modernize agriculture in the Soviety Union, Joseph Stalin combined small family farms into ___________ run by the state.
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collective farms
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Leader of the Soviet Union during World War II.
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Joseph Stalin
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Historical event that contributed to the rise of fascism in both Italy and Germany, and the rise of totalitarianism in the Soviet Union.
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World War I
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First European country to become fascist.
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Italy
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Fascist Party leader who became dictator of Italy.
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Benito Mussolini
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Feared high inflation and or high unemployment might lead to a communist revolution
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middle and upper class
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Have the most to lose in a communist revolution
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middle and upper class
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Middle and upper classes supported Mussolini because they feared a ______-
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communist revolution
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Won support in Italy by attacking communists
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Benito Mussolini
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Nickname for Mussolini's private troops he used to take power in Italy
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Black shirts
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Fascist gang in Italy.
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Blackshirts
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He used gangs of Fascist thugs to terrorize his opponents in Italy.
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Benito Mussolini
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Mussolini and his Black shirts marched on Rome in _______ (year)
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1922
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When Mussolini marched on Rome the Italian King asked him to form a government as ______.
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Prime Minister
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After Mussolini was named Prime Minister he used secret police and propaganda to ______-
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eliminate all opposition
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During the 1930s Italy, Germany, and Japan all sought to solve their nations problems through ______.
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conquest
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Both Mussolini and Hitler saw expansion of their territory as a way to increase ______.
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national pride
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Did not completely destroy Germany but created a motive for revenge.
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Versailles Treaty
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Germany's solution to war reparations following WWI.
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Printing money
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Just printing money resulted in extremely high _______.
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inflation
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Economic problem in Germany from 1918-23.
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inflation
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Democratic Government set up in Germany after WWI.
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Weimar Republic
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Became a scapegoat for Germany's problems after WWI.
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Weimar Republic
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Germans blamed the Weimar Republic for their __________.
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defeat in World War I
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Was doomed to failure by the harshness of the Versailles Treaty.
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Weimar Republic
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When difficulties arise people are often willing to sacrifice democracy in exchange for _________.
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strong leadership
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By the autumn of 1923 it was worthless
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German Mark (unit of currency)
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Enabled Germany to recover from its tremendous inflation
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Dawes Plan
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$200 million loan from American banks to stabilize German economy.
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Dawes Plan
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National Socialist German Worker's Party
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Nazi
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Became the fuehrer (leader) of the Nazi Party.
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Adolf Hitler
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Attempted a coup in Munich in 1923
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Adolf Hitler
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After the attempted coup in 1923 Hitler was
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Imprisoned
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While in prison Hitler wrote ______-
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Mein Kampf
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Title of Hitler's autobiography.
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Mein Kampf
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Set forth Hitler's objectives for Germany
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Mein Kampf
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Nazism was an extreme form of _____.
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fascism
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Lost popularity during the prosperity of the 1920s
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Nazis
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Results in both Communists and Nazis gaining popularity in the 1930s
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Great Depression
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Because of the depression Germans began to feel they had to choose between _______
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Communism and Nazism
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Nazi private army
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Storm Troopers
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Engaged in terrorism to help the Nazis come to power
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Storm Troopers
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Nickname for the Nazi Storm Troopers
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Brown Shirts
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German initials for Storm Troopers
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SA
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Industrialists, upper class and the middle class backed Hitler because they feared they might lose everything to a ______
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communist revolution
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Ruling body under the Weimar Republic.
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Reichstag
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In 1933 President Hindenburg named Hitler
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Chancellor
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As Chancellor Hitler called for new______
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Reichstag elections
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Enabled the Nazis and their allies to win a majority of seats in the Reichstag.
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Reichstag Fire
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The Nazis blamed the Reichstag fire on the _____
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Communists
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After gaining a two-third majority the Nazi's passed the ______-
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Enabling Act
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The Enabling Act made Hitler the ______
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Dictator of Germany
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The Axis Powers were named for the "axis" between _______.
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Berlin and Rome
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During the 1930s, Hitler, Mussolini, and the military leaders of Japan began _______.
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invading neighboring lands
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In 1936 Italy conquered
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Ethiopia
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Keeping the peace by giving into an aggressor's demands.
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appeasement
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When Hitler first began to violate the Treaty of Versailles, Britain and France followed a policy of _______.
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Appeasement
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Policy followed by Britain and France in the 1930s in an attempt to prevent war by giving into some of Germany's demands.
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appeasement
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Hitler began to violate it provisions step by step.
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Versailles Treaty
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First violation of the Versailles Treaty.
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German Rearmament
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After Hitler rearmed his second violation of the Versailles Treaty was to occupy the demilitarized zone of the _______.
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Rhineland
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Hitler annexed Austria with _______.
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no resistance
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Britain & France give up the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia to maintain peace.
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Munich Pact
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Germany, Italy, and Japan (1936)
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Axis Powers
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Led revolt against the elected government in Spain.
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Francisco Franco
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Used German and Italian troops against Spain's Republican army.
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Francisco Franco
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During Spain's civil war western democracies _____.
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remained neutral
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The government established by Franco in Spain was _______.
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Fascist
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Spanish military dictator.
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Francisco Franco
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British Prime Minister famous for appeasement.
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Neville Chamberlain
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British Prime Minister who signed a peace accord in Munich.
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Neville Chamberlain
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Hitler violated the Munich Pact by taking ____.
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all of Czechoslovakia
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Government that exerts total control over a nation.
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totalitarianism
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Germany and Italy, later joined by Japan.
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Axis Powers
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The term Hitler used for more living space for Germans.
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Lebensraum
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Although Communists and Fascists were traditionally enemies, in 1939 Hitler made a nonaggression pact with _____.
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Joseph Stalin
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After Hitler had invaded Czechoslovakia and made a pact with Stalin, he invaded ____.
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Poland
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World War II started when Germany _____.
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invaded Poland
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Date of the beginning of World War II.
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1939
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German "lightning war"
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Blitzkrieg
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Quick surprise strikes by tanks supported by airplanes.
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Blitzkrieg
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Germany's tactic of striking quickly and deeply into enemy territory.
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blitzkrieg
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When invading Poland Hitler used the _____.
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blitzkrieg
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After Hitler invaded Poland, Britain and France __________.
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declared war on Germany
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Followed Britain and France declaring war on Germany.
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Phony War
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No fighting on land between the Allies and Germany.
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Phony War
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Those who fought against the Axis Powers.
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Allies
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Hitler's armies simply went around it from the North.
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Maginot Line
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Hitler used the Blitzkrieg to overrun this country in about a month in 1940.
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France
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British rescued 300,000 troops out of France at this port.
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Dunkirk
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In 1940, one of the greatest rescues in the history of warfare occurred at _______.
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Dunkirk
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Northern France was occupied by _____.
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Germany
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In Southern France the Germans set up a puppet government at _____.
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Vichy
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Policy followed by the Vichy government of France after Hitler conquered France.
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collaboration
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Close cooperation
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collaboration
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French government in exile in London.
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Free France
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Movement backed by the Free French.
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Resistance
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French underground movement to oppose the Germans.
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Resistance
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By 1940 Germany had gained control of most of __________.
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Western Europe
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Succeeded Neville Chamberlain as Britain's Prime Minister.
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Winston Churchill
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Hitler wanted to crush this country's air force to prepare to invade it.
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Britain
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The British RAF defeated the German Luftwaffe.
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Battle of Britain
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Battle in which Hitler launched the greatest air assault the world had yet seen.
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Battle of Britain
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New technology used by Britain in the Battle of Britain.
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Radar
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German Air Force.
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Luftwaffe
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RAF
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Royal Air Force
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Commander of the Luftwaffe
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Herman Goering
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Prevented a German invasion of Britain.
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Battle of Britain
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Great Britain held out against the German attack at the Battle of _____.
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Britain
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He inspired the British people to resist the German invasion.
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Winston Churchill
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When Hitler decided Germany needed more lebensraum he looked to the _____.
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east
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Head of the Soviet Union during WWII.
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Joseph Stalin
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After Hitler was unable to invade Britain he broke his non-aggression pact and invaded ____.
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the Soviet Union
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Ripped through the Soviet Union at first.
|
Blitzkrieg
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The group of countries who opposed the Axis Powers.
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Allies
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In 1853 he sailed into Tokyo Bay and forced helped force the Japanese to open trade with foreigners.
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Matthew Perry
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|
By the beginning of World War I it had become the strongest East Asian nation.
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Japan
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|
The Japanese Army acted on its own to overrun the whole of Manchuria.
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Manchurian Incident
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In 1932, Manchuria was taken over by the _____.
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Japanese military
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The Manchurian Incident greatly increased ITS power over the Japanese government.
|
Japanese military
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Puppet state after Manchuria was concquered by Japan.
|
Manchukuo
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Date of the Manchurian Incident.
|
1931
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|
In July of 1937, Japan resumed its invasion of ______.
|
China
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Japanese soldiers brutalized or killed at least 100,000 civilians women or children in the former capital of China.
|
"Rape of Nanjing"
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Britain sent a steady streamof supplies to the Chinese in their war with Japan over the _____.
|
Burma Road
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A 700-mile-long highway linking Burma (present day Myanmar) to China.
|
Burma Road
|
|
Two enemy leaders in China who united to fight the Japanese.
|
Jiang Jieshi & Mao Zedong
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|
Was created by Japan because it wanted the region's natural resources for its war against China.
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Greater East Asia-Co-Prosperity Sphere
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|
In September 1940, Japan allied itself with the _____.
|
Axis Powers
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Avoiding political ties to other countries.
|
isolationism
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|
After World War I Americans became ____.
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isolationists
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U.S. laws designed to keep the nation out of future wars.
|
Neutrality Acts
|
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Group of American isolationists
|
America First Committee
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|
Policy that required countries at war to pay casy for all nonmilitary goods and provide transport.
|
cash and carry
|
|
The America First Committee wanted to block any further ________.
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aid to Britain
|
|
During the 1930s, the U.S. focused largely on ______.
|
domestic affairs
|
|
Were passed by congress and designed to limit international involvement.
|
Neutrality Acts
|
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A group of isolationists that included Charles Lindbergh formed the ______.
|
America First Committee
|
|
Authorized the President to aid any nation whose defense was seen as vital to American security.
|
Lend-Lease Act
|
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Act authorizing the President to aid any nation's whose defense he felt was vital to American security.
|
Lend-Lease Act
|
|
Part of American policy during the early years of WWII was to remain neutral while making war supplies _______.
|
available to the Allies
|
|
During the early years of WWII, even while supllying weapons to Britain and France the U.S. attempted to remain ______.
|
neutral
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|
After Japanese forces took complete control of French Indochina FDR froze Japanese ______.
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financial assets in the U.S.
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|
After their assets were frozen in the U.S. the Japanese looked to the _______.
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Dutch East Indies for oil
|
|
Militant Japanese general became prime minister in October of 1941.
|
Tojo Hideki
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|
Japanese leaders believed they could cripple IT at Pearl Harbor.
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American naval fleet
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|
Prompted the U.S. to enter the war in 1941.
|
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
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Shortly after Congress passed a war declaration on Japan, __________.
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Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S.
|
|
Brought the U.S. into World War II.
|
Bombing of Pearl Harbor
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Planned and executed the attack on Pearl Harbor.
|
Admiral Yamamoto
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|
The U.S. entered World War II in ________. (year)
|
1941
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|
The Selective Service Act in 1940 was the first U.S. _________.
|
peacetime draft
|
|
The Selective Training and Service Act required military service registration for all males between the ages of ______.
|
21 and 36
|
|
Referred to U.S. servicemen.
|
GI
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Abbreviation of "Government Issue."
|
GI
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To meet the demand for war material, the American government directed the _______.
|
war production of businesses
|
|
Super-agency established to centralize agencies dealing with war production.
|
Office of War Mobilization
|
|
It was created by President Roosevelt to centralize agencies dealing with war production.
|
Office of War Mobilization
|
|
Ford Motor Company converted from making cars to making _____.
|
bombers
|
|
He used mass production techniques to build Liberty ships.
|
Henry Kaiser
|
|
Vessels built in the U.S. that usually carried troops or war supplies.
|
Liberty Ships
|
|
Henry J. Kaiser contributed to the war effort through his revolutionary ______.
|
production techniques
|
|
Producing goods for the Allied forces caused the U.S. to begin to emerge from the _____
|
Depression
|
|
As a result of war production, employment increased and union membership _______.
|
rose
|
|
Two weeks after Pearl Harbor, labor and business representatives agreed to refrain from _____.
|
strikes and lockouts
|
|
When an employer keeps employees out of the workplace to avoid meeting their demands.
|
lockout
|
|
As the cost of living rose during the war unions found the no-strike agreement ______.
|
hard to honor
|
|
During the war, the most serious union-organized strikes took place in the ____.
|
coal mines
|
|
Work stoppages organized by workers and not endorsed by unions.
|
wildcat strikes
|
|
Bond drives, raising income tax, and deficit spending were all used to _______.
|
finance the war
|
|
Government savings notes bought by Americans to help finance World War II.
|
war bonds
|
|
Using borrowed money to finance war production is an example of what type of spending?
|
deficit
|
|
Borrowing money was a type of deficit spending used to ________.
|
finance the war
|
|
To make sure there was enough goods to supply the soldiers during world war II many goods were _____.
|
rationed
|
|
Americans were prevented from spending the high wages they earned in wartime jobs because of shortages of _________.
|
consumer items
|
|
Was established to both control war time inflation and oversee rationing.
|
Office of Price Administration
|
|
Agency set up to boost Americans' patriotism and sense of participation in the war effort.
|
Office of War Information
|
|
Patriotism and high morale characterized popular culture on the _______.
|
home front
|
|
Home project that raised about one third of the nation's vegetables during World War II.
|
victory gardens
|
|
A home vegetable garden planted to add to the home food supply and replace produce sent to soldiers.
|
victory gardens
|
|
Drawn up by Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill in August of 1941 IT established their joint aims and a set of principals for conducting the war.
|
Atlantic Charter
|
|
Roosevelt and Churchill first agreed on the strategy to concentrate on winning the _____.
|
war in Europe
|
|
Organization formed after World War II on the basis of the Atlantic Charter.
|
United Nations
|
|
Created at the end of World War II to keep the peace.
|
United Nations
|
|
Naval battle that pitted the U.S. and British navies against Germany.
|
Battle of the Atlantic
|
|
The U.S. and British Navy fought to keep THEM open because they were critical to British survival.
|
Atlantic trade routes
|
|
Were led by American and British warships to protect supply ships.
|
Convoys
|
|
Groups of as many as 20 German U-boats that carried out coordinated night-time attacks on convoys.
|
wolf packs
|
|
Resulted in German U-boat success rate plummeting.
|
Long range sub-hunting aircraft
|
|
Americans and British troops first fought together in ______. (place)
|
North Africa
|
|
Desert Fox, German General who at first had great success against the Allies in North Africa, eventually his army was driven back and forced to surrender.
|
Erwin Rommel
|
|
Rommel's threat to Egypt and the Suez Canal was halted in 1942 by the British under General Bernard Montgomery at ______.
|
El Alamein
|
|
On June 22, 1941 3.6 million German and other Axis troops invaded the _____.
|
Soviet Union
|
|
As the Soviet army was driven back by the Blitzkrieg it carried out a policy of _____.
|
scorched earth
|
|
In retreat destroying everything which might be useful to the enemy.
|
scorched earth
|
|
By the autumn of 1941, Germany had reached both ________.
|
Moscow and Leningrad
|
|
Wanted the U.S. & Britain to open a second front in France. (person)
|
Joseph Stalin
|
|
Even though Stalin desperately wanted the British and the U.S. to open a second front in France, to ease pressure on the Soviet Union, Churchill persuaded Roosevelt to invade _____.
|
Italy
|
|
After the Allies gained control of Africa, their next target was ____.
|
Italy
|
|
From North Africa the Allies attacked ______. (in 1943)
|
Sicily and Italy
|
|
Germany's advance in the Soviet Union in 1941 was halted by the ________.
|
Russian winter
|
|
In the summer of 1942 the Germans started a new offensive in the _________.
|
Soviet Union
|
|
In 1942 the Red Army made its stand at _____.
|
Stalingrad
|
|
In Stalingrad the Red Army defeated the Germans in _______.
|
house to house combat
|
|
Taking advantage of the Russian Winter the Soviets counter attacked at Stalingrad and on January 31, 1943 the ______.
|
Germans surrendered
|
|
Germans were finally halted in their advance into the Soviet Union at the _________.
|
Battle of Stalingrad
|
|
Turning point of the war in the Soviet Union.
|
Battle of Stalingrad
|
|
Defeated Germany in Russia. (a major factor)
|
Russian Winter
|
|
After the Germans started bombing cities in the battle of Britain both sides began to attack ___.
|
civilian targets
|
|
In the spring of 1943 in preparation for an eventual invasion of France the allies stepped up their bombing by _____.
|
airplanes
|
|
Technique by which planes scattered large numbers of bombs.
|
carpet bombing
|
|
In a technique developed by Britain's Royal Air Force, planes scattered bombs over widespread areas.
|
carpet bombing
|
|
Main cause of the loss of civilian lives.
|
bombing by airplanes
|
|
Beginning of the end of the war in Europe.
|
Invasion of Normandy
|
|
The Allied invasion of France forced Hitler to fight a war on _____.
|
two fronts
|
|
Beginning of the invasion of Normandy.
|
D-Day
|
|
Year of D-Day.
|
1944
|
|
Commanding General of the invasion of Normandy.
|
Dwight Eisenhower
|
|
Beginning of the Allied invasion to take back Europe from the Axis Powers.
|
D-Day
|
|
The beginning of the landing of Allied forces on France's Normandy coast.
|
D-Day
|
|
In December of 1944 Germany launched a counter attack which resulted in a bulge in the Allied lines and the __________.
|
Battle of the Bulge
|
|
Largest battle fought in Western Europe during World War II.
|
Battle of the Bulge
|
|
After the Battle of the Bulge most Nazi leaders recognized that the war was ______.
|
lost
|
|
Soviets and Americans met in Germany at the _______.
|
River Elbe
|
|
Hitler commits suicide, Germany surrenders.
|
V.E. Day
|
|
On May 8, 1945 it marked the end of the war in Europe.
|
V-E Day
|
|
Roosevelt, Churchill, & Stalin met to plan the end of the war.
|
Yalta Conference
|
|
At Yalta Stalin promised to allow THEM in the nations of Eastern Europe that his army had liberated from Germany.
|
free elections
|
|
After IT surrendered the Allies decided to divide it into four parts, to be governed by Britain, the U.S., the Soviets, and France.
|
Germany
|
|
Hitler believed they were a master race.
|
Aryans
|
|
Discrimination or hostility, often violent toward Jews.
|
anti-Semitism
|
|
To get rid of the Jews was one of THEIR main goals in the 1930s.
|
Nazis
|
|
Stripped the Jews of their German citizenship.
|
Nuremberg Laws
|
|
The night during which Nazi thugs, carrying out the first organized attacks on Jews, looted and destroyed Jewish stores, houses, and synagogues.
|
Kristallnacht
|
|
At the Wannsee Conference it was decided that to kill all the Jews was the "_____."
|
final solution to the Jewish question
|
|
Conference where the Nazis decided on the "final solution."
|
Wannsee Conference
|
|
Hitler's plan to murder all the Jews.
|
"Final Solution"
|
|
Nazi Germany's systematic murder of European Jews.
|
Holocaust
|
|
Nazis sent Jews and political opponents to ____.
|
Concentration camps
|
|
Nazis forced Jews, poles, & Soviet Slavs to work as _____.
|
slave labor
|
|
Carried out Hitler's policy of exterminating the Jews.
|
SS
|
|
A type of concentration camp that existed only for mass murder.
|
death camp
|
|
Death camp in Poland where 4 million inmates mostly Jews were murdered.
|
Auschwitz
|
|
Number of Jews killed in the Holocaust
|
6 million
|
|
In April of 1943, the Jews in Warsaw engaged in a month-long revolt against _______.
|
deportation to Treblinka (death camp)
|
|
Finally created by Roosevelt in 1944, to try to help the Jews in Germany.
|
the War Refugee Board
|
|
Nazis tried for war crimes.
|
Nuremburg Trials
|
|
The concept that individuals are responsible for their own actions, and can't simply claim that they were following orders came out of the ___.
|
Nuremberg Trials
|
|
Just hours after they bombed Pearl Harbor, the Japanese attacked Clark Field an American air base in the ________.
|
Philippines
|
|
When the Japanese advanced against his troops in the Philippines he was forced to leave.
|
General MacArthur
|
|
Promised "I shall return," to the Philippines.
|
General Douglas MacArthur
|
|
After the fall of the Philippines to Japan out of the 600,000 U.S. and Filipino prisoners, forced to march 70 miles to prison camps, over 100,000 died of starvation and maltreatment.
|
Bataan Death March
|
|
First air raid on Tokyo did little physical damage but shocked Japan and boosted Allied morale.
|
Doolittle Raid
|
|
The battles of the Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal were all fought in the ______.
|
Pacific
|
|
Allied victory that prevented the Japanese from establishing the bases they needed to invade Australia.
|
Battle of the Coral Sea
|
|
Critical new naval weapon of WWII.
|
Aircraft Carrier
|
|
Turning point in the Pacific War.
|
Battle of Midway
|
|
Commander of the American Pacific fleet, directed the victory at the Battle of Midway.
|
Admiral Nimitz
|
|
In this battle the Japanese lost all four carriers and 250 planes.
|
Battle of Midway
|
|
Victory that allowed the Allies to take the offensive in the Pacific.
|
Battle of Midway
|
|
Battle in which Marines had their first taste of jungle fighting and the first time the Allies had conquered a piece of Japanese-held territory.
|
Battle of Guadalcanal
|
|
Offensive strategy of American admirals to beat the Japanese in the Pacific.
|
island hopping
|
|
U.S. policy of leap frogging over Islands that were well fortified by the Japanese and attacking less fortified islands, that strategically enabled the U.S. to move toward Japan.
|
Island hopping
|
|
With the use of blockades islands which were leap frogged were left to _____.
|
"wither on the vine"
|
|
Their island-hopping strategy, put the Allies in a position to __________.
|
bomb Japan
|
|
Greatest Naval Battle in World History.
|
Battle of Leyte Gulf
|
|
First Battle in which the Japanese used Kamikazes.
|
Battle of Leyte Gulf
|
|
Bomb-loaded planes whose pilots deliberately crashed into targets.
|
kamikazes
|
|
The U.S. awarded 27 Medals of Honor for actions in this battle, more than in any other single operation of the war.
|
Battle of Iwo Jima
|
|
Admiral Nimitz described this island as a place in which "uncommon valor was a common virtue."
|
Iwo Jima
|
|
Victory in this battle opened the way for an Allied invasion of Japan.
|
Battle of Okinawa
|
|
U.S. government project to develop an atomic bomb.
|
Manhattan Project
|
|
Truman ordered the dropping of the Atomic Bomb to avoid _______.
|
invading Japan
|
|
The dropping of atomic bombs by the U.S. on Hiroshima and Nagasaki finally brought an ____.
|
end to World War II
|
|
Japan accepted American terms for surrender after atomic bombs were dropped on ______.
|
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
|
|
Less than a week after the destruction of Nagasaki ________.
|
Japan surrendered
|
|
World War II ended in _______. (year)
|
1945
|
|
The number of deaths in World War II was as many as ________.
|
50 million
|
|
Even in the North during the war years they faced discrimination in employment, housing, and education.
|
African Americans
|
|
Was created by the federal government to act against employment discrimination.
|
Fair Employment Practices Committee
|
|
During World War II, African Americans fought in ________.
|
segregated units
|
|
Took direct action to promote racial equality on the home front during the war.
|
African Americans
|
|
Founded in 1942, in Chicago, it believed in using nonviolent techniques to end racism.
|
CORE
|
|
CORE
|
Congress of Racial Equality
|
|
Mexican farm laborers brought to work in the United States.
|
braceros
|
|
Spanish-speaking neighborhoods.
|
barrios
|
|
Mexican American laborers often lived in ____.
|
barrios
|
|
Navajo radio operators who helped secure communications in the Pacific.
|
"code talkers"
|
|
Japanese Americans born in the U.S. of parents who emigrated from Japan.
|
Nisei
|
|
Long-held prejudice, and fears inflamed by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, led the government to evacuate _________.
|
Japanese Americans from the West Coast
|
|
Centers in remote inland areas where Japanese Americans were confined during World War II.
|
internment camps
|
|
During World War II, many Japanese Americans were confined to camps in isolated areas or ________.
|
interned
|
|
Wartime hysteria in the U.S. resulted in the _____.
|
internment of Japanese Americans
|
|
Year Congress finally passed a law awarding each surviving Japanese American internee $20,000 tax free and an apology.
|
1988
|
|
Because of the war THEY began to work in large numbers as steelworkers and welders.
|
women
|
|
Image used to attract women to wartime workforce.
|
Rosie the Riveter
|
|
After the war THEY were expected to leave their jobs and return home.
|
women
|
|
Nonviolent hostility between the U.S. & Soviet Union that arose during the 1950s.
|
Cold War
|
|
Emerged from World War II as superpowers.
|
U.S. & Soviet Union
|
|
Resulted in competing Communist & Western alliances.
|
Cold War
|
|
The competition that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union for power and influence in the world.
|
Cold War
|
|
Political conflict and military tension that characterized the relations between the United States and the Soviet Union for nearly 50 years after World War II.
|
Cold War
|
|
At Yalta, Roosevelt and Churchill clashed with Stalin over his refusal to allow free elections in ______.
|
Poland
|
|
One contributing factor to the Cold War was the fact that Stalin broke a promise he had made at Yalta for ___________.
|
free elections in Eastern Europe
|
|
After World War II the United States objected to the Soviet domination of ________.
|
Poland in particular (Eastern Europe in general)
|
|
At this conference, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin decided to divide defeated Germany into four sectors.
|
Yalta
|
|
The occupation zones resulted in a democratic and a communist _________.
|
Germany
|
|
Democratic Germany
|
West Germany
|
|
Communist Germany
|
East Germany
|
|
In addition to dividing Germany after WWII ________ was also divided.
|
Berlin
|
|
West Berlin was completely surrounded by ________.
|
East Germany
|
|
He was determined that Germany would never threaten his nation again.
|
Joseph Stalin
|
|
Took control of several Eastern European countries after World War II.
|
Soviet Union
|
|
He defied Stalin and ruled Yugoslavia relatively free of Soviet interference.
|
Tito
|
|
In Eastern Europe they were nations controlled politically and economically by the Soviet Union
|
satellite nations
|
|
Division of Europe into Communist and Democratic regions.
|
Iron Curtain
|
|
Was created so people could not escape to West Berlin.
|
Berlin wall
|
|
In East Germany, Poland, Hungary, & Czechoslovakia there were revolts against____.
|
Soviet domination
|
|
The imaginary line that divided Europe between capitalist West and Communist East
|
iron curtain
|
|
Philosophical "wall" of Soviet domination and oppression.
|
iron curtain
|
|
In 1946, HE proclaimed that an Iron curtain separated Communist Eastern Europe from capitalist Western Europe.
|
Winston Churchill
|
|
U.S. policy of resistance to Soviet attempts at expanding communism.
|
containment
|
|
Policy developed by American leaders after WWII, to resist and stop the spread of communism.
|
containment
|
|
A promise to support nations trying to resist Soviet control.
|
Truman Doctrine
|
|
Pressure by Communists on Turkey and Greece led to the ______.
|
Truman Doctrine
|
|
As a result of the Truman Doctrine congress approved $400 million to help what two countries resist Soviet influence?
|
Turkey & Greece
|
|
Doctrine giving military and economic aid to help countries block communist takeovers.
|
Truman Doctrine
|
|
The Truman doctrine was in effect the policy of _____.
|
containment
|
|
U.S. leaders attempted to keep communism from spreading to other nations in a policy of ______.
|
containment
|
|
As Secretary of State HE drafted a plan to help European nations rebuild after World War II.
|
George Marshall
|
|
Pledged American financial aid to all European nations following World War II.
|
Marshall Plan
|
|
The U.S. gave massive economic aid which revived Western European economies after WWII.
|
Marshall Plan
|
|
One goal of the Marshall Plan was to create stable democracies that could ______.
|
resist communism
|
|
In response to the Marshall Plan the Soviet Union ________.
|
refused to participate
|
|
After World War II the Soviet Union attempted to rebuild in ways that would protect its ____.
|
own interest
|
|
Because West Berlin had become an escape route to the West the Soviet Union attempted to force the Allies to _________.
|
abandon it
|
|
Provided vital supplies to a region blockaded by the Soviet Union.
|
Berlin airlift
|
|
Means for of transporting supplies around the Soviet blockade.
|
Berlin airlift
|
|
When the Soviet's blockaded West Berlin President Truman responded with the _____.
|
Berlin airlift
|
|
Both the U.S. & the Soviet Union formed them with the countries they protected or occupied.
|
military alliances.
|
|
It was formed in 1949 by a number of nations to protect themselves from possible Soviet aggression.
|
NATO
|
|
NATO was based on the principal of ______.
|
collective security
|
|
NATO
|
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
|
|
Principal of mutual military assistance.
|
collective security
|
|
Consisted of the U.S. and its Western European allies.
|
NATO
|
|
Part of the reason for the development of NATO was the Veto power of the Soviet Union in the _________.
|
United Nations Security Council
|
|
A military alliance between the Soviet Union and its satellite nations.
|
Warsaw Pact
|
|
Two events in 1949 that heightened American's concern about the Cold War.
|
Successful Soviet test of an Atomic bomb and Communist taking control of China.
|
|
In response to the Soviet Union's deployment of an atomic bomb Truman approved the development of the _________.
|
Hydrogen Bomb
|
|
After Japan's defeat civil war resumed in China between the ____________.
|
Communists & Nationalists
|
|
Leader of the Communists in China after WWII.
|
Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)
|
|
Leader of the Nationalists in China after WWII.
|
Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek)
|
|
Communists won control of mainland China in _____. (year)
|
1949
|
|
The communists won in China in large part because they won the support of the _____.
|
peasants
|
|
Leader of the Communist forces that took control of China in 1949.
|
Mao Zedong
|
|
After China fell to Mao Zedong some members of congress called for the protection of the ____.
|
rest of Asia
|
|
The success of communists in other parts of the world produced a fear that communists were living in ________.
|
the United States
|
|
Truman's Federal Employee Loyalty Program was intended to expose _____.
|
Communists
|
|
Committee that probed the government for Communist infiltration.
|
HUAC
|
|
HUAC
|
House Un-American Activities Committee
|
|
In the late 1940s, IT investigated the motion picture industry for Communist influences.
|
HUAC
|
|
Members of the House Un-American Activities Committee charged numerous Hollywood figures with being sympathetic to _______.
|
Communist ideas
|
|
Invoking their constitutional rights they refused to answer questions from the HUAC.
|
Hollywood Ten
|
|
The Hollywood ten were cited for contempt of congress and served _____.
|
jail terms
|
|
Were compiled by studios in Hollywood as a result of the HUAC investigations.
|
blacklists
|
|
A list of the names of people whom employers agree not to hire.
|
blacklist
|
|
Accused of being a Communist by Whittaker Chambers. He was convicted of perjury and his conviction emboldened those searching for communist .
|
Alger Hiss
|
|
Their trial and execution in 1952 intensified the fear of communism as an internal threat to the United States.
|
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
|
|
Senator Joseph McCarthy's hearings were intended to expose _____.
|
Communists
|
|
The federal government's hunt for communist within the U.S. resulted in the violation many people's ______.
|
civil rights
|
|
The activities of the HUAC and McCarthyism were part of the ______.
|
Second Red Scare
|
|
Part of the reason for the Korean War was the communist victory in the ________.
|
Chinese Civil War
|
|
Country that controlled Korea for much of the first half of the twentieth century.
|
Japan
|
|
Asian country that was divided into two after World War II, one half with a pro-American government, the other with a pro-communist government.
|
Korea
|
|
After WWII the U.S. and Soviet forces agreed to divide this nation at the 38th parallel.
|
Korea
|
|
Communist Dictator of North Korea after WWII.
|
Kim Il Sung
|
|
The North Koreans attacked the South in June of _________.
|
1950
|
|
Americans believed that the North Korean invasion of South Korea was motivated by the ____.
|
Soviet Union
|
|
Because of the absence of the Soviet Union it condemned the North Korean invasion and used a force made up mostly of U.S. troops to fight the North Koreans.
|
United Nations
|
|
Passed a resolution that supported efforts to defend South Korea and restore peace.
|
United Nations
|
|
The North Koreans overran most of the South until they were stopped by the U.N. forces, the U.N. forces then counter attacked and drove back close to the ______.
|
Chinese border
|
|
After Mao Zedong sent hundreds of thousands of Chinese troops to help the North Koreans the U.N. forces were driven back to the _____.
|
38th parallel
|
|
American General who led the United Nations forces during the Korean War.
|
Douglas MacArthur
|
|
General MacArthur wanted to break the stalemate in Korea by attacking the ______.
|
Chinese mainland
|
|
When Truman opposed his strategy of attacking China during the Korean War he appealed to the Speaker of the House.
|
Douglas MacArthur
|
|
When General MacArthur's appeal to the speaker of the House was made public Truman _____.
|
fired MacArthur
|
|
The Korean War turned into a stalemate and both sides signed an armistice to end fighting in ____. (year)
|
1953
|
|
After the Korean War nearly two million North and South Koreans remained dug in on either side of the _____.
|
demilitarized zone (DMZ)
|
|
After the Korean war the boundaries between North and South Korea returned to their ____.
|
pre-war status
|
|
It did result in South Korea remaining free of communism.
|
Korean War
|
|
Individual most responsible for spreading a fear of Communism in the United states.
|
Joseph McCarthy
|
|
Senator Joseph McCarthy's power faded after he appeared on television in the ________.
|
Army-McCarthy hearings
|
|
Revolutionary leader who in 1959 overthrew the Cuban dictatorship.
|
Fidel Castro
|
|
Eisenhower halted exports to Cuba when Fidel Castro seized _______.
|
American property
|
|
One reason the U.S. became involved in the affairs of the Middle East after World War II was to prevent oil-rich Arab nations from falling under _______.
|
Soviet influence
|
|
The United States acted to oppose Soviet influence in the Middle East under _____.
|
President Eisenhower
|
|
Jews had been driven out of what is today Palestine in the first century, but started to return in the _______.
|
1800s
|
|
The Holocaust created worldwide support for a _______.
|
Jewish Homeland in Palestine
|
|
After WWII Jews migrated in large numbers to ______.
|
Palestine
|
|
The U.N. drew up a plan to divide Palestine into an ______.
|
Arab and a Jewish state
|
|
Rejected the idea of a Jewish state in Palestine.
|
Arabs
|
|
When Britain withdrew from Palestine the Jews proclaimed the independent state of ______.
|
Israel
|
|
After Israel declared its independence the Arabs ______.
|
launched the first of several wars against them
|
|
Victors in the Arab Israeli wars.
|
Israel
|
|
A major goal of the U.S. policy in Latin America during the Cold War was to protect American _________.
|
financial investments
|
|
The struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union to gain weapons superiority.
|
arms race
|
|
Event that did the most produce fear in Americans of an attack by the Soviet Union.
|
Soviet Union successfully testing an atomic bomb
|
|
Within a year of the U.S. exploding its first thermonuclear device the Soviet Union successfully tested its own _______.
|
Hydrogen Bomb
|
|
The policy of making the military power of the U.S. and its allies so strong that no enemy would dare attack it for fear of retaliation.
|
deterrence.
|
|
The ability to come to the verge of war without actually going to war.
|
brinkmanship
|
|
Secretary of State who made it clear that the United States would risk war to protect its national interests.
|
John Foster Dulles
|
|
Policy of being willing to risk war to protect national interests.
|
brinkmanship
|
|
Secretary of state who developed the policy of brinkmanship.
|
John Foster Dulles
|
|
The U.S. lagged behind the Soviet Union in missile development because of its reliance on ___________.
|
aircraft to carry nuclear weapons
|
|
The size of the technology gap between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in the area of missiles became apparent in 1957 when the Soviets used a rocket to launch the first artificial satellite ______.
|
Sputnik
|
|
During the years following World War II the U.S. embarked on one of its greatest periods of ___________.
|
economic expansion
|
|
During the postwar years, the Gross National Product of the United States more than ________.
|
doubled
|
|
GNP
|
Gross National Product
|
|
The total amount of goods and services produced by a national economy.
|
GNP
|
|
From 1945 to 1960 the per capita income nearly ______________.
|
doubled
|
|
The average income per person.
|
per capita income
|
|
A giant corporation that invests in a wide range of businesses that produce different kinds of goods and services.
|
conglomerate
|
|
A corporation made up of three or more unrelated businesses.
|
conglomerate
|
|
Gives a group or individual the right to market a company's goods or services.
|
franchise
|
|
A business that contracts to offer certain goods and services from a larger parent company.
|
franchise
|
|
Many unique stores, with ties to the local community, were replaced as a result of the __________
|
franchise system
|
|
Two business systems or strategies that contributed to a major expansion of business in the 1950s.
|
conglomerates and franchises
|
|
In 1955, the average American family watched television _________.
|
four to five hours a day
|
|
In the early days of television many programs were broadcast __________.
|
live
|
|
Advertisements on this new medium helped spur economic growth in the post war years.
|
Television
|
|
A 1950s technological innovation furthered by research during World War II.
|
the computer
|
|
Computer use became much more widespread in the 1950s mainly because they became _____.
|
smaller and faster
|
|
Term introduced by Grace Hopper, when she removed a moth that had become caught in a relay switch that caused a large computer to shut down.
|
debugging
|
|
Ridding a computer of program errors.
|
debugging
|
|
A tiny circuit that improved the transmission of electronic signals.
|
transistor
|
|
A tiny circuit device that amplifies, controls, and generates electrical signals.
|
transistor
|
|
One of its major impacts was to reduce the size of electronic appliances.
|
transistor
|
|
Doctor who developed the vaccine against polio. (first successful field test 1954)
|
Jonas Salk
|
|
Penicillin and others were developed before World War II, but during the 1950s, doctors discovered more of these drugs including ones that were effective against penicillin-resistant bacteria.
|
antibiotics
|
|
Business expansion after World War II resulted in a shift in the work force from ____________.
|
blue-collar to white collar jobs
|
|
By 1956 more Americans held _________ than __________ jobs.
|
white-collar blue-collar
|
|
Some people believed that white-collar workers were less connected with products and services their companies provided and were more likely to ___________.
|
conform in their behavior
|
|
The high birth rate that started during World War II and continued after the war was over.
|
baby boom
|
|
It began in the mid 1940s, during World War II and peaked in 1957.
|
baby boom
|
|
One result of the baby boom was families moving from the _____________.
|
cities to the suburbs
|
|
It was passed by Congress in 1944 to give World War II veterans benefits like college tuition and low-interest mortgage loans.
|
GI Bill of Rights
|
|
Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944.
|
GI Bill of Rights (or GI Bill)
|
|
Law that provided fuel for the postwar economic boom and the modern middle class lifestyle that developed in during the 1950s.
|
GI Bill of Rights
|
|
Developer who mass-produced new communities in the suburbs.
|
William J. Levitt
|
|
William J. Levitt contributed to the growth of suburbs by _____________________.
|
mass-producing houses
|
|
Name William Levitt gave to his new communities.
|
Levittown's
|
|
Following their customers many stores moved from the cities to _______.
|
shopping centers in the suburbs
|
|
Because many people moved beyond the reach of the public transportation systems they became more dependent upon _____.
|
cars
|
|
From 1948 to 1958, passenger car sales increased by more than __________.
|
50%
|
|
The increase in the number of cars created a need for better roads and resulted in the 1956 _______.
|
Interstate Highway Act
|
|
Provided $25 billion to build an interstate highway system more than 40,000 miles long.
|
Interstate Highway Act
|
|
Inspired the development of many new businesses, including: gas stations, repair shops, parts stores, drive in movies and restaurants.
|
the car culture
|
|
One long-lasting effect of the major highway-building projects of the 1950s was less reliance on the _________________.
|
public transportation system
|
|
Eager to cash in on the increasing number of cars on the roads gasoline companies began offering ___________.
|
credit cards
|
|
They became a popular means of purchasing things because of their ease and convenience.
|
credit cards
|
|
Just like installment plans in the 1920s, credit cards introduced in the 1950s encouraged consumers to purchase beyond their ____________.
|
means
|
|
After the years of depression and war, many Americans were searching for ____.
|
security
|
|
In the 1950s Americans placed the greatest value in ________.
|
comfort and security
|
|
Name given to the youth of the 1950s.
|
"silent generation"
|
|
In the 1950s they seemed to have little interest in the problems and crisis in the larger world.
|
"silent generation"
|
|
Members of the "Silent Generation" chose to pursue ________________.
|
entertainment and fun
|
|
The popularity of Billy Graham in the 1950s reflected a new interest in ___________.
|
religion
|
|
The renewed interest in religion in the 1950s was partially a response to the Cold War's struggle against ___________.
|
"godless communism"
|
|
In 1954 what words were added to the Pledge of Allegiance?
|
"under God"
|
|
In 1955 Congress required what phrase to appear on all American currency?
|
"In God We Trust"
|
|
Americans in the post-World War II years were keenly aware of the roles that they were expected to play as _____________.
|
men and women
|
|
Making important decisions, supporting their families financially, and going to school were all parts of _______________.
|
men's roles during the 1950s
|
|
During the 1950s most American women were expected to be ____________.
|
full-time homemakers
|
|
Were expected to manage the household by American society in the 1950s.
|
women
|
|
Pediatrician who wrote a highly influential book on child care.
|
Benjamin Spock
|
|
Pediatrician and child care advisor who believed women should stay at home with their children.
|
Benjamin Spock
|
|
Critics of Dr. Spock's child care advice believed it was too __________.
|
permissive
|
|
In spite of the traditional roles that were expected many of THEM had enjoyed working outside the home during WWII and were reluctant to give up their good jobs.
|
women
|
|
More of them held paying jobs in the 1950s than ever before.
|
women
|
|
The number of married women working outside of the home rose from _____________.
|
24% in 1950 to 31% in 1960
|
|
Author of The Feminine Mystique.
|
Betty Friedan
|
|
Woman's rights advocate who believed that the culture wrongfully forced women into staying at home and caring for children.
|
Betty Friedan
|
|
Films like "Rebel Without a Cause" and books like "The Catcher in the Rye," reflected the alienation of many of America's youth in the 1950s and their desire to resist the pressure to ______.
|
conform
|
|
Popular music combining elements of rhythm and blues, gospel music, and country and western music, and known for its strong beat and urgent lyrics.
|
rock 'n' roll
|
|
Gave young people in the 1950s a music style that they could call their own.
|
Rock 'n' roll
|
|
Disc jockey who first used the term rock 'n' roll to describe the new style of music emerging in the 1950s.
|
Alan Freed
|
|
Literary movement of the 1950s that rejected uniform middle-class culture and sought to overturn the sexual and social conservatism of the period.
|
beat movement
|
|
Counter-cultural group of the 1950s that promoted spontaneity over conformity.
|
beatniks
|
|
Counter-cultural group of the 1950s that rebelled against conformity and traditional social patterns.
|
beatniks
|
|
Considered the spiritual leader of the Beat Generation.
|
Jack Kerouac
|
|
Author of "On the Road."
|
Jack Kerouac
|
|
Another name for the Beat Generation.
|
beatniks
|
|
The resurgence of religion and the rise of rock-and-roll were examples of _____________.
|
disparate trends in the 1950s
|
|
The social and economic transition to peacetime after war.
|
reconversion
|
|
When the government lifted price controls after the war, prices rose _____________.
|
faster than wages
|
|
One of the greatest challenges that President Truman faced in reconverting to a peacetime economy was keeping _______________.
|
inflation in check
|
|
Although Truman agreed that workers deserved higher wages, he thought their demands were ______________.
|
inflationary
|
|
When a railroad strike disrupted the economy in 1946, President Truman attempted to _____.
|
draft the striking workers into the army
|
|
This law was passed by Congress in 1947 to restrict labor strikes that threatened the national interest.
|
Taft-Hartley Act
|
|
The Taft-Hartley Act was a piece of anti _____________________.
|
labor legislation
|
|
The Taft-Hartley Act was passed over Truman's ____.
|
veto
|
|
Truman's plan which extended Roosevelt's New Deal goals.
|
The Fair Deal
|
|
A higher minimum wage, national health insurance, and housing assistance were all parts of Truman's ________.
|
Fair Deal goals
|
|
In the 1946 mid-term elections Republicans won majorities in both ___________.
|
houses of congress
|
|
Area where Truman found opposition throughout his presidency.
|
civil rights
|
|
Truman attempted to make progress in civil rights but was consistently blocked by __________.
|
congress
|
|
Progress in the area of civil rights was made difficult because of the coalition between Republicans and _______.
|
Southern Democrats
|
|
He banned discrimination in the hiring of federal employees and ordered the armed forces to end segregation and discrimination.
|
Harry Truman
|
|
It did not appear that Harry Truman had much chance to win reelection in 1948 because he had lost support in his ____________.
|
own party
|
|
Southern segregationists split off from the Democratic party in 1948 forming the States' Rights or __________.
|
Dixiecrat Party
|
|
Dixiecrat Party nominee for the presidency in 1948.
|
Strom Thurmond
|
|
Truman also lost the support of the liberal wing of the Democratic party which supported Henry Wallace on the ticket of the ______.
|
Progressive Party
|
|
Truman's Republican opponent in 1948.
|
Thomas Dewey
|
|
Even though Truman won the election of 1948 and the Democrats won control of congress Truman had only occasional successes implementing his _____.
|
Fair Deal goals
|
|
Adopted in 1951, it limited the President to two terms in office.
|
Twenty-second Amendment
|
|
Democratic Candidate for President in 1952 & 1956.
|
Adlai Stevenson
|
|
President who was the former commander-in-chief of the Allied forces.
|
Dwight Eisenhower
|
|
Eisenhower's vice presidential running mate.
|
Richard Nixon
|
|
His formula for victory in the Presidential election of 1952 focused on: Korea, communism, and corruption.
|
Dwight Eisenhower
|
|
President Eisenhower's conservative approach to government.
|
Modern Republicanism
|
|
"dynamic conservatism"
|
Modern Republicanism
|
|
Cutting spending, reducing taxes, and balancing the budget.
|
Modern Republicanism
|
|
Eisenhower said he intended to be "conservative when it comes to money, and liberal when it comes to ___________."
|
human beings
|
|
Eisenhower endorsed a military strategy of relying on nuclear weapons, rather than more costly ______________.
|
conventional armies
|
|
Eisenhower and his administration supported _____.
|
big business
|
|
Because he favored big business President Eisenhower's domestic policy reflected his Republican predecessors _____________.
|
Coolidge & Hoover
|
|
The 1957 event that caused Congress to increase spending on teaching science and mathematics.
|
launching of Sputnik
|
|
Was an act designed to improve science and mathematics in schools.
|
National Defense Education Act
|
|
In response to Sputnik the U.S. government created an independent agency for space exploration ____.
|
NASA
|
|
NASA
|
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
|
|
General Manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers who asked Jackie Robinson to be the first player to break the color barrier in Major League Baseball.
|
Branch Rickey
|
|
First black player to break the color barrier and play major league baseball.
|
Jackie Robinson
|
|
Year that Jackie Robinson became the first African American to play in the major leagues.
|
1947
|
|
African American Migration to northern cities, the New Deal, World War II, Rise of the NAACP.
|
reasons for the accelerating demand for civil rights.
|
|
After World War II the campaign for African American civil rights began to _______.
|
accelerate
|
|
In 1896 the Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson had established the _______________.
|
"separate but equal" doctrine
|
|
After World War II, the African American civil rights movement made few gains until _______.
|
the 1960s
|
|
Ordered an end to discrimination in the armed forces.
|
President Truman
|
|
Leader of the NAACP's Legal Defense Fund "Mr. Civil Rights"
|
Thurgood Marshall
|
|
Lawyer who argued on behalf of Brown against segregation in America's schools.
|
Thurgood Marshall
|
|
Supreme Court ruling that declared the "separate but equal" doctrine to be unconstitutional.
|
Brown v Board of Education
|
|
Year of Brown v. Board of Education decision.
|
1954
|
|
In Brown v. Board of Education the Supreme Court ruled that "separate educational facilities are _______________."
|
inherently unequal
|
|
Chief Justice influential in the Brown v. Board of Education decision.
|
Earl Warren
|
|
A year after the "Brown decision" the Court ruled that local school boards should move to desegregate "with __________."
|
all deliberate speed
|
|
The "Brown decision" and the court order to desegregate, resulted in many southern whites responding with fear and angry ______.
|
resistance
|
|
Southern congressmen claimed that there was "no legal basis" for the "Brown decision" and the court order to desegregate, that it violated states' rights and was an example of "judicial usurpation."
|
"Southern Manifesto"
|
|
Bringing together of races.
|
integration
|
|
When she refused to give up her seat to a white man, she was seized by the police and ordered to stand trial sparking the Montgomery Bus boycott.
|
Rosa Parks
|
|
Boycott aimed at forcing the bus company to change its policy of segregated seating on buses.
|
Montgomery bus boycott
|
|
Event that introduced a new generation of African American leaders including Martin Luther King, Jr.
|
Montgomery bus boycott
|
|
The Montgomery bus boycott lasted from December of 1955 to December of _______.
|
1956
|
|
Even though the Montgomery bus company refused to change its policies the boycott did result in a Supreme Court decision declaring bus segregation _____________.
|
unconstitutional
|
|
When nine African American students attempted to attend Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas this governor used the National Guard to prevent them from attending.
|
Orval Faubus
|
|
Although HE was not in favor of integration, he did believe Governor Faubus actions were a violation of the Constitution and a challenge to his authority.
|
President Eisenhower
|
|
President Eisenhower sent in the 101st Airborne to protect the Little Rock Nine as they desegregated the school. He also nationalized the Arkansas National Guard placing them under ______.
|
his Authority
|
|
When the 101st Airborne left Little Rock, and only the National Guard remained to protect the Little Rock Nine, they were constantly subjected to ____________.
|
verbal and physical abuse
|
|
Year Eisenhower used the 101st Airborne and the National Guard to enforce school integration, in Littlerock, Arkansas.
|
1957
|
|
Eisenhower said his actions in Little Rock, Arkansas were necessary to defend the authority of the ____.
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Mexican American reform groups such as the Community Service Organization and the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) sought change through ________.
|
peaceful protest
|
|
Federal government policy adopted in 1953, which sought to eliminate reservations altogether and to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream culture.
|
"termination"
|
|
The policy of "termination" met resistance, and was discarded, but THEIR problems of poverty, discrimination, and little real political representation remained.
|
Native Americans
|
|
In the 1920s and 1930s this group had success in challenging segregation laws.
|
NAACP
|
|
NAACP
|
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
|
|
Critics charged that IT was out of touch with the basic issues of economic survival faced by many poorer African Americans.
|
NAACP
|
|
This group helped African American newcomers, to large cities, find homes and jobs.
|
National Urban League
|
|
Civil rights organization founded by pacifists in 1942 and dedicated to effecting change through peaceful confrontation.
|
CORE
|
|
CORE
|
Congress of Racial Equality
|
|
Organized the first sit-in, in 1943, at a restaurant called the Jack Spratt Coffee House in Chicago.
|
CORE
|
|
Founder and President of CORE from 1942 to 1966, turned it into a national organization.
|
James Farmer
|
|
It was founded by pacifists and directed by James Farmer.
|
CORE
|
|
CORE pursued its goals through ________.
|
peaceful confrontation
|
|
Civil Rights organization founded by African American ministers in 1957.
|
SCLC
|
|
SCLC
|
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
|
|
In 1957 Martin Luther King Jr., and other ministers founded the ___________.
|
SCLC
|
|
The SCLC and CORE were similar in that they both promoted _____.
|
nonviolent protest
|
|
Group that shifted the focus of the civil rights movement from the North to the South.
|
SCLC
|
|
Method used by Martin Luther King, Jr., and other members of the SCLC, to achieve victory in the struggle for Civil Rights.
|
nonviolent protest
|
|
Individual who influenced Martin Luther King, Jr., to believe in nonviolent protest.
|
Gandhi
|
|
SCLC taught its nonviolent protesters not to resist even when ________.
|
attacked
|
|
King followed Gandhi's teaching that those who fight for justice must peacefully refuse to obey ____.
|
unjust laws
|
|
SCLC's 17 rules for maintaining a nonviolent approach instructed "If another person is being molested do not rise to go to his defense, but __________."
|
pray for the oppressor….
|
|
Gave young African Americans a greater voice in the civil rights movement.
|
SNCC
|
|
SNCC
|
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
|
|
SNCC was formed to enable students to make their own decisions about ___________.
|
priorities and tactics
|
|
Group that entrusted decisions about priorities and tactics to young activists.
|
SNCC
|
|
As director of the SNCC's Mississippi Project, HE traveled to the South to try to register black voters.
|
Robert Moses
|
|
Fourteen-year-old boy, from Chicago, who was murdered in Mississippi, in 1955, supposedly because he whistled at a white woman.
|
Emmett Till
|
|
His murder was noted as one of the leading events that motivated the American Civil Rights Movement.
|
Emmett Till
|
|
Protest technique in which African Americans occupied a segregated establishment and demanded service.
|
sit-in
|
|
Were used to protest against segregation at lunch counters.
|
sit-ins
|
|
Technique used by civil rights activists to force segregated establishments to serve African Americans.
|
sit-in
|
|
The sit-in at a Woolworth's in this town in 1960, launched a wave of anti-segregation sit-ins across the South.
|
Greensboro, North Carolina
|
|
Participants in sit-ins were often harassed and forced to spend time in ___.
|
jail
|
|
In 1960 in Boynton v. Virginia the Supreme Court expanded and earlier ban on segregation, on interstate buses, to include __________.
|
bus terminals
|
|
Organized by CORE, with the aid of SNCC, these were designed to test whether southern states would obey the Supreme Court ruling, integrating bus terminals.
|
Freedom Rides
|
|
Civil Rights activists used interstate buses to protest segregation at terminals.
|
Freedom Rides
|
|
The Freedom Riders encountered violent resistance in the state of ______.
|
Alabama
|
|
This group of protestors received federal protection after being violently attacked in Alabama.
|
Freedom Riders
|
|
The first Freedom Ride died out in Jackson, Mississippi when the riders, and volunteers to replace them, were all ___.
|
arrested
|
|
Advanced the cause of civil rights by attempting to enroll at Ole Miss.
|
James Meredith
|
|
When a riot broke out over James Meredith's admission to the University of Mississippi HE sent army troops to restore order and protect Meredith.
|
President Kennedy
|
|
Martin Luther King, Jr., targeted THIS CITY, for demonstrations because he believed it to be the most segregated city in the country.
|
Birmingham, Alabama
|
|
When a court order directed the protestors in Birmingham to cease demonstrations, King decided to disobey the order and set an example of ___.
|
civil disobedience
|
|
Police commissioner of Birmingham who arrested King and other demonstrators.
|
Eugene "Bull" Connor
|
|
Wrote the "Letter from Birmingham Jail."
|
Martin Luther King, Jr.
|
|
After being released from jail in Birmingham King decided to include THEM in the campaign.
|
young people
|
|
He arrested over 900 young people as they marched in Birmingham and used fire hoses and dogs on the protestors.
|
"Bull" Connor
|
|
When they watched the brutal tactics used by police against protestors in Birmingham, Alabama, on TV., even the ______________.
|
opponents of civil rights were appalled
|
|
Most Americans were angered by the treatment of demonstrators by the ________.
|
Birmingham police
|
|
The Birmingham protests led to the __________.
|
desegregation of the city facilities
|
|
The success at Birmingham proved the effectiveness of ____________.
|
nonviolent protest
|
|
He moved slowly at first on civil rights issues, to avoid offending southern Democratic senators, whose votes he needed on other issues.
|
President Kennedy
|
|
Civil Rights violence was an embarrassment for President Kennedy, when he met with other ______.
|
world leaders
|
|
Just hours after the broadcast of President Kennedy's speech for civil rights, this civil rights leader was gunned down.
|
Medgar Evers
|
|
Kennedy was prompted to propose a strong civil rights bill by the ____________.
|
brutality against African Americans in Birmingham
|
|
When civil rights leaders planned a march on Washington, to support his civil rights bill, Kennedy feared it would alienate congress and cause racial violence, but when he could not persuade organizers to call it off he ___________.
|
gave it his support
|
|
In August 1963, more than 200,000 people joined this demonstration to focus attention on Kennedy's civil rights bill.
|
March on Washington
|
|
Participants in this demonstration hoped to convince congress to pass civil rights legislation in 1963.
|
March on Washington
|
|
Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I have a Dream" speech was given at the ____________.
|
March on Washington
|
|
Was the highlight of the March on Washington.
|
"I Have a Dream" speech
|
|
Three months after the March on Washington President Kennedy ___________.
|
was assassinated
|
|
Was used by members of the Senate to prevent the Civil Rights bill of 1964 from coming to a vote.
|
filibuster
|
|
Enlisted the help of HIS former colleague, Republican minority leader Everett Dirksen, to invoke the cloture rule and end the filibuster against the Civil Rights Bill of 1964.
|
President Johnson
|
|
Was used to end the filibuster that was blocking the Civil Rights Bill of 1964.
|
Cloture
|
|
Landmark law, that outlawed discrimination in education, employment, and all public accommodations.
|
Civil Rights Act of 1964
|
|
Legislation that banned discrimination in all public facilities.
|
Civil Rights Act of 1964
|
|
After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 the main emphasis of the Civil Rights movement became ensuring African Americans the right to _____.
|
vote
|
|
A campaign in the summer of 1964 to register blacks to vote in Mississippi, also set up freedom schools and freedom houses.
|
Freedom Summer
|
|
This project that was opposed by the NAACP and barely accepted by the SCLC, was organized by COFO and SNCC.
|
Freedom Summer
|
|
COFO a coalition of established civil rights organizations stands for ___.
|
Council of Federated Organizations
|
|
SNCC field secretary and co-director of COFO, directed Freedom Summer.
|
Robert Moses
|
|
During Freedom Summer James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner were ____.
|
murdered
|
|
When the forces of white supremacy continued to block black voter registration, the Freedom Summer Project switched to building the ________.
|
MFDP
|
|
MFDP
|
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
|
|
Members of the MFDP went to the Democratic National Convention in the summer of 1964, hoping to be seated in the convention instead of delegates of the regular democratic Mississippi party, which had prevented blacks from ___.
|
registering to vote
|
|
Lyndon B. Johnson feared losing Southern support in the coming campaign, so he prevented the MFDP from replacing the _______.
|
regular Mississippi democratic delegation
|
|
The goal of this demonstration was to get voting rights legislation passed.
|
The Selma March
|
|
Freedom Summer and the Selma March both drew attention to African Americans' lack of ____.
|
voting rights
|
|
Argued that Congress should support voting rights because they were guaranteed by the Constitution, and congressional members had sworn to uphold the constitution.
|
President Johnson
|
|
Argued that voting rights were not a "states rights" issue but a "human rights" issue.
|
President Johnson
|
|
Says that no person shall be kept from voting because of his race or color.
|
the Constitution
|
|
President Johnson argued that Congress must support voting rights because those rights are guaranteed in the ______________.
|
Constitution
|
|
Allowed federal official to ensure that blacks were not prevented from registering to vote, and effectively eliminated literacy tests and other barriers to blacks voting.
|
Voting Rights Act of 1965
|
|
Legislation that enabled more African Americans to register to vote.
|
Voting Rights Act of 1965
|
|
This piece of legislation resulted in many African Americans being elected at all levels of government.
|
Voting Rights Act of 1965
|
|
Many of the goals of the Civil Rights movement were not met, but after the Voting Rights Act of 1965, thousands of African Americans could _____.
|
vote for the first time
|
|
Two landmark civil rights laws passed during the Johnson presidency.
|
Civil Rights Act of 1964 & Voting Rights Act of 1965
|
|
African American group, founded by Elijah Muhammad, that preached black separation and self-help.
|
Nation of Islam
|
|
Group of Black Muslims who preached black separation and self-help.
|
Nation of Islam
|
|
Elijah Muhammad taught that white society was ___.
|
evil
|
|
Unlike the early civil rights leaders, HE believed strongly that the races should be separated.
|
Malcolm X
|
|
While in prison he was converted to the Nation of Islam and came to believe in black separatism.
|
Malcolm X
|
|
Came into conflict with Elijah Muhammad, and while on a pilgrimage to Mecca he changed his views, rejecting the belief in black separatism and his hatred of whites.
|
Malcolm X
|
|
Nine months after Malcolm X came to reject the beliefs of the Nation of Islam, and came to accept an Islam that was open to all people, he was ____________.
|
Assassinated
|
|
The idea that African Americans should unite, take pride in their heritage, and control their own organizations.
|
black power
|
|
SNCC leader who called on African Americans to support black power.
|
Stokely Carmichael
|
|
Idea that African Americans should take charge of their communities.
|
black power
|
|
This movement taught that African Americans should separate from white society and lead their own communities.
|
black power
|
|
Under his leadership SNCC became increasingly militant.
|
Stokely Carmichael
|
|
Militant Black Nationalist group, formed by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton.
|
Black Panthers
|
|
Black Separatism is also called ___.
|
Black Nationalism
|
|
Black power group, that wanted African Americans to lead their own communities.
|
Black Panthers
|
|
Black power gave rise to the slogan _________.
|
"Black is beautiful"
|
|
The black power movement led to a serious split in the ____.
|
Civil Rights movement
|
|
The civil rights movement was split between those who favored militant black nationalism and separatism, and those who favored ______.
|
peaceful desegregation
|
|
His writings warned Americans that African Americans were angry and tired of waiting.
|
James Baldwin
|
|
He wrote about the violent consequences of segregation.
|
James Baldwin
|
|
Rigid pattern of separation, dictated by law in the South, prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
|
de jure segregation
|
|
Actual, as opposed to legal, separation of whites and African Americans.
|
de facto segregation
|
|
Racial separation imposed by poverty and ghetto conditions.
|
de facto segregation
|
|
De facto segregation and poverty in black communities, in large cities, led to a series of ____.
|
riots from 1964 to 1968.
|
|
They were an explosion of anger that had been smoldering in the inner-city ghettos.
|
riots
|
|
Martin Luther King, Jr., and Robert Kennedy were both assassinated in what year?
|
1968
|
|
His assassination eroded faith in the idea of nonviolent change.
|
Martin Luther King, Jr.
|
|
Robert Kennedy's assassination ended many people's hopes for an inspirational leader who could heal the _____.
|
nation's wounds
|
|
Rose by 88% between 1970 & 1975.
|
elected African American officials
|
|
Making segregation illegal, opening the political process to more African Americans, & giving African Americans a new sense of pride.
|
accomplishments of the civil rights movement
|
|
In spite of the achievements of the Civil Rights Movement, a disparity still existed both economically and politically between _______.
|
blacks and whites
|
|
Prior to Kennedy's election and during the early 1960s the American economy was _____________.
|
sluggish, with low GNP growth
|
|
During the 1960 presidential campaign, HE promised to get the American economy moving again.
|
John F. Kennedy
|
|
Kennedy appeared to be more polished than Nixon when the two appeared on the first televised _____.
|
presidential debates
|
|
Some people questioned if Kennedy was ready to be president because of his _____.
|
age
|
|
John Kennedy was the first person of this faith to be elected President.
|
Roman Catholic
|
|
Won the 1960 presidential election by a very slim margin.
|
John F. Kennedy
|
|
Kennedy's victory in the 1960 presidential election was ____________.
|
narrow
|
|
Kennedy inspired a generation of young people by asking them to put patriotism before ___.
|
personal interest
|
|
Kennedy's program became known as the ______.
|
New Frontier
|
|
Kennedy proposed cutting taxes to end the continuing __________.
|
recession
|
|
In his first two years as president Kennedy, hoped to help the poor by _____.
|
stimulating the economy
|
|
In a book titled "The Other America" Michael Harrington revealed that one fifth of the American population lived below the _____.
|
poverty line
|
|
After the first two years of his presidency Kennedy became convinced that the poor needed direct ____.
|
federal aid
|
|
In domestic affairs, Kennedy rarely succeeded in pushing _____________.
|
legislation through congress
|
|
Kennedy's lack of success with his domestic policies was largely due to his lack of support in ____.
|
congress
|
|
Cutting taxes, providing aid to the poor, and promoting the space program were all parts of Kennedy's ______.
|
New Frontier
|
|
The economy, poverty, and the space program were all addressed by Kennedy's __________.
|
New Frontier
|
|
In 1961, President Kennedy committed NASA and the nation to the goal of _________.
|
landing a man on the moon within the decade
|
|
On November 22, 1963 President Kennedy was ___.
|
assassinated
|
|
Declared that Kennedy's assassination was the work of a lone assassin.
|
The Warren Commission
|
|
The Warren Commission had decided that Kennedy had been assassinated by ___________.
|
one man who worked alone
|
|
As a senator, this President was famed for his ability to accomplish his political goals.
|
Lyndon Johnson
|
|
Included major poverty relief, education aid, healthcare (especially for the elderly & the poor), voting rights, conservation and beautification projects, urban renewal, and economic development in depressed areas.
|
Johnson's Great Society
|
|
After the 1964 election President Johnson, unlike Kennedy after the 1960 election, had a ________.
|
strong mandate
|
|
Part of the reason for Johnson's landslide victory in 1964 was Goldwater's __________.
|
radical views
|
|
Healthcare legislation was a major part of President's Johnson's program known as the ______.
|
Great Society
|
|
This program of President Johnson won passage of several of Kennedy's New Frontier goals and added to them.
|
the Great Society
|
|
Like Kennedy, Johnson believed that budget deficits could be used to stimulate the economy, but to get support for his tax cuts he had to also agree to cut _____.
|
government spending
|
|
What did President Johnson get congress to pass that actually caused the GNP to rise?
|
tax-cuts
|
|
Some people feared that Johnson's tax-cuts would cause the deficit to rise, but because of the increased GNP, tax revenues actually went up and the deficit ______.
|
shrank
|
|
Increased expenditures on public welfare programs from 1965 to 1975.
|
Johnson's "War on Poverty"
|
|
In 1964 President Johnson launched the "War on ___."
|
Poverty
|
|
Provided low-cost health insurance for poor Americans of any age who could not afford their own private health insurance.
|
Medicaid
|
|
Provided hospital and low-cost medical insurance for most Americans age 65 and older.
|
Medicare
|
|
was intended to eliminate quotas restricting immigration from certain countries.
|
Immigration Act of 1965
|
|
Under this Chief Justice the Supreme court passed several important decisions protecting the constitutional rights of citizens accused of crimes.
|
Earl Warren
|
|
Required that suspects be informed of their rights.
|
Miranda Rule
|
|
Ruled that evidence seized illegally could not be used in trial.
|
Supreme Court
|
|
The way seats of a legislative body are distributed among electoral districts.
|
apportionment
|
|
Supreme court decisions on apportionment ruled that electoral districts had to be based on "_____."
|
one person one vote
|
|
Supreme court case that declared that congressional districts had to be apportioned on the basis of one person, one vote.
|
Baker vs.. Carr
|
|
Erupted in poor areas of major cities from 1965 to 1968.
|
race riots
|
|
In response to the Great Society, some Americans complained that too many of their tax dollars were being spent on ______.
|
poor people
|
|
Ever since the Great Society, people have argued as to whether or not antipoverty programs have helped the poor or have encouraged them to become ___.
|
dependent upon government
|
|
Critics of the Great Society believed it gave too much power to the ___________.
|
federal government
|
|
Johnson's Great Society did cut the number of people living below the poverty line in _____.
|
half
|
|
LBJ's inability to contain this conflict undermined and finally ended the Great Society.
|
Vietnam
|
|
Stopping the spread of communism was the guiding principle behind the foreign policies of both _______________.
|
President Kennedy & President Johnson
|
|
A failed attempt by U.S. backed Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro's communist government.
|
Bay of Pigs invasion
|
|
When Kennedy's advisors urged him to provide air cover to the Cuban exiles attacking at the Bay of Pigs he ______.
|
refused
|
|
When the Soviets sought a treaty to make the division of Berlin permanent in an attempt to stop the flow of East Germans escaping to West Germany, Kennedy feared it was part of a larger effort to take over the ________.
|
rest of Europe
|
|
President Kennedy asked for huge increases in military spending because he was afraid that the Soviet Union would ___________.
|
take over Europe
|
|
After Kennedy authorized a military buildup to show that the U.S. would not be bullied by the Soviet Union, the Soviets began ____________.
|
construction of the Berlin Wall
|
|
The Soviets built IT in order to prevent East Germans from fleeing to the West.
|
Berlin Wall
|
|
Standoff between the U.S. and the Soviet Union that could have led to nuclear war.
|
Cuban Missile Crisis
|
|
By positioning missiles on Cuban soil, the Soviets provoked Kennedy to ______________.
|
quarantine Cuba
|
|
As a result of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Soviets ________.
|
removed their missiles from Cuba.
|
|
When the Cuban Missile Crisis was over, Kennedy and Khrushchev established a _______ between their two nations.
|
"hot line"
|
|
An agreement between Kennedy, Khrushchev and Great Britain that was the first nuclear treaty since the development of the Atomic Bomb.
|
Limited Test Ban Treaty
|
|
Banned nuclear testing above the ground.
|
Limited Test Ban Treaty
|
|
Kennedy believed he could encourage stability in Latin America by promoting _________.
|
economic stability
|
|
Cooperative effort to produce economic and social reform in the Western Hemisphere.
|
Alliance for Progress
|
|
Was established by Kennedy to discourage the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere.
|
The Alliance for Progress
|
|
Program in which volunteers served in developing nations.
|
Peace Corps
|
|
This group of volunteers initiated by Kennedy worked to raise the standard of living in poor areas.
|
Peace Corps
|
|
Johnson sent Marines to this Latin American country in 1965 in order to protect American citizens.
|
Dominican Republic
|
|
Like Kennedy, Johnson was determined to stop the spread of Communism in ______.
|
Vietnam
|
|
Movement that pushed for the absolute equality of men and women.
|
feminism
|
|
The feminist movement of the 1960s was the ____.
|
women's movement
|
|
The women's movement of the 1960s grew out of women's frustration with various forms of __.
|
job discrimination
|
|
Borrowed legal tools and inspiration from the civil rights movement.
|
women's movement
|
|
As a result of their experience in the civil rights movement, many women learned the importance of taking advantage of ________.
|
legal tools
|
|
Author of The Feminine Mystique.
|
Betty Friedan
|
|
To explore important issues, women formed consciousness-raising _____________.
|
support groups
|
|
A group of activists who wanted to bring women into the mainstream quickly.
|
National Organization of Women (NOW)
|
|
Founder of Ms. Magazine, a new magazine for women.
|
Gloria Steinem
|
|
The change in women's career goals was a result of the change in attitudes produced by the ____.
|
women's movement
|
|
The Supreme Court case that legalized abortion.
|
Roe vs. Wade
|
|
"Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex."
|
Equal Rights Amendment
|
|
This Amendment passed Congress in 1972 but failed in the ratification process.
|
Equal Rights Amendment
|
|
Law that would make discrimination based on a person's gender illegal.
|
Equal Rights Amendment
|
|
The equal rights amendment did not become law because it was not __________.
|
ratified by the states
|
|
Many of the women who rejected the women's movement did so because they preferred _____.
|
traditional roles
|
|
Conservative political activist who opposed the women's movement.
|
Phyllis Schafly
|
|
Felt undervalued by the women's movement, disapproved of feminists' goals, and opposed the Equal Rights Amendment.
|
women who preferred the traditional role of homemaking
|
|
Person whose family origins are in Spanish-speaking Latin America.
|
Latino
|
|
Latinos in the US come from different countries but generally speak the ____________.
|
same language
|
|
Person who moves from farm to farm planting and harvesting crops.
|
migrant farm worker
|
|
Group founded by Cesar Chavez to organize Mexican farm workers.
|
United Farm Workers (UFW)
|
|
Co-founder of the United Farm Workers.
|
Cesar Chavez
|
|
A nationwide consumer boycott was a successful strategy used by _______.
|
Cesar Chavez
|
|
Jobs, education, and legal matters, were all areas where, in the 1960s, Mexican Americans fought ___.
|
discrimination
|
|
Led the political party La Raza Unida.
|
Jose Angel Gutierrez
|
|
La Raza Unida was an organization that represented Latino ___________.
|
political interests
|
|
Group that worked for compensation for Japanese Americans interned during World War II.
|
Japanese American Citizens League (JACL)
|
|
Group that spoke out against Japanese American property losses during their wartime internment.
|
Japanese American Citizens League (JACL)
|
|
During the 1960s and 1970, Asian Americans made economic gains but continued to face
|
discrimination
|
|
Dennis Banks and George Mitchell were active in the American _______.
|
Indian movement
|
|
Dennis Banks and George Mitchell focused on the problems for Native Americans living in _____.
|
cities
|
|
Dennis Banks and George Mitchell fought for legal rights for ______.
|
Native Americans
|
|
Chippewa activist and member of the American Indian Movement.
|
Dennis Banks
|
|
Group that fought for Native American treaty rights and self-government.
|
American Indian Movement (AIM)
|
|
FDR's broad program to spur economic recovery and provide relief for Americans.
|
New Deal
|
|
Restoration of lands illegally taken, autonomy of native Americans, and control of natural resources were all goals of the _.
|
American Indian Movement (AIM)
|
|
Roosevelt's relief, recovery, and reform program to pull the nation out of the Depression.
|
New Deal
|
|
Group that valued youth, spontaneity, and individuality.
|
counterculture or hippies
|
|
She helped FDR by reporting on conditions in the country.
|
Eleanor Roosevelt
|
|
Name for members of the counterculture.
|
hippie
|
|
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's wife.
|
Eleanor Roosevelt
|
|
Promoted peace, love, and freedom.
|
hippies
|
|
Defied her traditional role by actively and aggressively promoting the New Deal.
|
Eleanor Roosevelt
|
|
By rejecting conventional customs, the counterculture (hippies) drew on the example of the ____.
|
Beat Generation
|
|
Early in his administration, FDR pushed many programs through Congress in the period known as the ___.
|
hundred days
|
|
Many female hippies chose to wear ____.
|
loose-fitting dresses
|
|
To inspect the financial health of the banks FDR declared a ______.
|
"bank holiday"
|
|
Cultural changes in the 1960s led to more open discussion of ______.
|
sex
|
|
After the "bank holiday" American began to regain confidence in banks and began to put more into their accounts than they ____.
|
took out
|
|
People who lived in communal groups rejected traditional ______________.
|
marriage
|
|
Was established in 1933 to insure bank deposits.
|
FDIC
|
|
Many young people sought to escape from reality by ____________.
|
using drugs
|
|
FDIC
|
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
|
|
The most serious danger posed by abuse of drugs.
|
overdosing
|
|
In 1933 it required companies to provide information about their finances if they offered stock for sale.
|
Federal Securities Act
|
|
Growing long hair and wearing nontraditional clothes were both parts of the 1960s ________.
|
counterculture
|
|
In 1934 it was set up to regulate the stock Market.
|
Securities and Exchange Commission
|
|
The increase of the student population of the 1960s was largely the result of the _____.
|
"baby boom"
|
|
FDR hoped to stimulate the economy in 1933 by decreasing the value of U.S. currency by taking it off the _______.
|
gold standard
|
|
Popular 1960s rock music group.
|
the Beatles
|
|
Was created to help overburdened local relief agencies by providing them with federal funds.
|
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
|
|
In the 1960s the Beatles performed a new kind of ___.
|
rock music
|
|
To help people who were out of work, the FERA put federal money into _____.
|
public works programs
|
|
Social phenomenon that occurred during the summer of 1967, centered in the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco, included psychoactive drug use, sexual freedom, and creative expression.
|
Summer of Love
|
|
Government-funded projects to build public facilities, part of FDR's New Deal.
|
public works programs
|
|
400,000 people gathered for a peaceful concert of major rock bands in the summer of 1969.
|
Woodstock
|
|
Put more than 2.5 million young, unmarried men to work maintaining forests, beaches, and parks.
|
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
|
|
What shocked most Americans about Woodstock was the amount of __________.
|
drugs & sex
|
|
Was intended to help business by bolstering industrial prices.
|
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
|
|
Most hippies were children of the comfortable ____.
|
middle class
|
|
Was created by the NIRA to balance the unstable economy through extensive planning.
|
National Recovery Administration
|
|
When the counterculture fell apart, most hippies melted right back into the _______.
|
mainstream
|
|
Created Codes which were intended to insure fair business practices, including controlling working conditions, production, prices, and setting a minimum wage.
|
National Recovery Administration
|
|
The use of harmful chemicals such as DDT was exposed by the book ________.
|
Silent Spring
|
|
Established a forum in which business and government officials met to set regulations for fair competition.
|
National Recovery Administration
|
|
Author of a book detailing the effects of pesticides on the environment.
|
Rachel Carson
|
|
New Deal agency created to help businesses.
|
National Recovery Administration
|
|
Rachel Carson published a book in 1962 that started the _____________________.
|
environmental movement
|
|
Roosevelt attempted to help business by stabilizing industrial _____.
|
prices
|
|
A major theme of this book was that humans are part of nature, and all parts of nature interact.
|
Silent Spring
|
|
Refinanced mortgages- I.e. changed the terms of the mortgages-to make them more manageable.
|
Home Owners' Loan Corporation
|
|
Radioactivity being released into the air was the greatest threat posed by _____.
|
Nuclear power plants
|
|
Created in 1933, controlled the production of crops, and thus prices, by offering subsidies to farmers who would agree to take land out of production.
|
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)
|
|
Worked to ensure the safety of nuclear power plants.
|
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
|
|
Many people were upset about the AAA because it was taking land out of production when many people were going ____.
|
hungry
|
|
Senator from Wisconsin who helped organize the first national Earth Day.
|
Gaylord Nelson
|
|
Roosevelt's programs helped farmers by giving them ________.
|
financial assistance
|
|
In response to environmental activists the government created the ________.
|
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
|
|
Worked to develop energy production sites and conserve resources in the Tennessee Valley.
|
Tennessee Valley Authority
|
|
Combined federal agencies concerned with air and water pollution.
|
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
|
|
Project that helped farmers and created jobs by reactivating a hydroelectric power facility.
|
Tennessee Valley Authority
|
|
Enforced national pollution control standards
|
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
|
|
It provided new jobs, cheap electric power, flood control, and recreation for the region.
|
Tennessee Valley Authority
|
|
Controlled pollutions caused by industry and car emissions.
|
Clean Air Act
|
|
One of the most influential men in the New Deal who was the director of FERA.
|
Harry Hopkins
|
|
Regulated wastewater discharges.
|
Clean Water Act
|
|
Informal group of intellectuals who helped devise New Deal policies.
|
"brain trust"
|
|
In Alaska during the 1970s, the federal government attempted to balance _____.
|
jobs and the environment
|
|
Federal Council on Negro affairs, an unofficial group of African American officeholders.
|
"black cabinet"
|
|
Man most responsible for the development of the consumer movement of the 1960s.
|
Ralph Nader
|
|
Former President Hoover warned against "a state-controlled or state directed social or economic system…That is not liberalism: it is ______."
|
tyranny
|
|
Wrote a government report exposing the hazards of the automobile.
|
Ralph Nader
|
|
In 1935, the Supreme Court declared the NIRA (including the NRA) and the AAA to be _________.
|
unconstitutional
|
|
The passage of automobile safety legislation was the result of a __________.
|
government report
|
|
After the midterm elections of 1934 showed overwhelming nationwide support for FDR's administration, in 1935 he launched new even bolder legislation known as the _____.
|
Second New Deal
|
|
Conquered Indochina in the 1800s and controlled it until it was overrun by Japan in WWII.
|
French
|
|
A second wave of legislation in 1935 including more social welfare benefits.
|
the Second New Deal
|
|
During WWII the Japanese faced stiff resistance in Indochina (especially in Vietnam) from _______.
|
guerrillas
|
|
New legislation aimed primarily at helping ordinary Americans.
|
the Second New Deal
|
|
Small groups of loosely organized soldiers who make surprise raids.
|
guerrillas
|
|
Included more social welfare benefits, stricter controls over business, stronger support for unions, and higher taxes on the rich.
|
the Second New Deal
|
|
After the Japanese were defeated they set out to re-establish authority in Indochina.
|
French
|
|
Much of the $5 billion allocated to FDR by the Emergency Relief Allocation Act of 1935 went to the creation of the ______.
|
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
|
|
League for the Independence of Vietnam.
|
Vietminh
|
|
Over eight years, IT provided work for the unemployed of all backgrounds, from industrial engineers to authors and artists.
|
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
|
|
Leader of the Vietminh.
|
Ho Chi Minh
|
|
Partially owing to WPA efforts, IT fell by over five percent between 1935 and 1937.
|
unemployment
|
|
Ho Chi Minh was both a nationalist and a ______.
|
communist
|
|
It provided federal protection of the activities of labor unions.
|
Wagner Act
|
|
Vietnamese victory over the French in 1954 that convinced the French to leave Vietnam
|
Dien Bien Phu
|
|
Legislation that strengthened the rights of labor unions.
|
Wagner Act
|
|
After 1954 the struggle for Vietnam became part of the _______.
|
Cold War
|
|
Legalized union practices such as collective bargaining and the closed shop.
|
Wagner Act
|
|
After Dien Bien Phu representatives of Ho Chi Minh, Bao Dai, Cambodia, Laos, France, the U.S., the Soviet Union, China, and Britain arranged a peace settlement.
|
Geneva Accords
|
|
Workplaces open only to union members.
|
closed shops
|
|
As a result of the Geneva Accords, Vietnam was _____.
|
divided
|
|
Program that provided old-age pensions for workers, unemployment insurance, and other benefits.
|
Social Security System
|
|
After Vietnam was divided, Ho Chi Minh's communists controlled North Vietnam and South Vietnam was controlled by noncommunists led by
|
Ngo Dinh Diem
|
|
Funded through contributions from employers and workers, IT established several types of social insurance.
|
Social Security System
|
|
Ngo Dinh Diem and the South Vietnamese were supported by the ______.
|
United States
|
|
A way of providing financial support for those who could not support themselves.
|
Social Security System
|
|
The agreement to divide Vietnam included an agreement to hold elections to reunite Vietnam, these elections were never held because _______.
|
Diem and the U.S. feared the communists would win
|
|
When Roosevelt ran for reelection in 1936 he _______.
|
won by a landslide
|
|
Republican governor of Kansas who ran against FDR in 1936.
|
Alfred Landon
|
|
The majority of South Vietnamese actually supported ___________.
|
Ho Chi Minh
|
|
The problems of domestic workers (often women) were not addressed by the _____.
|
New Deal
|
|
Catholic and pro-French Vietnamese favored ___.
|
South Vietnam
|
|
Many criticized the New Deal for going too far in its attempts to reform the economy.
|
Republicans
|
|
Group that spearheaded much of the opposition to the New Deal.
|
American Liberty League
|
|
The U.S. supported Ngo Dinh Diem's regime because they feared the _________.
|
spread of communism
|
|
Some of FDR's critics opposed Social Security claiming that it penalized successful, hardworking people by forcing them to ____
|
pay into the system
|
|
Ngo Dinh Diem's dictatorial regime alienated many Vietnamese because of its __________.
|
corruption and brutal tactics
|
|
Members of the American Liberty League believed the New Deal limited individual freedom and smacked of ________.
|
"Bolshevism"
|
|
Many Vietnamese believed South Vietnam was under the foreign domination of the ____.
|
U.S.
|
|
The Bolsheviks from Russia were _____.
|
Communists
|
|
By the early 1960s many South Vietnamese communist guerrilla fighters, with the support of North Vietnam were fighting against the ____.
|
South Vietnamese forces
|
|
The Republicans and the American Liberty League thought the New Deal went _______.
|
too far
|
|
The fear that if one nation falls to communism, its neighbors will soon follow.
|
domino theory
|
|
Many progressives did not believe the New Deal did enough to ___________.
|
redistribute wealth
|
|
Theory or principle, described by President Eisenhower, that became associated with U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia.
|
domino theory
|
|
Progressives and socialists did not believe the New Deal went ______.
|
far enough
|
|
The U.S. got involved in the Vietnam War out of fear that the __________.
|
communists would take over
|
|
Muckraking novelist who believed socialist solutions were necessary to cure the nation.
|
Upton Sinclair
|
|
President Eisenhower pledged his support to South Vietnams' Diem and by 1960 about 675 U.S. _____________.
|
military advisors were in Vietnam
|
|
Roman Catholic priest who became a national figure in the 1930s by using his radio broadcast to first to attack the financial leaders he believed caused the depression and later FDR himself.
|
Father Coughlin
|
|
President Kennedy supported the government of Ngo Dinh Diem because he feared
|
communists would take over
|
|
When he began issuing anti-Jewish statements and voicing support for Hitler and Mussolini he was ordered by the Catholic Church to stop broadcasting his show.
|
Father Coughlin
|
|
His policy in Vietnam was to increase the number of military advisors.
|
President Kennedy
|
|
Senator from Louisiana, vocal critic of the New Deal, his "Share Our Wealth" program sought a large redistribution of wealth, he was eventually assassinated.
|
Huey Long
|
|
Diem increased the opposition to his government by forcing Buddhist to obey ______.
|
Catholic laws
|
|
Both Huey Long and Father Charles E. Coughlin are often referred to as _______.
|
demagogues
|
|
When monks burned themselves to death, in opposition to Diem's rule, the U.S. encouraged the South Vietnamese military to
|
overthrow Diem
|
|
Those who manipulate people with half-truths and scare tactics.
|
demagogues
|
|
Military leaders in South Vietnam overthrew HIM because he lost American support.
|
Ngo Dinh Diem
|
|
When the government spends more money in its annual budget than it receives in revenues during the year.
|
Federal deficit
|
|
Diem's successors were not popular and were not successful in fighting the ______.
|
Viet Cong
|
|
The total amount of borrowed money the federal government has yet to pay back.
|
national debt
|
|
National Liberation Front, the South Vietnamese communist rebels trying to overthrow the government of South Vietnam.
|
Viet Cong
|
|
Some people were critical of deficit spending and the New Deal because they believe, they violated America's traditional system of a _____.
|
free market
|
|
Ho Chi Minh determined to unite Vietnam supported the _____.
|
Viet Cong
|
|
Because the Supreme Court had frustrated him by declaring the NIRA & the AAA unconstitutional FDR proposed a court-reform bill in 1937 intended to add six new judges to the court who were _____.
|
favorable to the New Deal
|
|
Communist guerrillas who fought to gain control of South Vietnam.
|
Viet Cong
|
|
FDR's action that aroused the greatest opposition.
|
the attempt to "pack" the Supreme Court
|
|
President Johnson's objective in Vietnam.
|
Prevent a communist takeover
|
|
Opposition to FDR's court packing attempt forced him to _______.
|
withdraw his bill
|
|
The first attack on an American destroyer by the North Vietnamese, was provoked by a South Vietnamese raid on the North, the second attack didn't actually happen, it was only a false sonar reading.
|
Gulf of Tonkin Incident
|
|
Opposition to his court "packing" bill and the New Deal resulted in a new alliance between Republicans and _________.
|
Southern Democrats
|
|
Claimed that both the first attack in the Gulf of Tonkin and the second (which didn't happen) were both unprovoked.
|
President Lyndon Johnson
|
|
In 1937 FDR cut back on expensive relief programs because he was worried about the rising _______.
|
national debt
|
|
Used the Gulf of Tonkin Incident to get congress to authorize his enormous escalation of U.S. forces in Vietnam.
|
President Lyndon Johnson
|
|
The recession of 1937 was caused in part by increased federal _______.
|
borrowing
|
|
In August of 1964 IT was passed by Congress, giving President Johnson the authority to use whatever force he thought necessary in Vietnam.
|
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
|
|
The recession of 1937 was caused in part by reduced consumer _____.
|
spending
|
|
Number of U.S. men sent to Vietnam from 1964 to 1973.
|
2.5 million
|
|
Though it did not end the Depression the massive government spending of the New Deal did lead to some ________.
|
short-term economic improvement
|
|
A large percentage of the men who served in Vietnam and often as high as two thirds of the men who served in combat were______.
|
drafted
|
|
Legislation that allowed collective bargaining and set up a National Labor Relations Board.
|
Wagner Act
|
|
About 80% of the soldiers who served in Vietnam came from the ______.
|
working and lower classes
|
|
In the short run, IT led to a rise in union membership and a wave of strikes.
|
Wagner Act
|
|
U.S. Soldiers in Vietnam were generally not trying to take more territory, their primary objective was to increase the _______.
|
body count
|
|
Under the New Deal labor unions grew stronger because they were given _____.
|
legal protection
|
|
Because they came from Vietnamese peasants, the U.S. soldiers had a great deal of difficulty finding and identifying the
|
Viet Cong
|
|
Because many Vietnamese villagers gave refuge to the Viet Cong, the villages themselves sometimes became
|
military targets
|
|
Sit-down strikes were so successful that the Supreme Court _______.
|
outlawed them
|
|
Though the Viet Cong lacked the sophisticated equipment of the U.S., they were highly effective at
|
guerrilla war tactics
|
|
Strikes in which the workers refuse to leave the factory in an attempt to shut down production.
|
sit-down strikes
|
|
An elaborate tunnel system was one advantage of the _________.
|
Viet Cong
|
|
In the late 1930s, THEY often provided a temporary escape for struggling Americans.
|
movies
|
|
Sniper fire and booby traps (including land mines) were techniques used by the _____.
|
Viet Cong
|
|
The most important function of movies during the depression was to provide theater-goers with a temporary ________.
|
escape
|
|
Unemployed artists received funds and support from the _______.
|
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
|
|
When American soldiers discovered that many South Vietnamese people did not appreciate their efforts, they were
|
confused
|
|
One of the greatest parts of the New Deal legacy was a restored sense of ______.
|
hope
|
|
This technique used by Americans to destroy roads and bridges, hurt civilians in both North Vietnam and South Vietnam.
|
saturation bombing
|
|
The Tennessee Valley Authority, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and the Securities and Exchange Commission were all New Deal agencies that still _____.
|
endure today
|
|
In fighting the North Vietnamese, US. Forces used the technique of _______.
|
saturation bombing
|
|
Extreme Nationalism, State supremacy, one party rule, retention of private property
|
Fascism
|
|
Using B-52 bombers to drop thousands of tons of explosives over large areas.
|
saturation bombing
|
|
Want a planned economy with private ownership of the means of production
|
Fascists
|
|
Many of the bombs dropped, in saturation bombing, threw pieces of their thick metal casings in all directions.
|
fragmentation bombs
|
|
Philosophy that emphasizes the importance of the nation or an ethnic group and the supreme authority of the leader.
|
fascism
|
|
Were used to expose Viet Cong hiding places.
|
herbicides
|
|
Want a planned economy with public ownership of the means of production
|
Communists
|
|
Most infamous herbicide used by the U.S. in Vietnam.
|
Agent Orange
|
|
Want to maintain the class system with an authoritarian government
|
Fascists
|
|
Destructive chemical weapon used by Americans in Vietnam. Dropped from airplanes it splattered and burned uncontrollably.
|
napalm
|
|
Want to do away with the class system with an authoritarian government.
|
Communists
|
|
After winning reelection in 1964, President Johnson began a gradual of the Vietnam War.
|
escalation
|
|
Believed workers of all countries should unite in a class struggle
|
communists
|
|
When the Viet Cong attacked Pleiku, within South Vietnam, and killed 8 Americans in 1965, President Johnson responded by authorizing the _______.
|
bombing of North Vietnam
|
|
Fascists believed the state should have an ______ leader
|
authoritarian
|
|
Commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam.
|
General William Westmorland
|
|
Both Fascists and Communists believe in
|
Dictatorial one-party rule
|
|
Relentless bombing campaign against North Vietnam from 1965 to 1968.
|
Operation Rolling Thunder
|
|
Under Fascism and Communism opposition was _____-
|
outlawed'
|
|
Those who opposed the Vietnam war in the U.S.
|
doves
|
|
A one-party dictatorship attempts to control every aspect of citizens' lives.
|
totalitarian state
|
|
Those who favored the Vietnam war in the U.S.
|
hawks
|
|
Under Joseph Stalin, the Soviet Union developed into a _________.
|
totalitarian state
|
|
Troops and supplies poured into South Vietnam from the North, via THIS supply route that passed through Laos and Cambodia.
|
Ho Chi Minh Trail
|
|
In the Soviet Union the government made most economic decisions.
|
command economy
|
|
A coordinated attack against cities and bases in South Vietnam, by the Viet Cong & North Vietnamese in 1968.
|
Tet Offensive
|
|
Stalin wanted all peasants to farm on state owned farms.
|
collectives
|
|
Converted many Americans to the view that the Vietnam war could not be won.
|
Tet Offensive
|
|
Because farmers resisted collectivization Stalin seized all their grain and left peasants to starve.
|
Terror Famine
|
|
Incident in which American troops killed from 175 to 400 Vietnamese villagers.
|
My Lai massacre
|
|
Fearing rival party leaders were plotting against him Stalin launched the _________.
|
Great Purge
|
|
The brutality of American soldiers who killed Vietnamese villagers during this massacre shocked many Americans.
|
My Lai massacre
|
|
Resulted in the killing or imprisonment of at least four million people in the Soviet Union.
|
Great Purge
|
|
Officer in charge of the My Lai massacre.
|
William Calley
|
|
Joseph Stalin dominated the Soviet Union by using tactics of __________.
|
terror and purges
|
|
The heroics of an American helicopter crew prevented the My Lai massacre death toll from ____.
|
being greater
|
|
Stalin attempted to modernized agriculture in the Soviet Union through _____.
|
collectivization
|
|
Pilot who along with his crew prevented the My Lai Massacre from being worse.
|
Hugh Thompson
|
|
In order to modernize agriculture in the Soviety Union, Joseph Stalin combined small family farms into ___________ run by the state.
|
collective farms
|
|
Post World War II prosperity gave many young people of the 1960s freedom and opportunities unknown to previous _________________.
|
generations
|
|
Leader of the Soviet Union during World War II.
|
Joseph Stalin
|
|
In the early 1960s the generation gap ____.
|
widened
|
|
Historical event that contributed to the rise of fascism in both Italy and Germany, and the rise of totalitarianism in the Soviet Union.
|
World War I
|
|
The student protest movement of the 1960s emerged from the ________.
|
civil rights movement
|
|
First European country to become fascist.
|
Italy
|
|
Organized by civil rights activists, it issued the Port Huron Statement and was influential in the formation of the "New Left."
|
Students for a Democratic Society
|
|
Fascist Party leader who became dictator of Italy.
|
Benito Mussolini
|
|
Written primarily by Tom Hayden it claimed "we would replace power rooted in possession, privilege, or circumstance by power and uniqueness rooted in love, reflectiveness, reason, and creativity."
|
Port Huron Statement
|
|
Feared high inflation and or high unemployment might lead to a communist revolution
|
middle and upper class
|
|
The SDS called for power to be rooted in love, reflectiveness, reason and creativity.
|
Port Huron Statement
|
|
Have the most to lose in a communist revolution
|
middle and upper class
|
|
Political movement which believed that problems of racism and poverty, called for radical changes in American society.
|
New Left
|
|
Middle and upper classes supported Mussolini because they feared a ______-
|
communist revolution
|
|
Sought broader and more democratic change than the old left.
|
New Left
|
|
Won support in Italy by attacking communists
|
Benito Mussolini
|
|
When college professors gathered and expressed their opinions about the Vietnam War.
|
teach-ins
|
|
Nickname for Mussolini's private troops he used to take power in Italy
|
Black shirts
|
|
People who opposed fighting the war on moral or religious grounds were known as ____
|
conscientious objectors
|
|
Fascist gang in Italy.
|
Blackshirts
|
|
Most of the people who refused to be drafted in the early 1960s were _______.
|
conscientious objectors
|
|
He used gangs of Fascist thugs to terrorize his opponents in Italy.
|
Benito Mussolini
|
|
College students could postpone being drafted into military service by getting a __________.
|
deferment
|
|
Mussolini and his Black shirts marched on Rome in _______ (year)
|
1922
|
|
Some American questioned the fairness of the draft because THEY could easily avoid the draft.
|
college students
|
|
When Mussolini marched on Rome the Italian King asked him to form a government as ______.
|
Prime Minister
|
|
Many young men avoided the draft by _________.
|
going to Canada
|
|
After Mussolini was named Prime Minister he used secret police and propaganda to ______-
|
eliminate all opposition
|
|
Due to opposition to the Vietnam war he chose not to run for reelection in 1968.
|
Lyndon Johnson
|
|
During the 1930s Italy, Germany, and Japan all sought to solve their nations problems through ______.
|
conquest
|
|
The success of the antiwar candidate Eugene McCarthy and the entrance of antiwar candidate Robert Kennedy into the Presidential race, contributed to Johnson not running for _____.
|
reelection
|
|
Both Mussolini and Hitler saw expansion of their territory as a way to increase ______.
|
national pride
|
|
Republican Candidate in the 1968 Presidential election.
|
Richard Nixon
|
|
In 1968 the Democratic party was split by the same issues___.
|
dividing the nation
|
|
Did not completely destroy Germany but created a motive for revenge.
|
Versailles Treaty
|
|
The split in the democratic party led to protests at THIS EVENT and the brutal suppression of those protests by Mayor Daley.
|
democratic convention of 1968
|
|
Germany's solution to war reparations following WWI.
|
Printing money
|
|
Just printing money resulted in extremely high _______.
|
inflation
|
|
Democratic candidate in the 1968 Presidential election.
|
Hubert Humphrey
|
|
Economic problem in Germany from 1918-23.
|
inflation
|
|
A third party candidate in 1968, he appealed to blue-collar voters in the North, who resented campus radicals and antiwar activists.
|
George Wallace
|
|
Democratic Government set up in Germany after WWI.
|
Weimar Republic
|
|
In an era of chaos and confrontation middle America turned to the Republican party for
|
stability
|
|
Became a scapegoat for Germany's problems after WWI.
|
Weimar Republic
|
|
Winner of the 1968 Presidential election.
|
Richard Nixon
|
|
Germans blamed the Weimar Republic for their __________.
|
defeat in World War I
|
|
At the end of his presidency Johnson cut back on the bombing and called for _____.
|
peace negotiations
|
|
Was doomed to failure by the harshness of the Versailles Treaty.
|
Weimar Republic
|
|
New policy in Vietnam announced by Nixon in 1969.
|
Vietnamization
|
|
When difficulties arise people are often willing to sacrifice democracy in exchange for _________.
|
strong leadership
|
|
Policy of replacing American forces with South Vietnamese soldiers.
|
Vietnamization
|
|
By the autumn of 1923 it was worthless
|
German Mark (unit of currency)
|
|
In 1970, President Nixon announced that the U.S. forces would invade _______.
|
Cambodia
|
|
Enabled Germany to recover from its tremendous inflation
|
Dawes Plan
|
|
Nixon was willing to intensify the war in order to strengthen America's position at the ___.
|
peace talks
|
|
$200 million loan from American banks to stabilize German economy.
|
Dawes Plan
|
|
Negotiations that ended U.S. involvement in Vietnam.
|
Paris peace talks
|
|
National Socialist German Worker's Party
|
Nazi
|
|
Term used by Nixon to refer to the large number of American people who he believed supported his Vietnam policies.
|
silent majority
|
|
Became the fuehrer (leader) of the Nazi Party.
|
Adolf Hitler
|
|
Nixon's invasion of Cambodia reignited ________.
|
student protests in the 1970s
|
|
Attempted a coup in Munich in 1923
|
Adolf Hitler
|
|
The primary focus of the protest movement of the 1960s was to demand _____.
|
U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam
|
|
After the attempted coup in 1923 Hitler was
|
Imprisoned
|
|
Tensions between students who opposed the war and National Guardsman resulted in four deaths at _____.
|
Kent State
|
|
While in prison Hitler wrote ______-
|
Mein Kampf
|
|
Brought the brutality of the Vietnam war into people's living rooms.
|
Television
|
|
Title of Hitler's autobiography.
|
Mein Kampf
|
|
As Nixon withdrew troops from Vietnam he resumed ______________.
|
resumed bombing raids
|
|
Set forth Hitler's objectives for Germany
|
Mein Kampf
|
|
Under increasing pressure to end U.S. involvement in Vietnam he negotiated the Paris Peace Accord in 1973.
|
Richard Nixon
|
|
Nazism was an extreme form of _____.
|
fascism
|
|
The U.S. agreed to withdraw its troops and North Vietnam agreed not to send any more troops into the South.
|
Paris Peace Accord
|
|
Lost popularity during the prosperity of the 1920s
|
Nazis
|
|
The seventeenth parallel would continue to divide North & South Vietnam, all prisoners of war would be released, and the U.S would withdrawal from Vietnam.
|
Paris Peace Accord
|
|
Results in both Communists and Nazis gaining popularity in the 1930s
|
Great Depression
|
|
Year that the Vietnam Peace Treaty was signed.
|
1973
|
|
Because of the depression Germans began to feel they had to choose between _______
|
Communism and Nazism
|
|
Two years after the U.S. had withdrawn from Vietnam the _______.
|
North Vietnamese conquered South Vietnam
|
|
The Vietnam war ended in 1975 when North Vietnam ____.
|
gained control of all of Vietnam
|
|
Nazi private army
|
Storm Troopers
|
|
Engaged in terrorism to help the Nazis come to power
|
Storm Troopers
|
|
After the last Americans fled Saigon, the North Vietnamese completed ___________.
|
their conquest of South Vietnam
|
|
Nickname for the Nazi Storm Troopers
|
Brown Shirts
|
|
The year the Vietnam War ended.
|
1975
|
|
German initials for Storm Troopers
|
SA
|
|
Also fell to communism after the U.S. withdrew from Vietnam
|
Cambodia & Laos
|
|
Industrialists, upper class and the middle class backed Hitler because they feared they might lose everything to a ______
|
communist revolution
|
|
Communist guerrillas who came to power in Cambodia.
|
Khmer Rouge
|
|
Ruling body under the Weimar Republic.
|
Reichstag
|
|
Ruler of the Khmer Rouge who oversaw work camps and the genocide of more than a million Cambodians.
|
Pol Pot
|
|
In 1933 President Hindenburg named Hitler
|
Chancellor
|
|
After Cambodia and Laos communism did not spread any farther in ______.
|
Southeast Asia
|
|
As Chancellor Hitler called for new______
|
Reichstag elections
|
|
A flood of refugees to the U.S. from Southeast Asia was one _______________.
|
legacy of the Vietnam War
|
|
Enabled the Nazis and their allies to win a majority of seats in the Reichstag.
|
Reichstag Fire
|
|
Was created to help heal the wounds created by the Vietnam war.
|
Vietnam Memorial
|
|
The Nazis blamed the Reichstag fire on the _____
|
Communists
|
|
In 1968, the Republicans chose this former Vice President as their candidate for President.
|
Richard Nixon
|
|
After gaining a two-third majority the Nazi's passed the ______-
|
Enabling Act
|
|
As national security adviser and Secretary of State, HE played a major role in shaping Nixon's foreign policy.
|
Henry Kissinger
|
|
The Enabling Act made Hitler the ______
|
Dictator of Germany
|
|
Group of nations that sets oil prices and production levels. (mostly Arab nations)
|
OPEC
|
|
The Axis Powers were named for the "axis" between _______.
|
Berlin and Rome
|
|
Because the U.S. backed Israel in its 1973 war with Egypt and Syria, OPEC imposed and embargo on the shipping of ______.
|
Oil to the U.S.
|
|
During the 1930s, Hitler, Mussolini, and the military leaders of Japan began _______.
|
invading neighboring lands
|
|
In 1973 it resulted in higher inflation and a recession in the U.S.
|
OPEC's Oil embargo
|
|
In 1936 Italy conquered
|
Ethiopia
|
|
Included easing guidelines for desegregation and an attempt by the Justice Department to prevent the extension of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
|
Nixon's "southern strategy"
|
|
Keeping the peace by giving into an aggressor's demands.
|
appeasement
|
|
First two people to walk on the moon on July 20, 1969.
|
Neil Armstrong & "Buzz" Aldrin
|
|
When Hitler first began to violate the Treaty of Versailles, Britain and France followed a policy of _______.
|
Appeasement
|
|
Bringing about détente with the Soviet Union and China was perhaps HIS greatest accomplishment in foreign affairs.
|
President Nixon
|
|
Policy followed by Britain and France in the 1930s in an attempt to prevent war by giving into some of Germany's demands.
|
appeasement
|
|
Relaxation of tensions between the U.S. and the USSR in the 1970s.
|
détente
|
|
Hitler began to violate it provisions step by step.
|
Versailles Treaty
|
|
Nixon wanted to use America's friendship with China to help in negotiations with the _________.
|
Soviet Union
|
|
First violation of the Versailles Treaty.
|
German Rearmament
|
|
Proved that the superpowers could reach agreements relating to nuclear arms control.
|
SALT I Treaty
|
|
After Hitler rearmed his second violation of the Versailles Treaty was to occupy the demilitarized zone of the _______.
|
Rhineland
|
|
Froze the number of missiles the U.S. & USSR could produce.
|
SALT I Treaty
|
|
Hitler annexed Austria with _______.
|
no resistance
|
|
Documents handed over to the New York Times by Daniel Ellsberg, which revealed that Presidents from Truman to Johnson had deceived Congress and the American people about the real situation in Vietnam.
|
Pentagon Papers
|
|
Britain & France give up the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia to maintain peace.
|
Munich Pact
|
|
A group formed with Nixon's approval to stop government leaks.
|
Plumbers
|
|
Germany, Italy, and Japan (1936)
|
Axis Powers
|
|
The Plumbers and the Committee to Reelect the President were formed to ensure the overwhelming victory for ______.
|
Nixon in 1972
|
|
Led revolt against the elected government in Spain.
|
Francisco Franco
|
|
Because the Committee to Reelect the President wanted to wiretap the Democratic National Committee they had people break-in to the ____.
|
Watergate Hotel
|
|
Were caught attempting to wiretap Democrats' phones.
|
Watergate burglars
|
|
Used German and Italian troops against Spain's Republican army.
|
Francisco Franco
|
|
The trials and sentencing of the Watergate burglars led to testimony to a Senate committee about _____.
|
White House involvement
|
|
During Spain's civil war western democracies _____.
|
remained neutral
|
|
The government established by Franco in Spain was _______.
|
Fascist
|
|
As a result of the Watergate scandal Richard Nixon __________.
|
resigned
|
|
President Ford's most controversial act as President.
|
pardoning Nixon
|
|
Spanish military dictator.
|
Francisco Franco
|
|
British Prime Minister famous for appeasement.
|
Neville Chamberlain
|
|
President Ford faced an economy experiencing both rising unemployment and rising inflation.
|
stagflation
|
|
British Prime Minister who signed a peace accord in Munich.
|
Neville Chamberlain
|
|
Law limiting when a President can get involved in foreign conflicts without a formal declaration of war.
|
War Powers Act
|
|
Hitler violated the Munich Pact by taking ____.
|
all of Czechoslovakia
|
|
In 1975, when Ford asked for military aid to try to save South Vietnam, Congress used the _____.
|
War Powers Act to say no
|
|
Was chosen by the democrats as their presidential candidate in 1976.
|
Jimmy Carter
|
|
Government that exerts total control over a nation.
|
totalitarianism
|
|
The basic issue of the 1976 presidential campaign was ____.
|
trust
|
|
Germany and Italy, later joined by Japan.
|
Axis Powers
|
|
He assumed the role of peacemaker to negotiate the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt.
|
Jimmy Carter
|
|
The term Hitler used for more living space for Germans.
|
Lebensraum
|
|
The hostage crisis in Iran helped Ronald Reagan to _____.
|
defeat Jimmy Carter in 1980
|
|
Although Communists and Fascists were traditionally enemies, in 1939 Hitler made a nonaggression pact with _____.
|
Joseph Stalin
|
|
Criticized both the New Deal and the Great Society for having expanded the size of the federal government.
|
Conservatives
|
|
After Hitler had invaded Czechoslovakia and made a pact with Stalin, he invaded ____.
|
Poland
|
|
Rock music, affirmative action, and the women's movement all troubled ___.
|
Conservatives
|
|
World War II started when Germany _____.
|
invaded Poland
|
|
Coalition of conservative groups in the 1980s.
|
New Right
|
|
Date of the beginning of World War II.
|
1939
|
|
Political organization that wanted to restore Christian values to the society.
|
Moral Majority
|
|
German "lightning war"
|
Blitzkrieg
|
|
The election of 1980 was especially significant because it demonstrated that conservatives controlled the _______.
|
nation's agenda
|
|
Quick surprise strikes by tanks supported by airplanes.
|
Blitzkrieg
|
|
According to this theory, a cut in taxes would make the economy grow faster by putting more money into the hands of businesses.
|
supply-side economics
|
|
Germany's tactic of striking quickly and deeply into enemy territory.
|
blitzkrieg
|
|
Cutting taxes and cutting government regulations were two major elements of HIS economic plan.
|
Ronald Reagan
|
|
When invading Poland Hitler used the _____.
|
blitzkrieg
|
|
After Hitler invaded Poland, Britain and France __________.
|
declared war on Germany
|
|
President Reagan's economic program was based on the theory of ______.
|
supply-side economics
|
|
Reagan believed government regulations needed to be reduced because they ______.
|
stifled competition
|
|
Followed Britain and France declaring war on Germany.
|
Phony War
|
|
Under Reagan, programs created by Lyndon Johnson's Great Society were ______.
|
cut back
|
|
No fighting on land between the Allies and Germany.
|
Phony War
|
|
Those who fought against the Axis Powers.
|
Allies
|
|
A plan by both Nixon and Reagan to redistribute power from the federal government to the states and local government.
|
New Federalism
|
|
Hitler's armies simply went around it from the North.
|
Maginot Line
|
|
Plan to build a massive satellite shield to protect the U.S. from incoming missiles.
|
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
|
|
Hitler used the Blitzkrieg to overrun this country in about a month in 1940.
|
France
|
|
Reagan ordered a huge military build up to defend America's interest in the ____.
|
Cold War
|
|
In 1981, THIS highly threatening disease of the immune system was discovered.
|
AIDS
|
|
British rescued 300,000 troops out of France at this port.
|
Dunkirk
|
|
First female Justice on the U.S. Supreme Court.
|
Sandra Day O'Connor
|
|
In 1940, one of the greatest rescues in the history of warfare occurred at _______.
|
Dunkirk
|
|
Northern France was occupied by _____.
|
Germany
|
|
In the area of civil rights, President Reagan worked to end some __________.
|
affirmative action programs
|
|
In Southern France the Germans set up a puppet government at _____.
|
Vichy
|
|
Critics charged that President Reagan's conservative policies led to a larger gap between the _____.
|
rich and the poor
|
|
Policy followed by the Vichy government of France after Hitler conquered France.
|
collaboration
|
|
During the 1980s the gap between America's rich and poor ____.
|
widened considerably
|
|
Close cooperation
|
collaboration
|
|
Secret operation to arm rebels in Nicaragua.
|
Iran-Contra affair
|
|
French government in exile in London.
|
Free France
|
|
In Nicaragua Reagan wanted to overthrow the ____.
|
Marxist government
|
|
Movement backed by the Free French.
|
Resistance
|
|
Nicaraguan anti-communist guerrilla fighters.
|
Contras
|
|
French underground movement to oppose the Germans.
|
Resistance
|
|
It caused the most serious criticism that the Reagan administration ever faced.
|
Iran-Contra affair
|
|
By 1940 Germany had gained control of most of __________.
|
Western Europe
|
|
1987 agreement calling for the destruction of 2,500 Soviet and U.S. missiles in Europe.
|
INF Treaty (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty)
|
|
Succeeded Neville Chamberlain as Britain's Prime Minister.
|
Winston Churchill
|
|
During HIS second term, U.S. relations with the Soviet Union improved.
|
Ronald Reagan
|
|
Reform leader of the Soviet Union with which Reagan developed a close relationship.
|
Mikhail Gorbachev
|
|
Hitler wanted to crush this country's air force to prepare to invade it.
|
Britain
|
|
Gorbachev's new policy of "political openness."
|
glasnost
|
|
The British RAF defeated the German Luftwaffe.
|
Battle of Britain
|
|
Battle in which Hitler launched the greatest air assault the world had yet seen.
|
Battle of Britain
|
|
Gorbachev's new policy to restructure the Soviet economy and allow limited free enterprise.
|
Perestroika
|
|
Soviet policies that helped end the Cold War by helping cause the fall of Communist regimes in Eastern Europe.
|
perestroika and glasnost
|
|
New technology used by Britain in the Battle of Britain.
|
Radar
|
|
German Air Force.
|
Luftwaffe
|
|
Gorbachev's policies of perestroika and glasnost resulted in better relations with the _____.
|
United States
|
|
RAF
|
Royal Air Force
|
|
Improved relations with the Soviet Union resulting from Gorbachev's policies led to arms _______.
|
reduction talks
|
|
Commander of the Luftwaffe
|
Herman Goering
|
|
During the campaign for President in 1988, George Bush promised that he would not ______.
|
raise taxes
|
|
George H.W. Bush won the presidency partially by attacking THIS PERSON'S record on crime.
|
Michael Dukakis
|
|
Prevented a German invasion of Britain.
|
Battle of Britain
|
|
In the late 1980s, a series of anti-Communist revolts broke out in ___.
|
Eastern Europe
|
|
Great Britain held out against the German attack at the Battle of _____.
|
Britain
|
|
The end of the Cold War was signaled by the signing of ________.
|
arms-control treaties between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.
|
|
He inspired the British people to resist the German invasion.
|
Winston Churchill
|
|
Called for dramatic cuts in American and Soviet supplies of long-range nuclear weapons.
|
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START)
|
|
When Hitler decided Germany needed more lebensraum he looked to the _____.
|
east
|
|
When the Soviet Union collapsed, the U.S. promoted a move toward Western-style democracy in the ___________.
|
former Soviet states
|
|
Head of the Soviet Union during WWII.
|
Joseph Stalin
|
|
Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait began the ____.
|
Persian Gulf War
|
|
After Hitler was unable to invade Britain he broke his non-aggression pact and invaded ____.
|
the Soviet Union
|
|
Ripped through the Soviet Union at first.
|
Blitzkrieg
|
|
A major reason that President George Bush responded forcefully to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait was that he wanted to protect the ______.
|
flow of oil to the West
|
|
The group of countries who opposed the Axis Powers.
|
Allies
|
|
Conflict in which Iraq was driven out of Kuwait by U.N. forces.
|
Persian Gulf War
|
|
In 1853 he sailed into Tokyo Bay and forced helped force the Japanese to open trade with foreigners.
|
Matthew Perry
|
|
In the early 1990s, unemployment rose when companies engaged in laying off workers to cut costs.
|
downsizing
|
|
By the beginning of World War I it had become the strongest East Asian nation.
|
Japan
|
|
To deal with the recession of the early 1990s he agreed to raise taxes as part of a deficit-reduction plan. (contrary to his earlier promise)
|
President George H.W. Bush
|
|
The Japanese Army acted on its own to overrun the whole of Manchuria.
|
Manchurian Incident
|
|
Won the presidency in 1992 with 43% of the popular vote.
|
Bill Clinton
|
|
In 1932, Manchuria was taken over by the _____.
|
Japanese military
|
|
A successful businessman, who ran as a third-party candidate for President in both 1992 & 1996.
|
Ross Perot
|
|
The Manchurian Incident greatly increased ITS power over the Japanese government.
|
Japanese military
|
|
Dominant issue in the presidential campaign of 1992.
|
the economy
|
|
Puppet state after Manchuria was concquered by Japan.
|
Manchukuo
|
|
President Clinton wanted to reform the healthcare system because millions of Americans did not have _____.
|
health insurance
|
|
Date of the Manchurian Incident.
|
1931
|
|
President Clinton's first budget aimed to reduce the deficit by ______.
|
spending cuts & tax increases
|
|
In July of 1937, Japan resumed its invasion of ______.
|
China
|
|
For the first time in 40 years, Republicans won a majority in both houses of Congress, in the ____.
|
1994 congressional elections
|
|
Japanese soldiers brutalized or killed at least 100,000 civilians women or children in the former capital of China.
|
"Rape of Nanjing"
|
|
Republican pledge to limit the role of the federal government, cut regulations and taxes, and balance the budget.
|
Contract with America
|
|
Britain sent a steady streamof supplies to the Chinese in their war with Japan over the _____.
|
Burma Road
|
|
Former Senate Majority Leader who ran for President in 1996.
|
Bob Dole
|
|
A 700-mile-long highway linking Burma (present day Myanmar) to China.
|
Burma Road
|
|
The reason given by the House of Representatives for impeaching President Clinton was that he had _______.
|
lied under oath
|
|
Two enemy leaders in China who united to fight the Japanese.
|
Jiang Jieshi & Mao Zedong
|
|
To charge government official with wrongdoing.
|
impeach
|
|
Was created by Japan because it wanted the region's natural resources for its war against China.
|
Greater East Asia-Co-Prosperity Sphere
|
|
President Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives but he was not _______.
|
convicted by the Senate
|
|
In September 1940, Japan allied itself with the _____.
|
Axis Powers
|
|
The confusion over ballot reports from this state led to controversy in the Presidential election of 2000.
|
Florida
|
|
Confusion over the ballot reports in Florida, during the election of 2000, led to the final decision about the recount being made by the ______.
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Avoiding political ties to other countries.
|
isolationism
|
|
Won the Presidential election of 2000 after the Supreme Court decided he should get Florida's electoral vote.
|
George W. Bush
|
|
After World War I Americans became ____.
|
isolationists
|
|
Democratic candidate for President, in 2000, who won the largest percentage of the popular vote but lost in the electoral college.
|
Al Gore
|
|
U.S. laws designed to keep the nation out of future wars.
|
Neutrality Acts
|
|
Most of George W. Bush's support in the 2000 election came from what sections of the country?
|
the South and the Midwest
|
|
Group of American isolationists
|
America First Committee
|
|
Systematic separation of people of different racial backgrounds.
|
apartheid
|
|
Policy that required countries at war to pay casy for all nonmilitary goods and provide transport.
|
cash and carry
|
|
The U.S. imposed economic sanctions on South Africa to protest its policy of _____.
|
apartheid
|
|
The America First Committee wanted to block any further ________.
|
aid to Britain
|
|
Imprisoned in South Africa for 27 years, HE became that country's president after apartheid.
|
Nelson Mandela
|
|
During the 1930s, the U.S. focused largely on ______.
|
domestic affairs
|
|
The U.S. sent billions of dollars in aid to Russia for the use in creating a __________.
|
free market economy
|
|
Were passed by congress and designed to limit international involvement.
|
Neutrality Acts
|
|
The breakup of THIS former Communist country, in the early 1990s, brought the worst violence in Europe since World War II.
|
Yugoslavia
|
|
A group of isolationists that included Charles Lindbergh formed the ______.
|
America First Committee
|
|
Yasir Arafat of the PLO and Yitzhak Rabin of Israel signed a historic peace agreement in ______. (year)
|
1993
|
|
Authorized the President to aid any nation whose defense was seen as vital to American security.
|
Lend-Lease Act
|
|
American foreign policy in the post-Cold War era had to contend with violent turmoil in _____. (3 places)
|
the Balkans, Africa, and the Middle East
|
|
Act authorizing the President to aid any nation's whose defense he felt was vital to American security.
|
Lend-Lease Act
|
|
On September 11, 2001, terrorists hijacked planes and flew them into the _____.
|
World Trade Center towers and the Pentagon
|
|
Part of American policy during the early years of WWII was to remain neutral while making war supplies _______.
|
available to the Allies
|
|
During the early years of WWII, even while supllying weapons to Britain and France the U.S. attempted to remain ______.
|
neutral
|
|
Because ITS government, run by the Taliban, had supported Al Qaeda, in 2001 the U.S. attacked _____.
|
Afghanistan
|
|
After Japanese forces took complete control of French Indochina FDR froze Japanese ______.
|
financial assets in the U.S.
|
|
Starting in 1965, U.S. immigration policy contributed to the nation's increasing ______.
|
diversity
|
|
After their assets were frozen in the U.S. the Japanese looked to the _______.
|
Dutch East Indies for oil
|
|
In the 1990s, most immigrants to the U.S. came from ___.
|
Asia and Latin America
|
|
Militant Japanese general became prime minister in October of 1941.
|
Tojo Hideki
|
|
American immigration policy as of 1990 has been characterized by ______.
|
easier admissions
|
|
Japanese leaders believed they could cripple IT at Pearl Harbor.
|
American naval fleet
|
|
A policy that gives special consideration to women and members of minority groups to make up for past discrimination.
|
Affirmative action
|
|
Prompted the U.S. to enter the war in 1941.
|
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
|
|
What was the main issue in the debate over affirmative action?
|
fairness
|
|
Shortly after Congress passed a war declaration on Japan, __________.
|
Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S.
|
|
Fastest growing age group in the U.S., in the 1990s is the people over 65.
|
"the graying of America"
|
|
Brought the U.S. into World War II.
|
Bombing of Pearl Harbor
|
|
The greatest threat to Social Security and Medicare during, and since, the 1990s was the rapidly growing number of Americans over ______.
|
65 years of age
|
|
Planned and executed the attack on Pearl Harbor.
|
Admiral Yamamoto
|
|
Older Americans pushed for a prohibition against forced _______.
|
retirement at a given age
|
|
The U.S. entered World War II in ________. (year)
|
1941
|
|
The growth of industries that use computer technology has increased the demand for _____.
|
educated workers
|
|
The Selective Service Act in 1940 was the first U.S. _________.
|
peacetime draft
|
|
The internet has increased the demand for what type of services?
|
internet and technology
|
|
The Selective Training and Service Act required military service registration for all males between the ages of ______.
|
21 and 36
|
|
In the 1990s there was a continuing growth of global ___.
|
trade
|
|
Referred to U.S. servicemen.
|
GI
|
|
Pact called for the removal of trade restrictions between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. Created a free trade zone in North America.
|
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
|
|
Abbreviation of "Government Issue."
|
GI
|
|
Businesses that operates in more than one country.
|
Multinational corporations
|
|
To meet the demand for war material, the American government directed the _______.
|
war production of businesses
|
|
Super-agency established to centralize agencies dealing with war production.
|
Office of War Mobilization
|
|
It was created by President Roosevelt to centralize agencies dealing with war production.
|
Office of War Mobilization
|
|
Ford Motor Company converted from making cars to making _____.
|
bombers
|
|
He used mass production techniques to build Liberty ships.
|
Henry Kaiser
|
|
Vessels built in the U.S. that usually carried troops or war supplies.
|
Liberty Ships
|
|
Henry J. Kaiser contributed to the war effort through his revolutionary ______.
|
production techniques
|
|
Producing goods for the Allied forces caused the U.S. to begin to emerge from the _____
|
Depression
|
|
As a result of war production, employment increased and union membership _______.
|
rose
|
|
Two weeks after Pearl Harbor, labor and business representatives agreed to refrain from _____.
|
strikes and lockouts
|
|
When an employer keeps employees out of the workplace to avoid meeting their demands.
|
lockout
|
|
As the cost of living rose during the war unions found the no-strike agreement ______.
|
hard to honor
|
|
During the war, the most serious union-organized strikes took place in the ____.
|
coal mines
|
|
Work stoppages organized by workers and not endorsed by unions.
|
wildcat strikes
|
|
Bond drives, raising income tax, and deficit spending were all used to _______.
|
finance the war
|
|
Government savings notes bought by Americans to help finance World War II.
|
war bonds
|
|
Using borrowed money to finance war production is an example of what type of spending?
|
deficit
|
|
Borrowing money was a type of deficit spending used to ________.
|
finance the war
|
|
To make sure there was enough goods to supply the soldiers during world war II many goods were _____.
|
rationed
|
|
Americans were prevented from spending the high wages they earned in wartime jobs because of shortages of _________.
|
consumer items
|
|
Was established to both control war time inflation and oversee rationing.
|
Office of Price Administration
|
|
Agency set up to boost Americans' patriotism and sense of participation in the war effort.
|
Office of War Information
|
|
Patriotism and high morale characterized popular culture on the _______.
|
home front
|
|
Home project that raised about one third of the nation's vegetables during World War II.
|
victory gardens
|
|
A home vegetable garden planted to add to the home food supply and replace produce sent to soldiers.
|
victory gardens
|
|
Drawn up by Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill in August of 1941 IT established their joint aims and a set of principals for conducting the war.
|
Atlantic Charter
|
|
Roosevelt and Churchill first agreed on the strategy to concentrate on winning the _____.
|
war in Europe
|
|
Organization formed after World War II on the basis of the Atlantic Charter.
|
United Nations
|
|
Created at the end of World War II to keep the peace.
|
United Nations
|
|
Naval battle that pitted the U.S. and British navies against Germany.
|
Battle of the Atlantic
|
|
The U.S. and British Navy fought to keep THEM open because they were critical to British survival.
|
Atlantic trade routes
|
|
Were led by American and British warships to protect supply ships.
|
Convoys
|
|
Groups of as many as 20 German U-boats that carried out coordinated night-time attacks on convoys.
|
wolf packs
|
|
Resulted in German U-boat success rate plummeting.
|
Long range sub-hunting aircraft
|
|
Americans and British troops first fought together in ______. (place)
|
North Africa
|
|
Desert Fox, German General who at first had great success against the Allies in North Africa, eventually his army was driven back and forced to surrender.
|
Erwin Rommel
|
|
Rommel's threat to Egypt and the Suez Canal was halted in 1942 by the British under General Bernard Montgomery at ______.
|
El Alamein
|
|
On June 22, 1941 3.6 million German and other Axis troops invaded the _____.
|
Soviet Union
|
|
As the Soviet army was driven back by the Blitzkrieg it carried out a policy of _____.
|
scorched earth
|
|
In retreat destroying everything which might be useful to the enemy.
|
scorched earth
|
|
By the autumn of 1941, Germany had reached both ________.
|
Moscow and Leningrad
|
|
Wanted the U.S. & Britain to open a second front in France. (person)
|
Joseph Stalin
|
|
Even though Stalin desperately wanted the British and the U.S. to open a second front in France, to ease pressure on the Soviet Union, Churchill persuaded Roosevelt to invade _____.
|
Italy
|
|
After the Allies gained control of Africa, their next target was ____.
|
Italy
|
|
From North Africa the Allies attacked ______. (in 1943)
|
Sicily and Italy
|
|
Germany's advance in the Soviet Union in 1941 was halted by the ________.
|
Russian winter
|
|
In the summer of 1942 the Germans started a new offensive in the _________.
|
Soviet Union
|
|
In 1942 the Red Army made its stand at _____.
|
Stalingrad
|
|
In Stalingrad the Red Army defeated the Germans in _______.
|
house to house combat
|
|
Taking advantage of the Russian Winter the Soviets counter attacked at Stalingrad and on January 31, 1943 the ______.
|
Germans surrendered
|
|
Germans were finally halted in their advance into the Soviet Union at the _________.
|
Battle of Stalingrad
|
|
Turning point of the war in the Soviet Union.
|
Battle of Stalingrad
|
|
Defeated Germany in Russia. (a major factor)
|
Russian Winter
|
|
After the Germans started bombing cities in the battle of Britain both sides began to attack ___.
|
civilian targets
|
|
In the spring of 1943 in preparation for an eventual invasion of France the allies stepped up their bombing by _____.
|
airplanes
|
|
Technique by which planes scattered large numbers of bombs.
|
carpet bombing
|
|
In a technique developed by Britain's Royal Air Force, planes scattered bombs over widespread areas.
|
carpet bombing
|
|
Main cause of the loss of civilian lives.
|
bombing by airplanes
|
|
Beginning of the end of the war in Europe.
|
Invasion of Normandy
|
|
The Allied invasion of France forced Hitler to fight a war on _____.
|
two fronts
|
|
Beginning of the invasion of Normandy.
|
D-Day
|
|
Year of D-Day.
|
1944
|
|
Commanding General of the invasion of Normandy.
|
Dwight Eisenhower
|
|
Beginning of the Allied invasion to take back Europe from the Axis Powers.
|
D-Day
|
|
The beginning of the landing of Allied forces on France's Normandy coast.
|
D-Day
|
|
In December of 1944 Germany launched a counter attack which resulted in a bulge in the Allied lines and the __________.
|
Battle of the Bulge
|
|
Largest battle fought in Western Europe during World War II.
|
Battle of the Bulge
|
|
After the Battle of the Bulge most Nazi leaders recognized that the war was ______.
|
lost
|
|
Soviets and Americans met in Germany at the _______.
|
River Elbe
|
|
Hitler commits suicide, Germany surrenders.
|
V.E. Day
|
|
On May 8, 1945 it marked the end of the war in Europe.
|
V-E Day
|
|
Roosevelt, Churchill, & Stalin met to plan the end of the war.
|
Yalta Conference
|
|
At Yalta Stalin promised to allow THEM in the nations of Eastern Europe that his army had liberated from Germany.
|
free elections
|
|
After IT surrendered the Allies decided to divide it into four parts, to be governed by Britain, the U.S., the Soviets, and France.
|
Germany
|
|
Hitler believed they were a master race.
|
Aryans
|
|
Discrimination or hostility, often violent toward Jews.
|
anti-Semitism
|
|
To get rid of the Jews was one of THEIR main goals in the 1930s.
|
Nazis
|
|
Stripped the Jews of their German citizenship.
|
Nuremberg Laws
|
|
The night during which Nazi thugs, carrying out the first organized attacks on Jews, looted and destroyed Jewish stores, houses, and synagogues.
|
Kristallnacht
|
|
At the Wannsee Conference it was decided that to kill all the Jews was the "_____."
|
final solution to the Jewish question
|
|
Conference where the Nazis decided on the "final solution."
|
Wannsee Conference
|
|
Hitler's plan to murder all the Jews.
|
"Final Solution"
|
|
Nazi Germany's systematic murder of European Jews.
|
Holocaust
|
|
Nazis sent Jews and political opponents to ____.
|
Concentration camps
|
|
Nazis forced Jews, poles, & Soviet Slavs to work as _____.
|
slave labor
|
|
Carried out Hitler's policy of exterminating the Jews.
|
SS
|
|
A type of concentration camp that existed only for mass murder.
|
death camp
|
|
Death camp in Poland where 4 million inmates mostly Jews were murdered.
|
Auschwitz
|
|
Number of Jews killed in the Holocaust
|
6 million
|
|
In April of 1943, the Jews in Warsaw engaged in a month-long revolt against _______.
|
deportation to Treblinka (death camp)
|
|
Finally created by Roosevelt in 1944, to try to help the Jews in Germany.
|
the War Refugee Board
|
|
Nazis tried for war crimes.
|
Nuremburg Trials
|
|
The concept that individuals are responsible for their own actions, and can't simply claim that they were following orders came out of the ___.
|
Nuremberg Trials
|
|
Just hours after they bombed Pearl Harbor, the Japanese attacked Clark Field an American air base in the ________.
|
Philippines
|
|
When the Japanese advanced against his troops in the Philippines he was forced to leave.
|
General MacArthur
|
|
Promised "I shall return," to the Philippines.
|
General Douglas MacArthur
|
|
After the fall of the Philippines to Japan out of the 600,000 U.S. and Filipino prisoners, forced to march 70 miles to prison camps, over 100,000 died of starvation and maltreatment.
|
Bataan Death March
|
|
First air raid on Tokyo did little physical damage but shocked Japan and boosted Allied morale.
|
Doolittle Raid
|
|
The battles of the Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal were all fought in the ______.
|
Pacific
|
|
Allied victory that prevented the Japanese from establishing the bases they needed to invade Australia.
|
Battle of the Coral Sea
|
|
Critical new naval weapon of WWII.
|
Aircraft Carrier
|
|
Turning point in the Pacific War.
|
Battle of Midway
|
|
Commander of the American Pacific fleet, directed the victory at the Battle of Midway.
|
Admiral Nimitz
|
|
In this battle the Japanese lost all four carriers and 250 planes.
|
Battle of Midway
|
|
Victory that allowed the Allies to take the offensive in the Pacific.
|
Battle of Midway
|
|
Battle in which Marines had their first taste of jungle fighting and the first time the Allies had conquered a piece of Japanese-held territory.
|
Battle of Guadalcanal
|
|
Offensive strategy of American admirals to beat the Japanese in the Pacific.
|
island hopping
|
|
U.S. policy of leap frogging over Islands that were well fortified by the Japanese and attacking less fortified islands, that strategically enabled the U.S. to move toward Japan.
|
Island hopping
|
|
With the use of blockades islands which were leap frogged were left to _____.
|
"wither on the vine"
|
|
Their island-hopping strategy, put the Allies in a position to __________.
|
bomb Japan
|
|
Greatest Naval Battle in World History.
|
Battle of Leyte Gulf
|
|
First Battle in which the Japanese used Kamikazes.
|
Battle of Leyte Gulf
|
|
Bomb-loaded planes whose pilots deliberately crashed into targets.
|
kamikazes
|
|
The U.S. awarded 27 Medals of Honor for actions in this battle, more than in any other single operation of the war.
|
Battle of Iwo Jima
|
|
Admiral Nimitz described this island as a place in which "uncommon valor was a common virtue."
|
Iwo Jima
|
|
Victory in this battle opened the way for an Allied invasion of Japan.
|
Battle of Okinawa
|
|
U.S. government project to develop an atomic bomb.
|
Manhattan Project
|
|
Truman ordered the dropping of the Atomic Bomb to avoid _______.
|
invading Japan
|
|
The dropping of atomic bombs by the U.S. on Hiroshima and Nagasaki finally brought an ____.
|
end to World War II
|
|
Japan accepted American terms for surrender after atomic bombs were dropped on ______.
|
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
|
|
Less than a week after the destruction of Nagasaki ________.
|
Japan surrendered
|
|
World War II ended in _______. (year)
|
1945
|
|
The number of deaths in World War II was as many as ________.
|
50 million
|
|
Even in the North during the war years they faced discrimination in employment, housing, and education.
|
African Americans
|
|
Was created by the federal government to act against employment discrimination.
|
Fair Employment Practices Committee
|
|
During World War II, African Americans fought in ________.
|
segregated units
|
|
Took direct action to promote racial equality on the home front during the war.
|
African Americans
|
|
Founded in 1942, in Chicago, it believed in using nonviolent techniques to end racism.
|
CORE
|
|
CORE
|
Congress of Racial Equality
|
|
Mexican farm laborers brought to work in the United States.
|
braceros
|
|
Spanish-speaking neighborhoods.
|
barrios
|
|
Mexican American laborers often lived in ____.
|
barrios
|
|
Navajo radio operators who helped secure communications in the Pacific.
|
"code talkers"
|
|
Japanese Americans born in the U.S. of parents who emigrated from Japan.
|
Nisei
|
|
Long-held prejudice, and fears inflamed by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, led the government to evacuate _________.
|
Japanese Americans from the West Coast
|
|
Centers in remote inland areas where Japanese Americans were confined during World War II.
|
internment camps
|
|
During World War II, many Japanese Americans were confined to camps in isolated areas or ________.
|
interned
|
|
Wartime hysteria in the U.S. resulted in the _____.
|
internment of Japanese Americans
|
|
Year Congress finally passed a law awarding each surviving Japanese American internee $20,000 tax free and an apology.
|
1988
|
|
Because of the war THEY began to work in large numbers as steelworkers and welders.
|
women
|
|
Image used to attract women to wartime workforce.
|
Rosie the Riveter
|
|
After the war THEY were expected to leave their jobs and return home.
|
women
|
|
Nonviolent hostility between the U.S. & Soviet Union that arose during the 1950s.
|
Cold War
|
|
Emerged from World War II as superpowers.
|
U.S. & Soviet Union
|
|
Resulted in competing Communist & Western alliances.
|
Cold War
|
|
The competition that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union for power and influence in the world.
|
Cold War
|
|
Political conflict and military tension that characterized the relations between the United States and the Soviet Union for nearly 50 years after World War II.
|
Cold War
|
|
At Yalta, Roosevelt and Churchill clashed with Stalin over his refusal to allow free elections in ______.
|
Poland
|
|
One contributing factor to the Cold War was the fact that Stalin broke a promise he had made at Yalta for ___________.
|
free elections in Eastern Europe
|
|
After World War II the United States objected to the Soviet domination of ________.
|
Poland in particular (Eastern Europe in general)
|
|
At this conference, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin decided to divide defeated Germany into four sectors.
|
Yalta
|
|
The occupation zones resulted in a democratic and a communist _________.
|
Germany
|
|
Democratic Germany
|
West Germany
|
|
Communist Germany
|
East Germany
|
|
In addition to dividing Germany after WWII ________ was also divided.
|
Berlin
|
|
West Berlin was completely surrounded by ________.
|
East Germany
|
|
He was determined that Germany would never threaten his nation again.
|
Joseph Stalin
|
|
Took control of several Eastern European countries after World War II.
|
Soviet Union
|
|
He defied Stalin and ruled Yugoslavia relatively free of Soviet interference.
|
Tito
|
|
In Eastern Europe they were nations controlled politically and economically by the Soviet Union
|
satellite nations
|
|
Division of Europe into Communist and Democratic regions.
|
Iron Curtain
|
|
Was created so people could not escape to West Berlin.
|
Berlin wall
|
|
In East Germany, Poland, Hungary, & Czechoslovakia there were revolts against____.
|
Soviet domination
|
|
The imaginary line that divided Europe between capitalist West and Communist East
|
iron curtain
|
|
Philosophical "wall" of Soviet domination and oppression.
|
iron curtain
|
|
In 1946, HE proclaimed that an Iron curtain separated Communist Eastern Europe from capitalist Western Europe.
|
Winston Churchill
|
|
U.S. policy of resistance to Soviet attempts at expanding communism.
|
containment
|
|
Policy developed by American leaders after WWII, to resist and stop the spread of communism.
|
containment
|
|
A promise to support nations trying to resist Soviet control.
|
Truman Doctrine
|
|
Pressure by Communists on Turkey and Greece led to the ______.
|
Truman Doctrine
|
|
As a result of the Truman Doctrine congress approved $400 million to help what two countries resist Soviet influence?
|
Turkey & Greece
|
|
Doctrine giving military and economic aid to help countries block communist takeovers.
|
Truman Doctrine
|
|
The Truman doctrine was in effect the policy of _____.
|
containment
|
|
U.S. leaders attempted to keep communism from spreading to other nations in a policy of ______.
|
containment
|
|
As Secretary of State HE drafted a plan to help European nations rebuild after World War II.
|
George Marshall
|
|
Pledged American financial aid to all European nations following World War II.
|
Marshall Plan
|
|
The U.S. gave massive economic aid which revived Western European economies after WWII.
|
Marshall Plan
|
|
One goal of the Marshall Plan was to create stable democracies that could ______.
|
resist communism
|
|
In response to the Marshall Plan the Soviet Union ________.
|
refused to participate
|
|
After World War II the Soviet Union attempted to rebuild in ways that would protect its ____.
|
own interest
|
|
Because West Berlin had become an escape route to the West the Soviet Union attempted to force the Allies to _________.
|
abandon it
|
|
Provided vital supplies to a region blockaded by the Soviet Union.
|
Berlin airlift
|
|
Means for of transporting supplies around the Soviet blockade.
|
Berlin airlift
|
|
When the Soviet's blockaded West Berlin President Truman responded with the _____.
|
Berlin airlift
|
|
Both the U.S. & the Soviet Union formed them with the countries they protected or occupied.
|
military alliances.
|
|
It was formed in 1949 by a number of nations to protect themselves from possible Soviet aggression.
|
NATO
|
|
NATO was based on the principal of ______.
|
collective security
|
|
NATO
|
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
|
|
Principal of mutual military assistance.
|
collective security
|
|
Consisted of the U.S. and its Western European allies.
|
NATO
|
|
Part of the reason for the development of NATO was the Veto power of the Soviet Union in the _________.
|
United Nations Security Council
|
|
A military alliance between the Soviet Union and its satellite nations.
|
Warsaw Pact
|
|
Two events in 1949 that heightened American's concern about the Cold War.
|
Successful Soviet test of an Atomic bomb and Communist taking control of China.
|
|
In response to the Soviet Union's deployment of an atomic bomb Truman approved the development of the _________.
|
Hydrogen Bomb
|
|
After Japan's defeat civil war resumed in China between the ____________.
|
Communists & Nationalists
|
|
Leader of the Communists in China after WWII.
|
Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)
|
|
Leader of the Nationalists in China after WWII.
|
Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek)
|
|
Communists won control of mainland China in _____. (year)
|
1949
|
|
The communists won in China in large part because they won the support of the _____.
|
peasants
|
|
Leader of the Communist forces that took control of China in 1949.
|
Mao Zedong
|
|
After China fell to Mao Zedong some members of congress called for the protection of the ____.
|
rest of Asia
|
|
The success of communists in other parts of the world produced a fear that communists were living in ________.
|
the United States
|
|
Truman's Federal Employee Loyalty Program was intended to expose _____.
|
Communists
|
|
Committee that probed the government for Communist infiltration.
|
HUAC
|
|
HUAC
|
House Un-American Activities Committee
|
|
In the late 1940s, IT investigated the motion picture industry for Communist influences.
|
HUAC
|
|
Members of the House Un-American Activities Committee charged numerous Hollywood figures with being sympathetic to _______.
|
Communist ideas
|
|
Invoking their constitutional rights they refused to answer questions from the HUAC.
|
Hollywood Ten
|
|
The Hollywood ten were cited for contempt of congress and served _____.
|
jail terms
|
|
Were compiled by studios in Hollywood as a result of the HUAC investigations.
|
blacklists
|
|
A list of the names of people whom employers agree not to hire.
|
blacklist
|
|
Accused of being a Communist by Whittaker Chambers. He was convicted of perjury and his conviction emboldened those searching for communist .
|
Alger Hiss
|
|
Their trial and execution in 1952 intensified the fear of communism as an internal threat to the United States.
|
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
|
|
Senator Joseph McCarthy's hearings were intended to expose _____.
|
Communists
|
|
The federal government's hunt for communist within the U.S. resulted in the violation many people's ______.
|
civil rights
|
|
The activities of the HUAC and McCarthyism were part of the ______.
|
Second Red Scare
|
|
Part of the reason for the Korean War was the communist victory in the ________.
|
Chinese Civil War
|
|
Country that controlled Korea for much of the first half of the twentieth century.
|
Japan
|
|
Asian country that was divided into two after World War II, one half with a pro-American government, the other with a pro-communist government.
|
Korea
|
|
After WWII the U.S. and Soviet forces agreed to divide this nation at the 38th parallel.
|
Korea
|
|
Communist Dictator of North Korea after WWII.
|
Kim Il Sung
|
|
The North Koreans attacked the South in June of _________.
|
1950
|
|
Americans believed that the North Korean invasion of South Korea was motivated by the ____.
|
Soviet Union
|
|
Because of the absence of the Soviet Union it condemned the North Korean invasion and used a force made up mostly of U.S. troops to fight the North Koreans.
|
United Nations
|
|
Passed a resolution that supported efforts to defend South Korea and restore peace.
|
United Nations
|
|
The North Koreans overran most of the South until they were stopped by the U.N. forces, the U.N. forces then counter attacked and drove back close to the ______.
|
Chinese border
|
|
After Mao Zedong sent hundreds of thousands of Chinese troops to help the North Koreans the U.N. forces were driven back to the _____.
|
38th parallel
|
|
American General who led the United Nations forces during the Korean War.
|
Douglas MacArthur
|
|
General MacArthur wanted to break the stalemate in Korea by attacking the ______.
|
Chinese mainland
|
|
When Truman opposed his strategy of attacking China during the Korean War he appealed to the Speaker of the House.
|
Douglas MacArthur
|
|
When General MacArthur's appeal to the speaker of the House was made public Truman _____.
|
fired MacArthur
|
|
The Korean War turned into a stalemate and both sides signed an armistice to end fighting in ____. (year)
|
1953
|
|
After the Korean War nearly two million North and South Koreans remained dug in on either side of the _____.
|
demilitarized zone (DMZ)
|
|
After the Korean war the boundaries between North and South Korea returned to their ____.
|
pre-war status
|
|
It did result in South Korea remaining free of communism.
|
Korean War
|
|
Individual most responsible for spreading a fear of Communism in the United states.
|
Joseph McCarthy
|
|
Senator Joseph McCarthy's power faded after he appeared on television in the ________.
|
Army-McCarthy hearings
|
|
Revolutionary leader who in 1959 overthrew the Cuban dictatorship.
|
Fidel Castro
|
|
Eisenhower halted exports to Cuba when Fidel Castro seized _______.
|
American property
|
|
One reason the U.S. became involved in the affairs of the Middle East after World War II was to prevent oil-rich Arab nations from falling under _______.
|
Soviet influence
|
|
The United States acted to oppose Soviet influence in the Middle East under _____.
|
President Eisenhower
|
|
Jews had been driven out of what is today Palestine in the first century, but started to return in the _______.
|
1800s
|
|
The Holocaust created worldwide support for a _______.
|
Jewish Homeland in Palestine
|
|
After WWII Jews migrated in large numbers to ______.
|
Palestine
|
|
The U.N. drew up a plan to divide Palestine into an ______.
|
Arab and a Jewish state
|
|
Rejected the idea of a Jewish state in Palestine.
|
Arabs
|
|
When Britain withdrew from Palestine the Jews proclaimed the independent state of ______.
|
Israel
|
|
After Israel declared its independence the Arabs ______.
|
launched the first of several wars against them
|
|
Victors in the Arab Israeli wars.
|
Israel
|
|
A major goal of the U.S. policy in Latin America during the Cold War was to protect American _________.
|
financial investments
|
|
The struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union to gain weapons superiority.
|
arms race
|
|
Event that did the most produce fear in Americans of an attack by the Soviet Union.
|
Soviet Union successfully testing an atomic bomb
|
|
Within a year of the U.S. exploding its first thermonuclear device the Soviet Union successfully tested its own _______.
|
Hydrogen Bomb
|
|
The policy of making the military power of the U.S. and its allies so strong that no enemy would dare attack it for fear of retaliation.
|
deterrence.
|
|
The ability to come to the verge of war without actually going to war.
|
brinkmanship
|
|
Secretary of State who made it clear that the United States would risk war to protect its national interests.
|
John Foster Dulles
|
|
Policy of being willing to risk war to protect national interests.
|
brinkmanship
|
|
Secretary of state who developed the policy of brinkmanship.
|
John Foster Dulles
|
|
The U.S. lagged behind the Soviet Union in missile development because of its reliance on ___________.
|
aircraft to carry nuclear weapons
|
|
The size of the technology gap between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in the area of missiles became apparent in 1957 when the Soviets used a rocket to launch the first artificial satellite ______.
|
Sputnik
|
|
During the years following World War II the U.S. embarked on one of its greatest periods of ___________.
|
economic expansion
|
|
During the postwar years, the Gross National Product of the United States more than ________.
|
doubled
|
|
GNP
|
Gross National Product
|
|
The total amount of goods and services produced by a national economy.
|
GNP
|
|
From 1945 to 1960 the per capita income nearly ______________.
|
doubled
|
|
The average income per person.
|
per capita income
|
|
A giant corporation that invests in a wide range of businesses that produce different kinds of goods and services.
|
conglomerate
|
|
A corporation made up of three or more unrelated businesses.
|
conglomerate
|
|
Gives a group or individual the right to market a company's goods or services.
|
franchise
|
|
A business that contracts to offer certain goods and services from a larger parent company.
|
franchise
|
|
Many unique stores, with ties to the local community, were replaced as a result of the __________
|
franchise system
|
|
Two business systems or strategies that contributed to a major expansion of business in the 1950s.
|
conglomerates and franchises
|
|
In 1955, the average American family watched television _________.
|
four to five hours a day
|
|
In the early days of television many programs were broadcast __________.
|
live
|
|
Advertisements on this new medium helped spur economic growth in the post war years.
|
Television
|
|
A 1950s technological innovation furthered by research during World War II.
|
the computer
|
|
Computer use became much more widespread in the 1950s mainly because they became _____.
|
smaller and faster
|
|
Term introduced by Grace Hopper, when she removed a moth that had become caught in a relay switch that caused a large computer to shut down.
|
debugging
|
|
Ridding a computer of program errors.
|
debugging
|
|
A tiny circuit that improved the transmission of electronic signals.
|
transistor
|
|
A tiny circuit device that amplifies, controls, and generates electrical signals.
|
transistor
|
|
One of its major impacts was to reduce the size of electronic appliances.
|
transistor
|
|
Doctor who developed the vaccine against polio. (first successful field test 1954)
|
Jonas Salk
|
|
Penicillin and others were developed before World War II, but during the 1950s, doctors discovered more of these drugs including ones that were effective against penicillin-resistant bacteria.
|
antibiotics
|
|
Business expansion after World War II resulted in a shift in the work force from ____________.
|
blue-collar to white collar jobs
|
|
By 1956 more Americans held _________ than __________ jobs.
|
white-collar blue-collar
|
|
Some people believed that white-collar workers were less connected with products and services their companies provided and were more likely to ___________.
|
conform in their behavior
|
|
The high birth rate that started during World War II and continued after the war was over.
|
baby boom
|
|
It began in the mid 1940s, during World War II and peaked in 1957.
|
baby boom
|
|
One result of the baby boom was families moving from the _____________.
|
cities to the suburbs
|
|
It was passed by Congress in 1944 to give World War II veterans benefits like college tuition and low-interest mortgage loans.
|
GI Bill of Rights
|
|
Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944.
|
GI Bill of Rights (or GI Bill)
|
|
Law that provided fuel for the postwar economic boom and the modern middle class lifestyle that developed in during the 1950s.
|
GI Bill of Rights
|
|
Developer who mass-produced new communities in the suburbs.
|
William J. Levitt
|
|
William J. Levitt contributed to the growth of suburbs by _____________________.
|
mass-producing houses
|
|
Name William Levitt gave to his new communities.
|
Levittown's
|
|
Following their customers many stores moved from the cities to _______.
|
shopping centers in the suburbs
|
|
Because many people moved beyond the reach of the public transportation systems they became more dependent upon _____.
|
cars
|
|
From 1948 to 1958, passenger car sales increased by more than __________.
|
50%
|
|
The increase in the number of cars created a need for better roads and resulted in the 1956 _______.
|
Interstate Highway Act
|
|
Provided $25 billion to build an interstate highway system more than 40,000 miles long.
|
Interstate Highway Act
|
|
Inspired the development of many new businesses, including: gas stations, repair shops, parts stores, drive in movies and restaurants.
|
the car culture
|
|
One long-lasting effect of the major highway-building projects of the 1950s was less reliance on the _________________.
|
public transportation system
|
|
Eager to cash in on the increasing number of cars on the roads gasoline companies began offering ___________.
|
credit cards
|
|
They became a popular means of purchasing things because of their ease and convenience.
|
credit cards
|
|
Just like installment plans in the 1920s, credit cards introduced in the 1950s encouraged consumers to purchase beyond their ____________.
|
means
|
|
After the years of depression and war, many Americans were searching for ____.
|
security
|
|
In the 1950s Americans placed the greatest value in ________.
|
comfort and security
|
|
Name given to the youth of the 1950s.
|
"silent generation"
|
|
In the 1950s they seemed to have little interest in the problems and crisis in the larger world.
|
"silent generation"
|
|
Members of the "Silent Generation" chose to pursue ________________.
|
entertainment and fun
|
|
The popularity of Billy Graham in the 1950s reflected a new interest in ___________.
|
religion
|
|
The renewed interest in religion in the 1950s was partially a response to the Cold War's struggle against ___________.
|
"godless communism"
|
|
In 1954 what words were added to the Pledge of Allegiance?
|
"under God"
|
|
In 1955 Congress required what phrase to appear on all American currency?
|
"In God We Trust"
|
|
Americans in the post-World War II years were keenly aware of the roles that they were expected to play as _____________.
|
men and women
|
|
Making important decisions, supporting their families financially, and going to school were all parts of _______________.
|
men's roles during the 1950s
|
|
During the 1950s most American women were expected to be ____________.
|
full-time homemakers
|
|
Were expected to manage the household by American society in the 1950s.
|
women
|
|
Pediatrician who wrote a highly influential book on child care.
|
Benjamin Spock
|
|
Pediatrician and child care advisor who believed women should stay at home with their children.
|
Benjamin Spock
|
|
Critics of Dr. Spock's child care advice believed it was too __________.
|
permissive
|
|
In spite of the traditional roles that were expected many of THEM had enjoyed working outside the home during WWII and were reluctant to give up their good jobs.
|
women
|
|
More of them held paying jobs in the 1950s than ever before.
|
women
|
|
The number of married women working outside of the home rose from _____________.
|
24% in 1950 to 31% in 1960
|
|
Author of The Feminine Mystique.
|
Betty Friedan
|
|
Woman's rights advocate who believed that the culture wrongfully forced women into staying at home and caring for children.
|
Betty Friedan
|
|
Films like "Rebel Without a Cause" and books like "The Catcher in the Rye," reflected the alienation of many of America's youth in the 1950s and their desire to resist the pressure to ______.
|
conform
|
|
Popular music combining elements of rhythm and blues, gospel music, and country and western music, and known for its strong beat and urgent lyrics.
|
rock 'n' roll
|
|
Gave young people in the 1950s a music style that they could call their own.
|
Rock 'n' roll
|
|
Disc jockey who first used the term rock 'n' roll to describe the new style of music emerging in the 1950s.
|
Alan Freed
|
|
Literary movement of the 1950s that rejected uniform middle-class culture and sought to overturn the sexual and social conservatism of the period.
|
beat movement
|
|
Counter-cultural group of the 1950s that promoted spontaneity over conformity.
|
beatniks
|
|
Counter-cultural group of the 1950s that rebelled against conformity and traditional social patterns.
|
beatniks
|
|
Considered the spiritual leader of the Beat Generation.
|
Jack Kerouac
|
|
Author of "On the Road."
|
Jack Kerouac
|
|
Another name for the Beat Generation.
|
beatniks
|
|
The resurgence of religion and the rise of rock-and-roll were examples of _____________.
|
disparate trends in the 1950s
|
|
The social and economic transition to peacetime after war.
|
reconversion
|
|
When the government lifted price controls after the war, prices rose _____________.
|
faster than wages
|
|
One of the greatest challenges that President Truman faced in reconverting to a peacetime economy was keeping _______________.
|
inflation in check
|
|
Although Truman agreed that workers deserved higher wages, he thought their demands were ______________.
|
inflationary
|
|
When a railroad strike disrupted the economy in 1946, President Truman attempted to _____.
|
draft the striking workers into the army
|
|
This law was passed by Congress in 1947 to restrict labor strikes that threatened the national interest.
|
Taft-Hartley Act
|
|
The Taft-Hartley Act was a piece of anti _____________________.
|
labor legislation
|
|
The Taft-Hartley Act was passed over Truman's ____.
|
veto
|
|
Truman's plan which extended Roosevelt's New Deal goals.
|
The Fair Deal
|
|
A higher minimum wage, national health insurance, and housing assistance were all parts of Truman's ________.
|
Fair Deal goals
|
|
In the 1946 mid-term elections Republicans won majorities in both ___________.
|
houses of congress
|
|
Area where Truman found opposition throughout his presidency.
|
civil rights
|
|
Truman attempted to make progress in civil rights but was consistently blocked by __________.
|
congress
|
|
Progress in the area of civil rights was made difficult because of the coalition between Republicans and _______.
|
Southern Democrats
|
|
He banned discrimination in the hiring of federal employees and ordered the armed forces to end segregation and discrimination.
|
Harry Truman
|
|
It did not appear that Harry Truman had much chance to win reelection in 1948 because he had lost support in his ____________.
|
own party
|
|
Southern segregationists split off from the Democratic party in 1948 forming the States' Rights or __________.
|
Dixiecrat Party
|
|
Dixiecrat Party nominee for the presidency in 1948.
|
Strom Thurmond
|
|
Truman also lost the support of the liberal wing of the Democratic party which supported Henry Wallace on the ticket of the ______.
|
Progressive Party
|
|
Truman's Republican opponent in 1948.
|
Thomas Dewey
|
|
Even though Truman won the election of 1948 and the Democrats won control of congress Truman had only occasional successes implementing his _____.
|
Fair Deal goals
|
|
Adopted in 1951, it limited the President to two terms in office.
|
Twenty-second Amendment
|
|
Democratic Candidate for President in 1952 & 1956.
|
Adlai Stevenson
|
|
President who was the former commander-in-chief of the Allied forces.
|
Dwight Eisenhower
|
|
Eisenhower's vice presidential running mate.
|
Richard Nixon
|
|
His formula for victory in the Presidential election of 1952 focused on: Korea, communism, and corruption.
|
Dwight Eisenhower
|
|
President Eisenhower's conservative approach to government.
|
Modern Republicanism
|
|
"dynamic conservatism"
|
Modern Republicanism
|
|
Cutting spending, reducing taxes, and balancing the budget.
|
Modern Republicanism
|
|
Eisenhower said he intended to be "conservative when it comes to money, and liberal when it comes to ___________."
|
human beings
|
|
Eisenhower endorsed a military strategy of relying on nuclear weapons, rather than more costly ______________.
|
conventional armies
|
|
Eisenhower and his administration supported _____.
|
big business
|
|
Because he favored big business President Eisenhower's domestic policy reflected his Republican predecessors _____________.
|
Coolidge & Hoover
|
|
The 1957 event that caused Congress to increase spending on teaching science and mathematics.
|
launching of Sputnik
|
|
Was an act designed to improve science and mathematics in schools.
|
National Defense Education Act
|
|
In response to Sputnik the U.S. government created an independent agency for space exploration ____.
|
NASA
|
|
NASA
|
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
|
|
General Manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers who asked Jackie Robinson to be the first player to break the color barrier in Major League Baseball.
|
Branch Rickey
|
|
First black player to break the color barrier and play major league baseball.
|
Jackie Robinson
|
|
Year that Jackie Robinson became the first African American to play in the major leagues.
|
1947
|
|
African American Migration to northern cities, the New Deal, World War II, Rise of the NAACP.
|
reasons for the accelerating demand for civil rights.
|
|
After World War II the campaign for African American civil rights began to _______.
|
accelerate
|
|
In 1896 the Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson had established the _______________.
|
"separate but equal" doctrine
|
|
After World War II, the African American civil rights movement made few gains until _______.
|
the 1960s
|
|
Ordered an end to discrimination in the armed forces.
|
President Truman
|
|
Leader of the NAACP's Legal Defense Fund "Mr. Civil Rights"
|
Thurgood Marshall
|
|
Lawyer who argued on behalf of Brown against segregation in America's schools.
|
Thurgood Marshall
|
|
Supreme Court ruling that declared the "separate but equal" doctrine to be unconstitutional.
|
Brown v Board of Education
|
|
Year of Brown v. Board of Education decision.
|
1954
|
|
In Brown v. Board of Education the Supreme Court ruled that "separate educational facilities are _______________."
|
inherently unequal
|
|
Chief Justice influential in the Brown v. Board of Education decision.
|
Earl Warren
|
|
A year after the "Brown decision" the Court ruled that local school boards should move to desegregate "with __________."
|
all deliberate speed
|
|
The "Brown decision" and the court order to desegregate, resulted in many southern whites responding with fear and angry ______.
|
resistance
|
|
Southern congressmen claimed that there was "no legal basis" for the "Brown decision" and the court order to desegregate, that it violated states' rights and was an example of "judicial usurpation."
|
"Southern Manifesto"
|
|
Bringing together of races.
|
integration
|
|
When she refused to give up her seat to a white man, she was seized by the police and ordered to stand trial sparking the Montgomery Bus boycott.
|
Rosa Parks
|
|
Boycott aimed at forcing the bus company to change its policy of segregated seating on buses.
|
Montgomery bus boycott
|
|
Event that introduced a new generation of African American leaders including Martin Luther King, Jr.
|
Montgomery bus boycott
|
|
The Montgomery bus boycott lasted from December of 1955 to December of _______.
|
1956
|
|
Even though the Montgomery bus company refused to change its policies the boycott did result in a Supreme Court decision declaring bus segregation _____________.
|
unconstitutional
|
|
When nine African American students attempted to attend Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas this governor used the National Guard to prevent them from attending.
|
Orval Faubus
|
|
Although HE was not in favor of integration, he did believe Governor Faubus actions were a violation of the Constitution and a challenge to his authority.
|
President Eisenhower
|
|
President Eisenhower sent in the 101st Airborne to protect the Little Rock Nine as they desegregated the school. He also nationalized the Arkansas National Guard placing them under ______.
|
his Authority
|
|
When the 101st Airborne left Little Rock, and only the National Guard remained to protect the Little Rock Nine, they were constantly subjected to ____________.
|
verbal and physical abuse
|
|
Year Eisenhower used the 101st Airborne and the National Guard to enforce school integration, in Littlerock, Arkansas.
|
1957
|
|
Eisenhower said his actions in Little Rock, Arkansas were necessary to defend the authority of the ____.
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Mexican American reform groups such as the Community Service Organization and the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) sought change through ________.
|
peaceful protest
|
|
Federal government policy adopted in 1953, which sought to eliminate reservations altogether and to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream culture.
|
"termination"
|
|
The policy of "termination" met resistance, and was discarded, but THEIR problems of poverty, discrimination, and little real political representation remained.
|
Native Americans
|
|
In the 1920s and 1930s this group had success in challenging segregation laws.
|
NAACP
|
|
NAACP
|
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
|
|
Critics charged that IT was out of touch with the basic issues of economic survival faced by many poorer African Americans.
|
NAACP
|
|
This group helped African American newcomers, to large cities, find homes and jobs.
|
National Urban League
|
|
Civil rights organization founded by pacifists in 1942 and dedicated to effecting change through peaceful confrontation.
|
CORE
|
|
CORE
|
Congress of Racial Equality
|
|
Organized the first sit-in, in 1943, at a restaurant called the Jack Spratt Coffee House in Chicago.
|
CORE
|
|
Founder and President of CORE from 1942 to 1966, turned it into a national organization.
|
James Farmer
|
|
It was founded by pacifists and directed by James Farmer.
|
CORE
|
|
CORE pursued its goals through ________.
|
peaceful confrontation
|
|
Civil Rights organization founded by African American ministers in 1957.
|
SCLC
|
|
SCLC
|
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
|
|
In 1957 Martin Luther King Jr., and other ministers founded the ___________.
|
SCLC
|
|
The SCLC and CORE were similar in that they both promoted _____.
|
nonviolent protest
|
|
Group that shifted the focus of the civil rights movement from the North to the South.
|
SCLC
|
|
Method used by Martin Luther King, Jr., and other members of the SCLC, to achieve victory in the struggle for Civil Rights.
|
nonviolent protest
|
|
Individual who influenced Martin Luther King, Jr., to believe in nonviolent protest.
|
Gandhi
|
|
SCLC taught its nonviolent protesters not to resist even when ________.
|
attacked
|
|
King followed Gandhi's teaching that those who fight for justice must peacefully refuse to obey ____.
|
unjust laws
|
|
SCLC's 17 rules for maintaining a nonviolent approach instructed "If another person is being molested do not rise to go to his defense, but __________."
|
pray for the oppressor….
|
|
Gave young African Americans a greater voice in the civil rights movement.
|
SNCC
|
|
SNCC
|
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
|
|
SNCC was formed to enable students to make their own decisions about ___________.
|
priorities and tactics
|
|
Group that entrusted decisions about priorities and tactics to young activists.
|
SNCC
|
|
As director of the SNCC's Mississippi Project, HE traveled to the South to try to register black voters.
|
Robert Moses
|
|
Fourteen-year-old boy, from Chicago, who was murdered in Mississippi, in 1955, supposedly because he whistled at a white woman.
|
Emmett Till
|
|
His murder was noted as one of the leading events that motivated the American Civil Rights Movement.
|
Emmett Till
|
|
Protest technique in which African Americans occupied a segregated establishment and demanded service.
|
sit-in
|
|
Were used to protest against segregation at lunch counters.
|
sit-ins
|
|
Technique used by civil rights activists to force segregated establishments to serve African Americans.
|
sit-in
|
|
The sit-in at a Woolworth's in this town in 1960, launched a wave of anti-segregation sit-ins across the South.
|
Greensboro, North Carolina
|
|
Participants in sit-ins were often harassed and forced to spend time in ___.
|
jail
|
|
In 1960 in Boynton v. Virginia the Supreme Court expanded and earlier ban on segregation, on interstate buses, to include __________.
|
bus terminals
|
|
Organized by CORE, with the aid of SNCC, these were designed to test whether southern states would obey the Supreme Court ruling, integrating bus terminals.
|
Freedom Rides
|
|
Civil Rights activists used interstate buses to protest segregation at terminals.
|
Freedom Rides
|
|
The Freedom Riders encountered violent resistance in the state of ______.
|
Alabama
|
|
This group of protestors received federal protection after being violently attacked in Alabama.
|
Freedom Riders
|
|
The first Freedom Ride died out in Jackson, Mississippi when the riders, and volunteers to replace them, were all ___.
|
arrested
|
|
Advanced the cause of civil rights by attempting to enroll at Ole Miss.
|
James Meredith
|
|
When a riot broke out over James Meredith's admission to the University of Mississippi HE sent army troops to restore order and protect Meredith.
|
President Kennedy
|
|
Martin Luther King, Jr., targeted THIS CITY, for demonstrations because he believed it to be the most segregated city in the country.
|
Birmingham, Alabama
|
|
When a court order directed the protestors in Birmingham to cease demonstrations, King decided to disobey the order and set an example of ___.
|
civil disobedience
|
|
Police commissioner of Birmingham who arrested King and other demonstrators.
|
Eugene "Bull" Connor
|
|
Wrote the "Letter from Birmingham Jail."
|
Martin Luther King, Jr.
|
|
After being released from jail in Birmingham King decided to include THEM in the campaign.
|
young people
|
|
He arrested over 900 young people as they marched in Birmingham and used fire hoses and dogs on the protestors.
|
"Bull" Connor
|
|
When they watched the brutal tactics used by police against protestors in Birmingham, Alabama, on TV., even the ______________.
|
opponents of civil rights were appalled
|
|
Most Americans were angered by the treatment of demonstrators by the ________.
|
Birmingham police
|
|
The Birmingham protests led to the __________.
|
desegregation of the city facilities
|
|
The success at Birmingham proved the effectiveness of ____________.
|
nonviolent protest
|
|
He moved slowly at first on civil rights issues, to avoid offending southern Democratic senators, whose votes he needed on other issues.
|
President Kennedy
|
|
Civil Rights violence was an embarrassment for President Kennedy, when he met with other ______.
|
world leaders
|
|
Just hours after the broadcast of President Kennedy's speech for civil rights, this civil rights leader was gunned down.
|
Medgar Evers
|
|
Kennedy was prompted to propose a strong civil rights bill by the ____________.
|
brutality against African Americans in Birmingham
|
|
When civil rights leaders planned a march on Washington, to support his civil rights bill, Kennedy feared it would alienate congress and cause racial violence, but when he could not persuade organizers to call it off he ___________.
|
gave it his support
|
|
In August 1963, more than 200,000 people joined this demonstration to focus attention on Kennedy's civil rights bill.
|
March on Washington
|
|
Participants in this demonstration hoped to convince congress to pass civil rights legislation in 1963.
|
March on Washington
|
|
Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I have a Dream" speech was given at the ____________.
|
March on Washington
|
|
Was the highlight of the March on Washington.
|
"I Have a Dream" speech
|
|
Three months after the March on Washington President Kennedy ___________.
|
was assassinated
|
|
Was used by members of the Senate to prevent the Civil Rights bill of 1964 from coming to a vote.
|
filibuster
|
|
Enlisted the help of HIS former colleague, Republican minority leader Everett Dirksen, to invoke the cloture rule and end the filibuster against the Civil Rights Bill of 1964.
|
President Johnson
|
|
Was used to end the filibuster that was blocking the Civil Rights Bill of 1964.
|
Cloture
|
|
Landmark law, that outlawed discrimination in education, employment, and all public accommodations.
|
Civil Rights Act of 1964
|
|
Legislation that banned discrimination in all public facilities.
|
Civil Rights Act of 1964
|
|
After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 the main emphasis of the Civil Rights movement became ensuring African Americans the right to _____.
|
vote
|
|
A campaign in the summer of 1964 to register blacks to vote in Mississippi, also set up freedom schools and freedom houses.
|
Freedom Summer
|
|
This project that was opposed by the NAACP and barely accepted by the SCLC, was organized by COFO and SNCC.
|
Freedom Summer
|
|
COFO a coalition of established civil rights organizations stands for ___.
|
Council of Federated Organizations
|
|
SNCC field secretary and co-director of COFO, directed Freedom Summer.
|
Robert Moses
|
|
During Freedom Summer James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner were ____.
|
murdered
|
|
When the forces of white supremacy continued to block black voter registration, the Freedom Summer Project switched to building the ________.
|
MFDP
|
|
MFDP
|
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
|
|
Members of the MFDP went to the Democratic National Convention in the summer of 1964, hoping to be seated in the convention instead of delegates of the regular democratic Mississippi party, which had prevented blacks from ___.
|
registering to vote
|
|
Lyndon B. Johnson feared losing Southern support in the coming campaign, so he prevented the MFDP from replacing the _______.
|
regular Mississippi democratic delegation
|
|
The goal of this demonstration was to get voting rights legislation passed.
|
The Selma March
|
|
Freedom Summer and the Selma March both drew attention to African Americans' lack of ____.
|
voting rights
|
|
Argued that Congress should support voting rights because they were guaranteed by the Constitution, and congressional members had sworn to uphold the constitution.
|
President Johnson
|
|
Argued that voting rights were not a "states rights" issue but a "human rights" issue.
|
President Johnson
|
|
Says that no person shall be kept from voting because of his race or color.
|
the Constitution
|
|
President Johnson argued that Congress must support voting rights because those rights are guaranteed in the ______________.
|
Constitution
|
|
Allowed federal official to ensure that blacks were not prevented from registering to vote, and effectively eliminated literacy tests and other barriers to blacks voting.
|
Voting Rights Act of 1965
|
|
Legislation that enabled more African Americans to register to vote.
|
Voting Rights Act of 1965
|
|
This piece of legislation resulted in many African Americans being elected at all levels of government.
|
Voting Rights Act of 1965
|
|
Many of the goals of the Civil Rights movement were not met, but after the Voting Rights Act of 1965, thousands of African Americans could _____.
|
vote for the first time
|
|
Two landmark civil rights laws passed during the Johnson presidency.
|
Civil Rights Act of 1964 & Voting Rights Act of 1965
|
|
African American group, founded by Elijah Muhammad, that preached black separation and self-help.
|
Nation of Islam
|
|
Group of Black Muslims who preached black separation and self-help.
|
Nation of Islam
|
|
Elijah Muhammad taught that white society was ___.
|
evil
|
|
Unlike the early civil rights leaders, HE believed strongly that the races should be separated.
|
Malcolm X
|
|
While in prison he was converted to the Nation of Islam and came to believe in black separatism.
|
Malcolm X
|
|
Came into conflict with Elijah Muhammad, and while on a pilgrimage to Mecca he changed his views, rejecting the belief in black separatism and his hatred of whites.
|
Malcolm X
|
|
Nine months after Malcolm X came to reject the beliefs of the Nation of Islam, and came to accept an Islam that was open to all people, he was ____________.
|
Assassinated
|
|
The idea that African Americans should unite, take pride in their heritage, and control their own organizations.
|
black power
|
|
SNCC leader who called on African Americans to support black power.
|
Stokely Carmichael
|
|
Idea that African Americans should take charge of their communities.
|
black power
|
|
This movement taught that African Americans should separate from white society and lead their own communities.
|
black power
|
|
Under his leadership SNCC became increasingly militant.
|
Stokely Carmichael
|
|
Militant Black Nationalist group, formed by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton.
|
Black Panthers
|
|
Black Separatism is also called ___.
|
Black Nationalism
|
|
Black power group, that wanted African Americans to lead their own communities.
|
Black Panthers
|
|
Black power gave rise to the slogan _________.
|
"Black is beautiful"
|
|
The black power movement led to a serious split in the ____.
|
Civil Rights movement
|
|
The civil rights movement was split between those who favored militant black nationalism and separatism, and those who favored ______.
|
peaceful desegregation
|
|
His writings warned Americans that African Americans were angry and tired of waiting.
|
James Baldwin
|
|
He wrote about the violent consequences of segregation.
|
James Baldwin
|
|
Rigid pattern of separation, dictated by law in the South, prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
|
de jure segregation
|
|
Actual, as opposed to legal, separation of whites and African Americans.
|
de facto segregation
|
|
Racial separation imposed by poverty and ghetto conditions.
|
de facto segregation
|
|
De facto segregation and poverty in black communities, in large cities, led to a series of ____.
|
riots from 1964 to 1968.
|
|
They were an explosion of anger that had been smoldering in the inner-city ghettos.
|
riots
|
|
Martin Luther King, Jr., and Robert Kennedy were both assassinated in what year?
|
1968
|
|
His assassination eroded faith in the idea of nonviolent change.
|
Martin Luther King, Jr.
|
|
Robert Kennedy's assassination ended many people's hopes for an inspirational leader who could heal the _____.
|
nation's wounds
|
|
Rose by 88% between 1970 & 1975.
|
elected African American officials
|
|
Making segregation illegal, opening the political process to more African Americans, & giving African Americans a new sense of pride.
|
accomplishments of the civil rights movement
|
|
In spite of the achievements of the Civil Rights Movement, a disparity still existed both economically and politically between _______.
|
blacks and whites
|
|
Prior to Kennedy's election and during the early 1960s the American economy was _____________.
|
sluggish, with low GNP growth
|
|
During the 1960 presidential campaign, HE promised to get the American economy moving again.
|
John F. Kennedy
|
|
Kennedy appeared to be more polished than Nixon when the two appeared on the first televised _____.
|
presidential debates
|
|
Some people questioned if Kennedy was ready to be president because of his _____.
|
age
|
|
John Kennedy was the first person of this faith to be elected President.
|
Roman Catholic
|
|
Won the 1960 presidential election by a very slim margin.
|
John F. Kennedy
|
|
Kennedy's victory in the 1960 presidential election was ____________.
|
narrow
|
|
Kennedy inspired a generation of young people by asking them to put patriotism before ___.
|
personal interest
|
|
Kennedy's program became known as the ______.
|
New Frontier
|
|
Kennedy proposed cutting taxes to end the continuing __________.
|
recession
|
|
In his first two years as president Kennedy, hoped to help the poor by _____.
|
stimulating the economy
|
|
In a book titled "The Other America" Michael Harrington revealed that one fifth of the American population lived below the _____.
|
poverty line
|
|
After the first two years of his presidency Kennedy became convinced that the poor needed direct ____.
|
federal aid
|
|
In domestic affairs, Kennedy rarely succeeded in pushing _____________.
|
legislation through congress
|
|
Kennedy's lack of success with his domestic policies was largely due to his lack of support in ____.
|
congress
|
|
Cutting taxes, providing aid to the poor, and promoting the space program were all parts of Kennedy's ______.
|
New Frontier
|
|
The economy, poverty, and the space program were all addressed by Kennedy's __________.
|
New Frontier
|
|
In 1961, President Kennedy committed NASA and the nation to the goal of _________.
|
landing a man on the moon within the decade
|
|
On November 22, 1963 President Kennedy was ___.
|
assassinated
|
|
Declared that Kennedy's assassination was the work of a lone assassin.
|
The Warren Commission
|
|
The Warren Commission had decided that Kennedy had been assassinated by ___________.
|
one man who worked alone
|
|
As a senator, this President was famed for his ability to accomplish his political goals.
|
Lyndon Johnson
|
|
Included major poverty relief, education aid, healthcare (especially for the elderly & the poor), voting rights, conservation and beautification projects, urban renewal, and economic development in depressed areas.
|
Johnson's Great Society
|
|
After the 1964 election President Johnson, unlike Kennedy after the 1960 election, had a ________.
|
strong mandate
|
|
Part of the reason for Johnson's landslide victory in 1964 was Goldwater's __________.
|
radical views
|
|
Healthcare legislation was a major part of President's Johnson's program known as the ______.
|
Great Society
|
|
This program of President Johnson won passage of several of Kennedy's New Frontier goals and added to them.
|
the Great Society
|
|
Like Kennedy, Johnson believed that budget deficits could be used to stimulate the economy, but to get support for his tax cuts he had to also agree to cut _____.
|
government spending
|
|
What did President Johnson get congress to pass that actually caused the GNP to rise?
|
tax-cuts
|
|
Some people feared that Johnson's tax-cuts would cause the deficit to rise, but because of the increased GNP, tax revenues actually went up and the deficit ______.
|
shrank
|
|
Increased expenditures on public welfare programs from 1965 to 1975.
|
Johnson's "War on Poverty"
|
|
In 1964 President Johnson launched the "War on ___."
|
Poverty
|
|
Provided low-cost health insurance for poor Americans of any age who could not afford their own private health insurance.
|
Medicaid
|
|
Provided hospital and low-cost medical insurance for most Americans age 65 and older.
|
Medicare
|
|
was intended to eliminate quotas restricting immigration from certain countries.
|
Immigration Act of 1965
|
|
Under this Chief Justice the Supreme court passed several important decisions protecting the constitutional rights of citizens accused of crimes.
|
Earl Warren
|
|
Required that suspects be informed of their rights.
|
Miranda Rule
|
|
Ruled that evidence seized illegally could not be used in trial.
|
Supreme Court
|
|
The way seats of a legislative body are distributed among electoral districts.
|
apportionment
|
|
Supreme court decisions on apportionment ruled that electoral districts had to be based on "_____."
|
one person one vote
|
|
Supreme court case that declared that congressional districts had to be apportioned on the basis of one person, one vote.
|
Baker vs.. Carr
|
|
Erupted in poor areas of major cities from 1965 to 1968.
|
race riots
|
|
In response to the Great Society, some Americans complained that too many of their tax dollars were being spent on ______.
|
poor people
|
|
Ever since the Great Society, people have argued as to whether or not antipoverty programs have helped the poor or have encouraged them to become ___.
|
dependent upon government
|
|
Critics of the Great Society believed it gave too much power to the ___________.
|
federal government
|
|
Johnson's Great Society did cut the number of people living below the poverty line in _____.
|
half
|
|
LBJ's inability to contain this conflict undermined and finally ended the Great Society.
|
Vietnam
|
|
Stopping the spread of communism was the guiding principle behind the foreign policies of both _______________.
|
President Kennedy & President Johnson
|
|
A failed attempt by U.S. backed Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro's communist government.
|
Bay of Pigs invasion
|
|
When Kennedy's advisors urged him to provide air cover to the Cuban exiles attacking at the Bay of Pigs he ______.
|
refused
|
|
When the Soviets sought a treaty to make the division of Berlin permanent in an attempt to stop the flow of East Germans escaping to West Germany, Kennedy feared it was part of a larger effort to take over the ________.
|
rest of Europe
|
|
President Kennedy asked for huge increases in military spending because he was afraid that the Soviet Union would ___________.
|
take over Europe
|
|
After Kennedy authorized a military buildup to show that the U.S. would not be bullied by the Soviet Union, the Soviets began ____________.
|
construction of the Berlin Wall
|
|
The Soviets built IT in order to prevent East Germans from fleeing to the West.
|
Berlin Wall
|
|
Standoff between the U.S. and the Soviet Union that could have led to nuclear war.
|
Cuban Missile Crisis
|
|
By positioning missiles on Cuban soil, the Soviets provoked Kennedy to ______________.
|
quarantine Cuba
|
|
As a result of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Soviets ________.
|
removed their missiles from Cuba.
|
|
When the Cuban Missile Crisis was over, Kennedy and Khrushchev established a _______ between their two nations.
|
"hot line"
|
|
An agreement between Kennedy, Khrushchev and Great Britain that was the first nuclear treaty since the development of the Atomic Bomb.
|
Limited Test Ban Treaty
|
|
Banned nuclear testing above the ground.
|
Limited Test Ban Treaty
|
|
Kennedy believed he could encourage stability in Latin America by promoting _________.
|
economic stability
|
|
Cooperative effort to produce economic and social reform in the Western Hemisphere.
|
Alliance for Progress
|
|
Was established by Kennedy to discourage the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere.
|
The Alliance for Progress
|
|
Program in which volunteers served in developing nations.
|
Peace Corps
|
|
This group of volunteers initiated by Kennedy worked to raise the standard of living in poor areas.
|
Peace Corps
|
|
Johnson sent Marines to this Latin American country in 1965 in order to protect American citizens.
|
Dominican Republic
|
|
Like Kennedy, Johnson was determined to stop the spread of Communism in ______.
|
Vietnam
|
|
Movement that pushed for the absolute equality of men and women.
|
feminism
|
|
The feminist movement of the 1960s was the ____.
|
women's movement
|
|
The women's movement of the 1960s grew out of women's frustration with various forms of __.
|
job discrimination
|
|
Borrowed legal tools and inspiration from the civil rights movement.
|
women's movement
|
|
As a result of their experience in the civil rights movement, many women learned the importance of taking advantage of ________.
|
legal tools
|
|
Author of The Feminine Mystique.
|
Betty Friedan
|
|
To explore important issues, women formed consciousness-raising _____________.
|
support groups
|
|
A group of activists who wanted to bring women into the mainstream quickly.
|
National Organization of Women (NOW)
|
|
Founder of Ms. Magazine, a new magazine for women.
|
Gloria Steinem
|
|
The change in women's career goals was a result of the change in attitudes produced by the ____.
|
women's movement
|
|
The Supreme Court case that legalized abortion.
|
Roe vs. Wade
|
|
"Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex."
|
Equal Rights Amendment
|
|
This Amendment passed Congress in 1972 but failed in the ratification process.
|
Equal Rights Amendment
|
|
Law that would make discrimination based on a person's gender illegal.
|
Equal Rights Amendment
|
|
The equal rights amendment did not become law because it was not __________.
|
ratified by the states
|
|
Many of the women who rejected the women's movement did so because they preferred _____.
|
traditional roles
|
|
Conservative political activist who opposed the women's movement.
|
Phyllis Schafly
|
|
Felt undervalued by the women's movement, disapproved of feminists' goals, and opposed the Equal Rights Amendment.
|
women who preferred the traditional role of homemaking
|
|
Person whose family origins are in Spanish-speaking Latin America.
|
Latino
|
|
Latinos in the US come from different countries but generally speak the ____________.
|
same language
|
|
Person who moves from farm to farm planting and harvesting crops.
|
migrant farm worker
|
|
Group founded by Cesar Chavez to organize Mexican farm workers.
|
United Farm Workers (UFW)
|
|
Co-founder of the United Farm Workers.
|
Cesar Chavez
|
|
A nationwide consumer boycott was a successful strategy used by _______.
|
Cesar Chavez
|
|
Jobs, education, and legal matters, were all areas where, in the 1960s, Mexican Americans fought ___.
|
discrimination
|
|
Led the political party La Raza Unida.
|
Jose Angel Gutierrez
|
|
La Raza Unida was an organization that represented Latino ___________.
|
political interests
|
|
Group that worked for compensation for Japanese Americans interned during World War II.
|
Japanese American Citizens League (JACL)
|
|
Group that spoke out against Japanese American property losses during their wartime internment.
|
Japanese American Citizens League (JACL)
|
|
During the 1960s and 1970, Asian Americans made economic gains but continued to face
|
discrimination
|
|
Dennis Banks and George Mitchell were active in the American _______.
|
Indian movement
|
|
Dennis Banks and George Mitchell focused on the problems for Native Americans living in _____.
|
cities
|
|
Dennis Banks and George Mitchell fought for legal rights for ______.
|
Native Americans
|
|
Chippewa activist and member of the American Indian Movement.
|
Dennis Banks
|
|
Group that fought for Native American treaty rights and self-government.
|
American Indian Movement (AIM)
|
|
Restoration of lands illegally taken, autonomy of native Americans, and control of natural resources were all goals of the _.
|
American Indian Movement (AIM)
|
|
Group that valued youth, spontaneity, and individuality.
|
counterculture or hippies
|
|
Name for members of the counterculture.
|
hippie
|
|
Promoted peace, love, and freedom.
|
hippies
|
|
By rejecting conventional customs, the counterculture (hippies) drew on the example of the ____.
|
Beat Generation
|
|
Many female hippies chose to wear ____.
|
loose-fitting dresses
|
|
Cultural changes in the 1960s led to more open discussion of ______.
|
sex
|
|
People who lived in communal groups rejected traditional ______________.
|
marriage
|
|
Many young people sought to escape from reality by ____________.
|
using drugs
|
|
The most serious danger posed by abuse of drugs.
|
overdosing
|
|
Growing long hair and wearing nontraditional clothes were both parts of the 1960s ________.
|
counterculture
|
|
The increase of the student population of the 1960s was largely the result of the _____.
|
"baby boom"
|
|
Popular 1960s rock music group.
|
the Beatles
|
|
In the 1960s the Beatles performed a new kind of ___.
|
rock music
|
|
Social phenomenon that occurred during the summer of 1967, centered in the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco, included psychoactive drug use, sexual freedom, and creative expression.
|
Summer of Love
|
|
400,000 people gathered for a peaceful concert of major rock bands in the summer of 1969.
|
Woodstock
|
|
What shocked most Americans about Woodstock was the amount of __________.
|
drugs & sex
|
|
Most hippies were children of the comfortable ____.
|
middle class
|
|
When the counterculture fell apart, most hippies melted right back into the _______.
|
mainstream
|
|
The use of harmful chemicals such as DDT was exposed by the book ________.
|
Silent Spring
|
|
Author of a book detailing the effects of pesticides on the environment.
|
Rachel Carson
|
|
Rachel Carson published a book in 1962 that started the _____________________.
|
environmental movement
|
|
A major theme of this book was that humans are part of nature, and all parts of nature interact.
|
Silent Spring
|
|
Radioactivity being released into the air was the greatest threat posed by _____.
|
Nuclear power plants
|
|
Worked to ensure the safety of nuclear power plants.
|
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
|
|
Senator from Wisconsin who helped organize the first national Earth Day.
|
Gaylord Nelson
|
|
In response to environmental activists the government created the ________.
|
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
|
|
Combined federal agencies concerned with air and water pollution.
|
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
|
|
Enforced national pollution control standards
|
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
|
|
Controlled pollutions caused by industry and car emissions.
|
Clean Air Act
|
|
Regulated wastewater discharges.
|
Clean Water Act
|
|
In Alaska during the 1970s, the federal government attempted to balance _____.
|
jobs and the environment
|
|
Man most responsible for the development of the consumer movement of the 1960s.
|
Ralph Nader
|
|
Wrote a government report exposing the hazards of the automobile.
|
Ralph Nader
|
|
The passage of automobile safety legislation was the result of a __________.
|
government report
|
|
Conquered Indochina in the 1800s and controlled it until it was overrun by Japan in WWII.
|
French
|
|
During WWII the Japanese faced stiff resistance in Indochina (especially in Vietnam) from _______.
|
guerrillas
|
|
Small groups of loosely organized soldiers who make surprise raids.
|
guerrillas
|
|
After the Japanese were defeated they set out to re-establish authority in Indochina.
|
French
|
|
League for the Independence of Vietnam.
|
Vietminh
|
|
Leader of the Vietminh.
|
Ho Chi Minh
|
|
Ho Chi Minh was both a nationalist and a ______.
|
communist
|
|
Vietnamese victory over the French in 1954 that convinced the French to leave Vietnam
|
Dien Bien Phu
|
|
After 1954 the struggle for Vietnam became part of the _______.
|
Cold War
|
|
After Dien Bien Phu representatives of Ho Chi Minh, Bao Dai, Cambodia, Laos, France, the U.S., the Soviet Union, China, and Britain arranged a peace settlement.
|
Geneva Accords
|
|
As a result of the Geneva Accords, Vietnam was _____.
|
divided
|
|
After Vietnam was divided, Ho Chi Minh's communists controlled North Vietnam and South Vietnam was controlled by noncommunists led by
|
Ngo Dinh Diem
|
|
Ngo Dinh Diem and the South Vietnamese were supported by the ______.
|
United States
|
|
The agreement to divide Vietnam included an agreement to hold elections to reunite Vietnam, these elections were never held because _______.
|
Diem and the U.S. feared the communists would win
|
|
The majority of South Vietnamese actually supported ___________.
|
Ho Chi Minh
|
|
Catholic and pro-French Vietnamese favored ___.
|
South Vietnam
|
|
The U.S. supported Ngo Dinh Diem's regime because they feared the _________.
|
spread of communism
|
|
Ngo Dinh Diem's dictatorial regime alienated many Vietnamese because of its __________.
|
corruption and brutal tactics
|
|
Many Vietnamese believed South Vietnam was under the foreign domination of the ____.
|
U.S.
|
|
By the early 1960s many South Vietnamese communist guerrilla fighters, with the support of North Vietnam were fighting against the ____.
|
South Vietnamese forces
|
|
The fear that if one nation falls to communism, its neighbors will soon follow.
|
domino theory
|
|
Theory or principle, described by President Eisenhower, that became associated with U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia.
|
domino theory
|
|
The U.S. got involved in the Vietnam War out of fear that the __________.
|
communists would take over
|
|
President Eisenhower pledged his support to South Vietnams' Diem and by 1960 about 675 U.S. _____________.
|
military advisors were in Vietnam
|
|
President Kennedy supported the government of Ngo Dinh Diem because he feared
|
communists would take over
|
|
His policy in Vietnam was to increase the number of military advisors.
|
President Kennedy
|
|
Diem increased the opposition to his government by forcing Buddhist to obey ______.
|
Catholic laws
|
|
When monks burned themselves to death, in opposition to Diem's rule, the U.S. encouraged the South Vietnamese military to
|
overthrow Diem
|
|
Military leaders in South Vietnam overthrew HIM because he lost American support.
|
Ngo Dinh Diem
|
|
Diem's successors were not popular and were not successful in fighting the ______.
|
Viet Cong
|
|
National Liberation Front, the South Vietnamese communist rebels trying to overthrow the government of South Vietnam.
|
Viet Cong
|
|
Ho Chi Minh determined to unite Vietnam supported the _____.
|
Viet Cong
|
|
Communist guerrillas who fought to gain control of South Vietnam.
|
Viet Cong
|
|
President Johnson's objective in Vietnam.
|
Prevent a communist takeover
|
|
The first attack on an American destroyer by the North Vietnamese, was provoked by a South Vietnamese raid on the North, the second attack didn't actually happen, it was only a false sonar reading.
|
Gulf of Tonkin Incident
|
|
Claimed that both the first attack in the Gulf of Tonkin and the second (which didn't happen) were both unprovoked.
|
President Lyndon Johnson
|
|
Used the Gulf of Tonkin Incident to get congress to authorize his enormous escalation of U.S. forces in Vietnam.
|
President Lyndon Johnson
|
|
In August of 1964 IT was passed by Congress, giving President Johnson the authority to use whatever force he thought necessary in Vietnam.
|
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
|
|
Number of U.S. men sent to Vietnam from 1964 to 1973.
|
2.5 million
|
|
A large percentage of the men who served in Vietnam and often as high as two thirds of the men who served in combat were______.
|
drafted
|
|
About 80% of the soldiers who served in Vietnam came from the ______.
|
working and lower classes
|
|
U.S. Soldiers in Vietnam were generally not trying to take more territory, their primary objective was to increase the _______.
|
body count
|
|
Because they came from Vietnamese peasants, the U.S. soldiers had a great deal of difficulty finding and identifying the
|
Viet Cong
|
|
Because many Vietnamese villagers gave refuge to the Viet Cong, the villages themselves sometimes became
|
military targets
|
|
Though the Viet Cong lacked the sophisticated equipment of the U.S., they were highly effective at
|
guerrilla war tactics
|
|
An elaborate tunnel system was one advantage of the _________.
|
Viet Cong
|
|
Sniper fire and booby traps (including land mines) were techniques used by the _____.
|
Viet Cong
|
|
When American soldiers discovered that many South Vietnamese people did not appreciate their efforts, they were
|
confused
|
|
This technique used by Americans to destroy roads and bridges, hurt civilians in both North Vietnam and South Vietnam.
|
saturation bombing
|
|
In fighting the North Vietnamese, US. Forces used the technique of _______.
|
saturation bombing
|
|
Using B-52 bombers to drop thousands of tons of explosives over large areas.
|
saturation bombing
|
|
Many of the bombs dropped, in saturation bombing, threw pieces of their thick metal casings in all directions.
|
fragmentation bombs
|
|
Were used to expose Viet Cong hiding places.
|
herbicides
|
|
Most infamous herbicide used by the U.S. in Vietnam.
|
Agent Orange
|
|
Destructive chemical weapon used by Americans in Vietnam. Dropped from airplanes it splattered and burned uncontrollably.
|
napalm
|
|
After winning reelection in 1964, President Johnson began a gradual of the Vietnam War.
|
escalation
|
|
When the Viet Cong attacked Pleiku, within South Vietnam, and killed 8 Americans in 1965, President Johnson responded by authorizing the _______.
|
bombing of North Vietnam
|
|
Commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam.
|
General William Westmorland
|
|
Relentless bombing campaign against North Vietnam from 1965 to 1968.
|
Operation Rolling Thunder
|
|
Those who opposed the Vietnam war in the U.S.
|
doves
|
|
Those who favored the Vietnam war in the U.S.
|
hawks
|
|
Troops and supplies poured into South Vietnam from the North, via THIS supply route that passed through Laos and Cambodia.
|
Ho Chi Minh Trail
|
|
A coordinated attack against cities and bases in South Vietnam, by the Viet Cong & North Vietnamese in 1968.
|
Tet Offensive
|
|
Converted many Americans to the view that the Vietnam war could not be won.
|
Tet Offensive
|
|
Incident in which American troops killed from 175 to 400 Vietnamese villagers.
|
My Lai massacre
|
|
The brutality of American soldiers who killed Vietnamese villagers during this massacre shocked many Americans.
|
My Lai massacre
|
|
Officer in charge of the My Lai massacre.
|
William Calley
|
|
The heroics of an American helicopter crew prevented the My Lai massacre death toll from ____.
|
being greater
|
|
Pilot who along with his crew prevented the My Lai Massacre from being worse.
|
Hugh Thompson
|
|
Post World War II prosperity gave many young people of the 1960s freedom and opportunities unknown to previous _________________.
|
generations
|
|
In the early 1960s the generation gap ____.
|
widened
|
|
The student protest movement of the 1960s emerged from the ________.
|
civil rights movement
|
|
Organized by civil rights activists, it issued the Port Huron Statement and was influential in the formation of the "New Left."
|
Students for a Democratic Society
|
|
Written primarily by Tom Hayden it claimed "we would replace power rooted in possession, privilege, or circumstance by power and uniqueness rooted in love, reflectiveness, reason, and creativity."
|
Port Huron Statement
|
|
The SDS called for power to be rooted in love, reflectiveness, reason and creativity.
|
Port Huron Statement
|
|
Political movement which believed that problems of racism and poverty, called for radical changes in American society.
|
New Left
|
|
Sought broader and more democratic change than the old left.
|
New Left
|
|
When college professors gathered and expressed their opinions about the Vietnam War.
|
teach-ins
|
|
People who opposed fighting the war on moral or religious grounds were known as ____
|
conscientious objectors
|
|
Most of the people who refused to be drafted in the early 1960s were _______.
|
conscientious objectors
|
|
College students could postpone being drafted into military service by getting a __________.
|
deferment
|
|
Some American questioned the fairness of the draft because THEY could easily avoid the draft.
|
college students
|
|
Many young men avoided the draft by _________.
|
going to Canada
|
|
Due to opposition to the Vietnam war he chose not to run for reelection in 1968.
|
Lyndon Johnson
|
|
The success of the antiwar candidate Eugene McCarthy and the entrance of antiwar candidate Robert Kennedy into the Presidential race, contributed to Johnson not running for _____.
|
reelection
|
|
Republican Candidate in the 1968 Presidential election.
|
Richard Nixon
|
|
In 1968 the Democratic party was split by the same issues___.
|
dividing the nation
|
|
The split in the democratic party led to protests at THIS EVENT and the brutal suppression of those protests by Mayor Daley.
|
democratic convention of 1968
|
|
Democratic candidate in the 1968 Presidential election.
|
Hubert Humphrey
|
|
A third party candidate in 1968, he appealed to blue-collar voters in the North, who resented campus radicals and antiwar activists.
|
George Wallace
|
|
In an era of chaos and confrontation middle America turned to the Republican party for
|
stability
|
|
Winner of the 1968 Presidential election.
|
Richard Nixon
|
|
At the end of his presidency Johnson cut back on the bombing and called for _____.
|
peace negotiations
|
|
New policy in Vietnam announced by Nixon in 1969.
|
Vietnamization
|
|
Policy of replacing American forces with South Vietnamese soldiers.
|
Vietnamization
|
|
In 1970, President Nixon announced that the U.S. forces would invade _______.
|
Cambodia
|
|
Nixon was willing to intensify the war in order to strengthen America's position at the ___.
|
peace talks
|
|
Negotiations that ended U.S. involvement in Vietnam.
|
Paris peace talks
|
|
Term used by Nixon to refer to the large number of American people who he believed supported his Vietnam policies.
|
silent majority
|
|
Nixon's invasion of Cambodia reignited ________.
|
student protests in the 1970s
|
|
The primary focus of the protest movement of the 1960s was to demand _____.
|
U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam
|
|
Tensions between students who opposed the war and National Guardsman resulted in four deaths at _____.
|
Kent State
|
|
Brought the brutality of the Vietnam war into people's living rooms.
|
Television
|
|
As Nixon withdrew troops from Vietnam he resumed ______________.
|
resumed bombing raids
|
|
Under increasing pressure to end U.S. involvement in Vietnam he negotiated the Paris Peace Accord in 1973.
|
Richard Nixon
|
|
The U.S. agreed to withdraw its troops and North Vietnam agreed not to send any more troops into the South.
|
Paris Peace Accord
|
|
The seventeenth parallel would continue to divide North & South Vietnam, all prisoners of war would be released, and the U.S would withdrawal from Vietnam.
|
Paris Peace Accord
|
|
Year that the Vietnam Peace Treaty was signed.
|
1973
|
|
Two years after the U.S. had withdrawn from Vietnam the _______.
|
North Vietnamese conquered South Vietnam
|
|
The Vietnam war ended in 1975 when North Vietnam ____.
|
gained control of all of Vietnam
|
|
After the last Americans fled Saigon, the North Vietnamese completed ___________.
|
their conquest of South Vietnam
|
|
The year the Vietnam War ended.
|
1975
|
|
Also fell to communism after the U.S. withdrew from Vietnam
|
Cambodia & Laos
|
|
Communist guerrillas who came to power in Cambodia.
|
Khmer Rouge
|
|
Ruler of the Khmer Rouge who oversaw work camps and the genocide of more than a million Cambodians.
|
Pol Pot
|
|
After Cambodia and Laos communism did not spread any farther in ______.
|
Southeast Asia
|
|
A flood of refugees to the U.S. from Southeast Asia was one _______________.
|
legacy of the Vietnam War
|
|
Was created to help heal the wounds created by the Vietnam war.
|
Vietnam Memorial
|
|
In 1968, the Republicans chose this former Vice President as their candidate for President.
|
Richard Nixon
|
|
As national security adviser and Secretary of State, HE played a major role in shaping Nixon's foreign policy.
|
Henry Kissinger
|
|
Group of nations that sets oil prices and production levels. (mostly Arab nations)
|
OPEC
|
|
Because the U.S. backed Israel in its 1973 war with Egypt and Syria, OPEC imposed and embargo on the shipping of ______.
|
Oil to the U.S.
|
|
In 1973 it resulted in higher inflation and a recession in the U.S.
|
OPEC's Oil embargo
|
|
Included easing guidelines for desegregation and an attempt by the Justice Department to prevent the extension of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
|
Nixon's "southern strategy"
|
|
First two people to walk on the moon on July 20, 1969.
|
Neil Armstrong & "Buzz" Aldrin
|
|
Bringing about détente with the Soviet Union and China was perhaps HIS greatest accomplishment in foreign affairs.
|
President Nixon
|
|
Relaxation of tensions between the U.S. and the USSR in the 1970s.
|
détente
|
|
Nixon wanted to use America's friendship with China to help in negotiations with the _________.
|
Soviet Union
|
|
Proved that the superpowers could reach agreements relating to nuclear arms control.
|
SALT I Treaty
|
|
Froze the number of missiles the U.S. & USSR could produce.
|
SALT I Treaty
|
|
Documents handed over to the New York Times by Daniel Ellsberg, which revealed that Presidents from Truman to Johnson had deceived Congress and the American people about the real situation in Vietnam.
|
Pentagon Papers
|
|
A group formed with Nixon's approval to stop government leaks.
|
Plumbers
|
|
The Plumbers and the Committee to Reelect the President were formed to ensure the overwhelming victory for ______.
|
Nixon in 1972
|
|
Because the Committee to Reelect the President wanted to wiretap the Democratic National Committee they had people break-in to the ____.
|
Watergate Hotel
|
|
Were caught attempting to wiretap Democrats' phones.
|
Watergate burglars
|
|
The trials and sentencing of the Watergate burglars led to testimony to a Senate committee about _____.
|
White House involvement
|
|
As a result of the Watergate scandal Richard Nixon __________.
|
resigned
|
|
President Ford's most controversial act as President.
|
pardoning Nixon
|
|
President Ford faced an economy experiencing both rising unemployment and rising inflation.
|
stagflation
|
|
Law limiting when a President can get involved in foreign conflicts without a formal declaration of war.
|
War Powers Act
|
|
In 1975, when Ford asked for military aid to try to save South Vietnam, Congress used the _____.
|
War Powers Act to say no
|
|
Was chosen by the democrats as their presidential candidate in 1976.
|
Jimmy Carter
|
|
The basic issue of the 1976 presidential campaign was ____.
|
trust
|
|
He assumed the role of peacemaker to negotiate the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt.
|
Jimmy Carter
|
|
The hostage crisis in Iran helped Ronald Reagan to _____.
|
defeat Jimmy Carter in 1980
|
|
Criticized both the New Deal and the Great Society for having expanded the size of the federal government.
|
Conservatives
|
|
Rock music, affirmative action, and the women's movement all troubled ___.
|
Conservatives
|
|
Coalition of conservative groups in the 1980s.
|
New Right
|
|
Political organization that wanted to restore Christian values to the society.
|
Moral Majority
|
|
The election of 1980 was especially significant because it demonstrated that conservatives controlled the _______.
|
nation's agenda
|
|
According to this theory, a cut in taxes would make the economy grow faster by putting more money into the hands of businesses.
|
supply-side economics
|
|
Cutting taxes and cutting government regulations were two major elements of HIS economic plan.
|
Ronald Reagan
|
|
President Reagan's economic program was based on the theory of ______.
|
supply-side economics
|
|
Reagan believed government regulations needed to be reduced because they ______.
|
stifled competition
|
|
Under Reagan, programs created by Lyndon Johnson's Great Society were ______.
|
cut back
|
|
A plan by both Nixon and Reagan to redistribute power from the federal government to the states and local government.
|
New Federalism
|
|
Plan to build a massive satellite shield to protect the U.S. from incoming missiles.
|
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
|
|
Reagan ordered a huge military build up to defend America's interest in the ____.
|
Cold War
|
|
In 1981, THIS highly threatening disease of the immune system was discovered.
|
AIDS
|
|
First female Justice on the U.S. Supreme Court.
|
Sandra Day O'Connor
|
|
In the area of civil rights, President Reagan worked to end some __________.
|
affirmative action programs
|
|
Critics charged that President Reagan's conservative policies led to a larger gap between the _____.
|
rich and the poor
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During the 1980s the gap between America's rich and poor ____.
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widened considerably
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Secret operation to arm rebels in Nicaragua.
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Iran-Contra affair
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In Nicaragua Reagan wanted to overthrow the ____.
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Marxist government
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Nicaraguan anti-communist guerrilla fighters.
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Contras
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It caused the most serious criticism that the Reagan administration ever faced.
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Iran-Contra affair
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1987 agreement calling for the destruction of 2,500 Soviet and U.S. missiles in Europe.
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INF Treaty (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty)
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During HIS second term, U.S. relations with the Soviet Union improved.
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Ronald Reagan
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Reform leader of the Soviet Union with which Reagan developed a close relationship.
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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Gorbachev's new policy of "political openness."
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glasnost
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Gorbachev's new policy to restructure the Soviet economy and allow limited free enterprise.
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Perestroika
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Soviet policies that helped end the Cold War by helping cause the fall of Communist regimes in Eastern Europe.
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perestroika and glasnost
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Gorbachev's policies of perestroika and glasnost resulted in better relations with the _____.
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United States
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Improved relations with the Soviet Union resulting from Gorbachev's policies led to arms _______.
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reduction talks
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During the campaign for President in 1988, George Bush promised that he would not ______.
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raise taxes
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George H.W. Bush won the presidency partially by attacking THIS PERSON'S record on crime.
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Michael Dukakis
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In the late 1980s, a series of anti-Communist revolts broke out in ___.
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Eastern Europe
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The end of the Cold War was signaled by the signing of ________.
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arms-control treaties between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.
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Called for dramatic cuts in American and Soviet supplies of long-range nuclear weapons.
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Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START)
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When the Soviet Union collapsed, the U.S. promoted a move toward Western-style democracy in the ___________.
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former Soviet states
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Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait began the ____.
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Persian Gulf War
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A major reason that President George Bush responded forcefully to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait was that he wanted to protect the ______.
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flow of oil to the West
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Conflict in which Iraq was driven out of Kuwait by U.N. forces.
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Persian Gulf War
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In the early 1990s, unemployment rose when companies engaged in laying off workers to cut costs.
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downsizing
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To deal with the recession of the early 1990s he agreed to raise taxes as part of a deficit-reduction plan. (contrary to his earlier promise)
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President George H.W. Bush
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Won the presidency in 1992 with 43% of the popular vote.
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Bill Clinton
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A successful businessman, who ran as a third-party candidate for President in both 1992 & 1996.
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Ross Perot
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Dominant issue in the presidential campaign of 1992.
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the economy
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President Clinton wanted to reform the healthcare system because millions of Americans did not have _____.
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health insurance
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President Clinton's first budget aimed to reduce the deficit by ______.
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spending cuts & tax increases
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For the first time in 40 years, Republicans won a majority in both houses of Congress, in the ____.
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1994 congressional elections
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Republican pledge to limit the role of the federal government, cut regulations and taxes, and balance the budget.
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Contract with America
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Former Senate Majority Leader who ran for President in 1996.
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Bob Dole
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The reason given by the House of Representatives for impeaching President Clinton was that he had _______.
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lied under oath
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To charge government official with wrongdoing.
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impeach
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President Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives but he was not _______.
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convicted by the Senate
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The confusion over ballot reports from this state led to controversy in the Presidential election of 2000.
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Florida
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Confusion over the ballot reports in Florida, during the election of 2000, led to the final decision about the recount being made by the ______.
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Supreme Court
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Won the Presidential election of 2000 after the Supreme Court decided he should get Florida's electoral vote.
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George W. Bush
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Democratic candidate for President, in 2000, who won the largest percentage of the popular vote but lost in the electoral college.
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Al Gore
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Most of George W. Bush's support in the 2000 election came from what sections of the country?
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the South and the Midwest
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Systematic separation of people of different racial backgrounds.
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apartheid
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The U.S. imposed economic sanctions on South Africa to protest its policy of _____.
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apartheid
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Imprisoned in South Africa for 27 years, HE became that country's president after apartheid.
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Nelson Mandela
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The U.S. sent billions of dollars in aid to Russia for the use in creating a __________.
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free market economy
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The breakup of THIS former Communist country, in the early 1990s, brought the worst violence in Europe since World War II.
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Yugoslavia
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Yasir Arafat of the PLO and Yitzhak Rabin of Israel signed a historic peace agreement in ______. (year)
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1993
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American foreign policy in the post-Cold War era had to contend with violent turmoil in _____. (3 places)
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the Balkans, Africa, and the Middle East
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On September 11, 2001, terrorists hijacked planes and flew them into the _____.
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World Trade Center towers and the Pentagon
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Because ITS government, run by the Taliban, had supported Al Qaeda, in 2001 the U.S. attacked _____.
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Afghanistan
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Starting in 1965, U.S. immigration policy contributed to the nation's increasing ______.
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diversity
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In the 1990s, most immigrants to the U.S. came from ___.
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Asia and Latin America
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American immigration policy as of 1990 has been characterized by ______.
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easier admissions
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A policy that gives special consideration to women and members of minority groups to make up for past discrimination.
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Affirmative action
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What was the main issue in the debate over affirmative action?
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fairness
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Fastest growing age group in the U.S., in the 1990s is the people over 65.
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"the graying of America"
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The greatest threat to Social Security and Medicare during, and since, the 1990s was the rapidly growing number of Americans over ______.
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65 years of age
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Older Americans pushed for a prohibition against forced _______.
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retirement at a given age
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The growth of industries that use computer technology has increased the demand for _____.
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educated workers
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The internet has increased the demand for what type of services?
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internet and technology
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In the 1990s there was a continuing growth of global ___.
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trade
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Pact called for the removal of trade restrictions between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. Created a free trade zone in North America.
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North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
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Businesses that operates in more than one country.
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Multinational corporations
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